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=== VINS - (Chang'e 3/Chang'e 4)===
=== VINS - (Chang'e 3/Chang'e 4)===
[1]C. L. Li, R. Xu, G. Lv, L. Y. Yuan, Z. P. He, and J. Y. Wang, “Detection and calibration characteristics of the visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer in the Chang’e-4,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 90, no. 10, p. 103106, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1063/1.5089737.
[1]C. L. Li, R. Xu, G. Lv, L. Y. Yuan, Z. P. He, and J. Y. Wang, “Detection and calibration characteristics of the visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer in the Chang’e-4,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 90, no. 10, p. 103106, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1063/1.5089737.
[1]C. Li et al., “The Scientific Information Model of Chang’e-4 Visible and Near-IR Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) and In-Flight Verification,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19122806.
[1]Z. He et al., “Visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer (VNIS) for in-situ lunar surface measurements,” in Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIX, Oct. 2015, vol. 9639, p. 96391S, doi: 10.1117/12.2194526.


==5.2 Surface-based Spectrometers==
==5.2 Surface-based Spectrometers==
===Comparison of spectrometer capabilities===
===Comparison of spectrometer capabilities===

Revision as of 22:49, 16 September 2020


1.0 Background

Lunar In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)

Google Scholar Search "ISRU"

[1]G. B. Sanders and W. E. Larson, “Progress Made in Lunar In Situ Resource Utilization under NASA’s Exploration Technology and Development Program,” J. Aerosp. Eng., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 5–17, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000208.

  • 2004 US president initiates ISRU project
  • aimed at harnessing moon resoruces to allow for further expoloration beyond
  • decrease cost by bringing less from earth
  • find minerals and chemicals
  • consumables such as propellants and life support
  • structures
  • energy
  • equipement parts
  • ISRU can improve resuability, duration of stay, protection of crew, exploration location, mission staging, abort strategies.
  • Article goes into greater detail about projects and methods involved to achieve ISRU

[1]M. Anand et al., “A brief review of chemical and mineralogical resources on the Moon and likely initial in situ resource utilization (ISRU) applications,” Planetary and Space Science, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 42–48, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2012.08.012.

  • Important to have O2, H2 and H2O
  • water present in shadowed craters
  • "have revealed the presence of hydroxyl (OH), water (H2O), or both, in the lunar regolith in regions that are not permanently shadowed, through identification of absorption features near 3 mm wavelength. "
  • solar wind implanted volatiles
  • Ilmenite reduction to produce oxygen or water

Remote Sensing Identification Methods

Other methods versus spectrometry, why chose spectrometry

2.0 Spectrometry Overview

How Spectrometry Works

The spectrometer that will be used is a photonic crystal spectral sensor spectrometer. This technology has been created within the last 10 years.

Google Scholar Search "photonic crystal spectrometer review"

[1]N. K. Pervez, W. Cheng, Z. Jia, M. P. Cox, H. M. Edrees, and I. Kymissis, “Photonic crystal spectrometer,” Opt. Express, vol. 18, no. 8, p. 8277, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1364/OE.18.008277.

  • spectrometer works by using a photonic crystal pattern and a camera
  • photonic crystal takes inputted light and outputs spectra
  • simple and cheap
  • another version of this device has smaller range, but higher resolution
  • photonic crystal can be made for specific applications to lower cost

[1]B. Momeni, E. S. Hosseini, M. Askari, M. Soltani, and A. Adibi, “Integrated photonic crystal spectrometers for sensing applications,” Optics Communications, vol. 282, no. 15, pp. 3168–3171, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2009.04.052.

  • negative refraction and diffraction compensation used to create a compact chip
  • high accuracy, can see spectral peak 10 pm accuracy in 50 nm bandwidth
  • large SNR

[1]Z. Wang et al., “Single-shot on-chip spectral sensors based on photonic crystal slabs,” Nat Commun, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1020, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08994-5.

  • Microcavities increase optical path length. This overcomes problem of having long propagation path in small device
  • Can have large-band filters using PC slabs
  • able to obtain wavelengths from 550 to 750 with 1nm resolution
  • light absorption can be improved by using different materials, increasing spectral resolution

See also

3.0 Lunar Resource Detection with Spectrometry

Resources Present in Lunar Soil

Volatiles

[1]“SPACE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH GRANTS PROGRAM, LUNAR SURFACE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES APPENDIX.” NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA), Jul. 15, 2020, Accessed: Jul. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/summary.do?solId={0BA38320-8F63-2EAF-D97B-0AB42AF17C35}. Table of lunar volatiles from LCROSS data. Courtesy of the NASA 2020 LuSTER RFP

Non-Volatile Soil Composition

Test Soil Composition

  • MTU-LHS-1 used for testing
    • Produced in-house at Michigan Technological University
    • Moderate fidelity regolith simulant for excavation and mobility testing

Lunar Resource Detection Bands

Tabulated target bands for resource detection

4.0 Chromation Spec Compact Spectrometer

This vendor-provided spectrometer will be used for future lunar resource detection in this research and development effort.

Capabilities

Optical properties:

  • Spectral Resolution: 14nm FWHM
  • Spectral Range: 350-950nm
  • Responsivity: 3*10^9 counts/J peak
  • Measureable light level: 127nW-300uW
  • Field of View: 45 deg.

Recommended operation parameters:

  • Clock frequency: 5-8000 kHz
  • Sensor integration time: 0.0035ms
  • Supply voltage: 3-5.5V DC

Absolute maximum operation parameters:

  • Supply voltage: -3 - 6 V DC
  • Operating temp range: -25 - 80C
  • Storage-free temp range: -25 - 80C
  • ESD resistance: +/-2000V
  • Max supply current: 4.5 mA

Planned Usage for Research

5.0 Other Spectrometers

5.1 Space Mission Spectrometers

NIRVSS - (Lunar Prospector)

[1]T. L. Roush et al., “In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) field expedition 2012: Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System (NIRVSS) science measurements compared to site knowledge,” Advances in Space Research, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2451–2456, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.08.033.

[1]T. L. Roush et al., “NIRVSS Aboard CLPS,” Mar. 2020, vol. 51, p. 2581, Accessed: Sep. 15, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020LPI....51.2581R.

Range of NIRVSS Detector .png


[1]“EMI / EMC Design for Class D Payloads(Resource Prospector / NIRVSS),” presented at the NASA Ames Instrumentation Workshop, Sep. 16, 2015, Accessed: Sep. 15, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150020897.

VINS - (Chang'e 3/Chang'e 4)

[1]C. L. Li, R. Xu, G. Lv, L. Y. Yuan, Z. P. He, and J. Y. Wang, “Detection and calibration characteristics of the visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer in the Chang’e-4,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 90, no. 10, p. 103106, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1063/1.5089737.

[1]C. Li et al., “The Scientific Information Model of Chang’e-4 Visible and Near-IR Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) and In-Flight Verification,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 12, Art. no. 12, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.3390/s19122806.

[1]Z. He et al., “Visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer (VNIS) for in-situ lunar surface measurements,” in Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIX, Oct. 2015, vol. 9639, p. 96391S, doi: 10.1117/12.2194526.

5.2 Surface-based Spectrometers

Comparison of spectrometer capabilities

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