(See also Green tuning of vehicles; fix old WP templates)
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{{topic header| default.png | Road vehicles }}  
{{topic header| default.png | Road vehicles }}  


'''Road vehicles''' have become an increasingly important means of [[transport]], but at significant [[environmental cost]], and with a huge impact on the [[built environment]].
'''Sustainable transport''' is the movement of people and [[cargo|goods]] from one location to another. Within urban areas, it is a key aspect of creating more [[Sustainable cities]].
 
[[Modes of transport]] include [[aviation|air]], [[rail transport|rail]], [[road transport|road]], [[ship transport|water]], [[cable transport|cable]], [[pipeline transport|pipeline]], and [[space transport|space]]. Transport can be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or [[Personal ground vehicle|private]].
 
==Types of vehicles==
 
In general, following vehicles types can be distinguished:
* water vehicle (includes supersurface water vehicles (regular or hydrofoiling), subsurface vehicles (regular or supercavitating))
* ground vehicle (includes supersurface ground vehicles, subsurface ground vehicles)
* air vehicle (includes lighter-than-air air vehicles and heavier-than-air air vehicles)
 
Most vehicles above can be either
* privately owned; see [[personal water vehicle]], [[personal ground vehicle]], [[personal air vehicle]]
* public: see [[public transport]]. Public transport vehicles includes cabs, trains, bicycles (Bicycle sharing systems), buses, trucks, helicopters, and aircraft (renting services).


=="Appropriate technology" thinking in car design==
=="Appropriate technology" thinking in car design==
[[Appropriate technology]] is not a term that is usually applied to cars, but many of the principles of [[appropriate technology]] are relevant.  
[[Appropriate technology]] is not a term that is usually applied to cars, but many of the principles of [[appropriate technology]] are relevant.  


The {{WP|Citroën 2CV}} is a rare example of a car that was designed (in the 1930's) for the poorer segment of society, to be extremely efficient and low-cost. And yet it was also considered a very comfortable car, in its own way, with a flexibility of use that many more expensive cars lacked. Its lack of modern safety features make it an unsuitable car for most settings today - however in [[affordability]] and efficiency remains unsurpassed. Its remarkable [[fuel-efficiency]] is still unsurpassed by modern micro-cars, and perhaps even by the latest petrol-electric [[hybrid vehicles]].{{wp sup|Hybrid electric vehicle}}
The Citroën 2CV{{w|Citroën 2CV}} is a rare example of a car that was designed (in the 1930's) for the poorer segment of society, to be extremely efficient and low-cost. And yet it was also considered a very comfortable car, in its own way, with a flexibility of use that many more expensive cars lacked. Its lack of modern safety features make it an unsuitable car for most settings today - however in [[affordability]] and efficiency remains unsurpassed. Its remarkable [[fuel-efficiency]] is still unsurpassed by modern micro-cars, and perhaps even by the latest petrol-electric [[hybrid vehicles]].{{wp sup|Hybrid electric vehicle}}


The {{WP|Volkswagen Beetle}} also had many similar characteristics as the 2CV, though not as extreme, eccentric or efficient.
The Volkswagen Beetle{{w|Volkswagen Beetle}} also had many similar characteristics as the 2CV, though not as extreme, eccentric or efficient.


The {{WP|Tata Nano}} is marketed in India as a cheap small family car that most workers would afford. But concerns have been going about the quality, safety and reliability of that product.<ref>http://www.ecch.com/casesearch/product_details.cfm?id=84042</ref><ref>http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Money/Story/STIStory_506890.html</ref><ref>http://www.ihipo.com/index.php?q=group/China/Car+pollution+questioned+as+Tata+Nano+is+released</ref>
The Tata Nano{{w|Tata Nano}} is marketed in India as a cheap small family car that most workers would afford. But concerns have been going about the quality, safety and reliability of that product.<ref>http://www.ecch.com/casesearch/product_details.cfm?id=84042</ref><ref>http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Money/Story/STIStory_506890.html</ref><ref>http://www.ihipo.com/index.php?q=group/China/Car+pollution+questioned+as+Tata+Nano+is+released</ref>
 
== Vehicles for the developing world ==
[[BUV]],[http://www.drivebuv.org/] from the [[Institute of Affordable Transportation]], produces extremely basic three-wheeled open vehicles for passengers and goods, has the motto "Basic Vehicles - Changed Lives".
 
Other vehicles with an emphasis on basic design and low cost include the Indian companies [[Bajaj Auto]]{{wp sup|Bajaj Auto}} which makes [[tuk-tuks]] (motorized rickshaws) and [[Tata]] which makes the [[Tata Nano]], a tiny low cost vehicle for city use.
 
Such basic design requires compromises on safety features. This may be offset by a very low top speed, or a target use where moderate to high speed crashes are rare (very remote areas, or in very heavy traffic in large cities).


==Modern fuel-efficient cars==
==Modern fuel-efficient cars==
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:<tt>The Volvo Trucks' manufacturing plant in Ghent, Belgium has become the first  vehicle manufacturing facility in the world to operate without releasing any  carbon dioxide. The Volvo Group intends to make all of their vehicle  manufacturing plants carbon-zero as part of the European Union-wide goal of  reducing carbon dioxide emissions by twenty percent by 2020.</tt><ref>from [http://www.thewebofhope.com/ The Web of Hope Newsletter], October 2007</ref>
:<tt>The Volvo Trucks' manufacturing plant in Ghent, Belgium has become the first  vehicle manufacturing facility in the world to operate without releasing any  carbon dioxide. The Volvo Group intends to make all of their vehicle  manufacturing plants carbon-zero as part of the European Union-wide goal of  reducing carbon dioxide emissions by twenty percent by 2020.</tt><ref>from [http://www.thewebofhope.com/ The Web of Hope Newsletter], October 2007</ref>


==Notes==
==Appropriate use of vehicle types==
<references/>
To determine the most fuel-efficient vehicle type in a specific situation, see See [[Appropriate methods of transport]]
 
To determine a vehicle type based on various factors (including cost, speed, ...) use the table below.
 
Note: While this table may be a useful starting guide, please also bear in mind several caveats of the difficulty of quantifying modes of transport for a direct comparison. 2 particular issues are highlighted below
# Regarding 'cost', there is the issue of direct 'cost' to the user in terms of e.g. buying a vehicle and paying for maintenance, versus the indirect costs paid by the larger society, and ultimately subsidised by e.g. taxation. Whilst the "infrastructure investment" heading tries to capture some of this issue, in the case of the automobile particularly this is challenging as "infrastructure" involves not just roads but arguably a global network of oil rigs, steel mines and rubber plantations, refineries, shipping, a network of petrol stations, etc. Whilst bicycles and other modes do draw on the same global infrastructure, the automobile drives it to a far greater degree. 
# Secondly, the "cost" of any mode of transport involves negative externalities. Whilst some of these are included in the table below in the "Environmental, aesthetic and social impacts" column, again especially for car based transport these are now understood to be very broad - I.E. "social" impacts needs to include the very high cost of millions of car-related road deaths and trauma - as well as in affluent societies, we are now identifying the link between a car-based lifestyle and increasing rates of obesity and related illnesses.
 
{{Inaccurate|The content of this table is disputed as the methodology for awarding points has not been disclosed.  This is being [[Talk:Sustainable transport|disussed on the talkpage]]}}
 
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;">
 
<tr>
<td> Mode </td>
<td>Single journey range (km) / optimal (feasible)</td>
<td>Speed of journey within optimal range</td>
<td>Cost</td>
<td>Mass transport capacity</td>
<td>Reach/ Coverage</td>
<td>Safety</td>
<td>On-demand</td>
<td>Infrastructure investment</td>
<td>Comfort</td>
<td>Customer Acceptance</td>
<td>Fuel Efficiency</td>
<td>Environmental, aesthetic and social impacts</td>
<td>Land Use</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[Walking]]</td>
 
<td> 0-2 (0-6)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[Bicycle]]</td>
 
<td>0-6 (0-30)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]  </td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
 
<tr>
<td>[[Motorized bicycle]]</td>
 
<td>0-6 (0-30)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
 
<tr>
 
<td>[[Car]]</td>
<td> 3-300 (0-1500)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]] (urban) [[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]] (other)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
 
 
<tr>
<td> [[Motorcycle]] </td>
<td>3-100 (0-1500)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>[[Bus]] (urban)</td>
<td> 0.2-20 (0.2-50)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
 
<tr>
 
<td>[[Coach (vehicle)|Coach]] (long distance)</td>
 
<td> 1-300 (1-3000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[Train|Urban Rail]]/ [[Metro]]</td>
 
<td>1-20 (0.3-50)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>[[Train|Conventional Rail]]</td>
 
<td>10-300 (0.3-5000) </td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
<td>[[High speed train|High Speed Rail]]/ [[Magnetic levitation train|Maglev]]</td>
 
<td>100-800 (10-10,000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
 
<tr>
<td>[[Boat]]</td>
 
<td>1-200 (0.2-20,000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
 
<tr>
 
<td>[[Aeroplane]]</td>
 
<td>600-20,000 (100-20,000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
 
<tr>
<td> [[Helicopter]] </td>
<td>10-500 (0-3000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td> [[Airship]] </td>
<td> 300-2000 (50-20,000)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>?</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td> [[Cable Car]] </td>
<td> 0.3-10 (0.3-50) </td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[Personal Rapid Transit|PRT]]</td>
 
<td> 1-100 (0.3-500)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>?</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[elevator|Elevator/Lift]]</td>
 
<td> 0.1-0.5 (0.02-0.5)</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>[[Escalator]]</td>
 
<td> 0.1-0.5 (0.02-1)</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]][[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]][[Image:Greendot.png|10px]]</td>
<td>[[Image:Reddot.png|10px]]</td>
 
</tr>
 
</table>
 
==Tweaking old vehicles==
{{Main|Green tuning}}
 
Old vehicles can be made completely ecologic by means of changes to the propulsion technology. These changes include changing IC-engines to run on a emissionless fuel, or swapping out the engine altogether for ie a electric motor, ...


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Electric bus]]
* [[SkyCab]] and [[Shweeb]]: railed vehicles suspended above the ground that can be directed to a specific destination (unlike most public transport vehicles as city buses, ...) See also http://www.sakaramenta.com/
* [[Electric vehicle]]
* [[Electric vehicle]]
* [[Hybrid electric vehicle]]
* [[Hybrid vehicles]]
* [[Green tuning of vehicles]]
* [[Public transport]]
* [[Transport modeling reform]]


== Interwiki links ==
== Interwiki links ==


* [[Wikipedia:Sustainable transport]]
* [[Wikipedia:Zero-emissions vehicle]]
* [[Wikipedia:Low-energy vehicle]]
* [[Wikipedia:Low-energy vehicle]]


== External links ==
== External Links ==
 
There are many websites and groups around the world with a significant focus on sustainable transportation, in different contexts and countries.
 
Some of the significant research and communication centers focused primarily on this topic and working towards broad, systematic change are:
 
* The EMBARQ project, http://www.embarq.org/ :- "EMBARQ’s mission is to catalyze and help implement sustainable transport solutions to improve quality of life in cities."
* The World Streets website and community, http://worldstreets.wordpress.com/ :- "World Streets consistently argues for and supports Equity-Based Transportation Policies in the interest of efficiency, economy and environment. (Click to get started.)."
* The Streets Blog website, http://www.streetsblog.org/ :- "Streetsblog is a daily news source connecting people to information about sustainable transportation and livable communities."


* [http://www.earthcars.com/ Earth Cars] - a [[U.S.]] based network of car dealers, with information and tips for earth-friendly cars and car usage.  
Other useful information sources:
* [http://www.withouthotair.com/c20/page_118.shtml Better transport] section of the freely available e-Book, 'Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air, by Professor David MacKay. Includes details of energy use requirements of different transport modes.


[[Category:Road vehicles]]
[[Category:Road vehicles]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]

Revision as of 12:24, 20 August 2016

Sustainable transport is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Within urban areas, it is a key aspect of creating more Sustainable cities.

Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. Transport can be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private.

Types of vehicles

In general, following vehicles types can be distinguished:

  • water vehicle (includes supersurface water vehicles (regular or hydrofoiling), subsurface vehicles (regular or supercavitating))
  • ground vehicle (includes supersurface ground vehicles, subsurface ground vehicles)
  • air vehicle (includes lighter-than-air air vehicles and heavier-than-air air vehicles)

Most vehicles above can be either

"Appropriate technology" thinking in car design

Appropriate technology is not a term that is usually applied to cars, but many of the principles of appropriate technology are relevant.

The Citroën 2CVW is a rare example of a car that was designed (in the 1930's) for the poorer segment of society, to be extremely efficient and low-cost. And yet it was also considered a very comfortable car, in its own way, with a flexibility of use that many more expensive cars lacked. Its lack of modern safety features make it an unsuitable car for most settings today - however in affordability and efficiency remains unsurpassed. Its remarkable fuel-efficiency is still unsurpassed by modern micro-cars, and perhaps even by the latest petrol-electric hybrid vehicles.W

The Volkswagen BeetleW also had many similar characteristics as the 2CV, though not as extreme, eccentric or efficient.

The Tata NanoW is marketed in India as a cheap small family car that most workers would afford. But concerns have been going about the quality, safety and reliability of that product.[1][2][3]

Vehicles for the developing world

BUV,[1] from the Institute of Affordable Transportation, produces extremely basic three-wheeled open vehicles for passengers and goods, has the motto "Basic Vehicles - Changed Lives".

Other vehicles with an emphasis on basic design and low cost include the Indian companies Bajaj AutoW which makes tuk-tuks (motorized rickshaws) and Tata which makes the Tata Nano, a tiny low cost vehicle for city use.

Such basic design requires compromises on safety features. This may be offset by a very low top speed, or a target use where moderate to high speed crashes are rare (very remote areas, or in very heavy traffic in large cities).

Modern fuel-efficient cars

Some modern diesel cars can get better mileage than petrol hybrid electric vehicles. The Opel Eco Speedster (a concept car) gets up to 113 mpg (2.5 L/100km[4]). See The Opel Eco Speedster Says: Diesels Can Rip and Sip at the Same Time on treehugger.com; or Ultimatecarpage.com page (with a few technical comments). Solar-charged vehicles have a good mileage and do not use combustion.

Retro-fitted technology

Devices to save the energy from braking have been developed to fit to trucks. Due to the expense, they are only cost-effective for large trucks, where heavy fuel use and long distances covered make it worthwhile.[verification needed]

Pedicabs

Pedicabs are among the simplest, lowest cost forms of transport. The traditional pedicab is pedal-powered, but motorized pedicabs (perhaps consisting motorcycles with a passenger section attached) are also in use in various cities in Asia.

Vehicle production

A carbon-zero Volvo plant:

The Volvo Trucks' manufacturing plant in Ghent, Belgium has become the first vehicle manufacturing facility in the world to operate without releasing any carbon dioxide. The Volvo Group intends to make all of their vehicle manufacturing plants carbon-zero as part of the European Union-wide goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by twenty percent by 2020.[5]

Appropriate use of vehicle types

To determine the most fuel-efficient vehicle type in a specific situation, see See Appropriate methods of transport

To determine a vehicle type based on various factors (including cost, speed, ...) use the table below.

Note: While this table may be a useful starting guide, please also bear in mind several caveats of the difficulty of quantifying modes of transport for a direct comparison. 2 particular issues are highlighted below

  1. Regarding 'cost', there is the issue of direct 'cost' to the user in terms of e.g. buying a vehicle and paying for maintenance, versus the indirect costs paid by the larger society, and ultimately subsidised by e.g. taxation. Whilst the "infrastructure investment" heading tries to capture some of this issue, in the case of the automobile particularly this is challenging as "infrastructure" involves not just roads but arguably a global network of oil rigs, steel mines and rubber plantations, refineries, shipping, a network of petrol stations, etc. Whilst bicycles and other modes do draw on the same global infrastructure, the automobile drives it to a far greater degree.
  2. Secondly, the "cost" of any mode of transport involves negative externalities. Whilst some of these are included in the table below in the "Environmental, aesthetic and social impacts" column, again especially for car based transport these are now understood to be very broad - I.E. "social" impacts needs to include the very high cost of millions of car-related road deaths and trauma - as well as in affluent societies, we are now identifying the link between a car-based lifestyle and increasing rates of obesity and related illnesses.



Mode Single journey range (km) / optimal (feasible) Speed of journey within optimal range Cost Mass transport capacity Reach/ Coverage Safety On-demand Infrastructure investment Comfort Customer Acceptance Fuel Efficiency Environmental, aesthetic and social impacts Land Use
Walking 0-2 (0-6) Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Bicycle 0-6 (0-30) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Motorized bicycle 0-6 (0-30) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Car 3-300 (0-1500) Reddot.png (urban) Greendot.pngGreendot.png (other) Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png
Motorcycle 3-100 (0-1500) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png
Bus (urban) 0.2-20 (0.2-50) Reddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png
Coach (long distance) 1-300 (1-3000) Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png
Urban Rail/ Metro 1-20 (0.3-50) Greendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png
Conventional Rail 10-300 (0.3-5000) Greendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png
High Speed Rail/ Maglev 100-800 (10-10,000) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png Greendot.png
Boat 1-200 (0.2-20,000) Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png
Aeroplane 600-20,000 (100-20,000) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.png
Helicopter 10-500 (0-3000) Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Airship 300-2000 (50-20,000) Reddot.png Reddot.png Reddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png ? Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Cable Car 0.3-10 (0.3-50) Reddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png
PRT 1-100 (0.3-500) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png ? Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Elevator/Lift 0.1-0.5 (0.02-0.5) Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png
Escalator 0.1-0.5 (0.02-1) Reddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.pngReddot.pngReddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png Greendot.pngGreendot.pngGreendot.png Reddot.png

Tweaking old vehicles

Old vehicles can be made completely ecologic by means of changes to the propulsion technology. These changes include changing IC-engines to run on a emissionless fuel, or swapping out the engine altogether for ie a electric motor, ...

See also

Interwiki links

External Links

There are many websites and groups around the world with a significant focus on sustainable transportation, in different contexts and countries.

Some of the significant research and communication centers focused primarily on this topic and working towards broad, systematic change are:

  • The EMBARQ project, http://www.embarq.org/ :- "EMBARQ’s mission is to catalyze and help implement sustainable transport solutions to improve quality of life in cities."
  • The World Streets website and community, http://worldstreets.wordpress.com/ :- "World Streets consistently argues for and supports Equity-Based Transportation Policies in the interest of efficiency, economy and environment. (Click to get started.)."
  • The Streets Blog website, http://www.streetsblog.org/ :- "Streetsblog is a daily news source connecting people to information about sustainable transportation and livable communities."

Other useful information sources:

  • Better transport section of the freely available e-Book, 'Sustainable Energy: Without the Hot Air, by Professor David MacKay. Includes details of energy use requirements of different transport modes.
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