This is in a series of literature reviews on InGaN solar cells, which supported the comprehensive review by D.V.P. McLaughlin & J.M. Pearce, "Progress in Indium Gallium Nitride Materials for Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 44(4) pp. 1947-1954 (2013). open access
Others: InGaN solar cells| InGaN PV| InGaN materials| InGan LEDs| Nanocolumns and nanowires| Optical modeling of thin film microstructure| Misc.

Search term: Stamp Sand

Rasmussen, Thomas, Rolland Fraser, David S. Lemberg, and Robert Regis. Mapping Stamp Sand Dynamics: Gay, Michigan

  • 25 billion kg of stamp sand deposited on Gay beaches
  • Length of shoreline affected increased 2.4 km in 59 years
  • 500 billion kg of total waste material from mines placed in and around Lake Superior
  • Ore was crushed and rinsed in a water and chemical bath to extract copper
  • Stamp sand beaches have little vegetation


W. Charles Kerfoot, Colin Brooks. “Gay Stamp Sands.” Accessed July 6, 2018. Gay Stamp Sands

  • Stamp sand spreads out to occupy more shoreline over time
  • Chemicals from stamp sand poison native fish and dam stream outlets


Search term: "Stamp sand" uses

Alfred a. United States US1310520A, issued July 22, 1919. Portland Cement and Conglomerate Copper Stamp Sand Composition

  • Patent was created for a material to be used in flooring that will be exerted to unusual physical strain as well as in ship hulls
  • Product is water impermeable
  • Composition created using Portland cement and stamp sand obtained from Point Mills, Michigan
  • Various sizes of sand used depending on desired result/product


U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Consultation, Torch Lake

  • Chemicals used to treat stamp sands to further extract copper include cupric ammonium carbonate, lime, pyridine oil, coal-tar and wood creosotes, pine oil, and xanthates
  • 200 Million tons of stamp sand in and around Torch Lake


References

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