Editing Solar floatovoltaics lit review

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This section includes journal paper review for a project aimed at design and implementation of floating solar PV system (''Flotovoltaics'') for potential areas such as California Aqueduct, adding towards a sustainable practice of saving water and aquatic life. The need for floatovoltaics arises in places with water deficit or deal with land use issues such as in populous places. Various subsections under this are explained with highlights and key points which may be useful in designing this work.

This literatture review supported the following publications:

* Pierce Mayville, Neha Vijay Patil and Joshua M.Pearce. Distributed manufacturing of after market flexible floating photovoltaic modules. ''Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments''. 42, 2020, 100830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100830 [https://www.academia.edu/44253625/Distributed_Manufacturing_of_After_Market_Flexible_Floating_Photovoltaic_Modules open access]
* Hayibo, K.S.; Mayville, P.; Kailey, R.K.; Pearce, J.M. Water Conservation Potential of Self-Funded Foam-Based Flexible Surface-Mounted Floatovoltaics. Energies 2020, 13, 6285. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236285 [ open access]

=== H2O cooling function of Solar PV (Floatovoltaic) ===

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==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261911000201 An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules](2010)<ref>H.G. Teo, P.S. Lee, M.N.A. Hawlader, An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules, Applied Energy, Volume 90, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 309-315, ISSN 0306-2619, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.017].</ref> ====

* Electrical Efficiency of the PV cell is greatly affected by operating temprature of the PV cell
* Designed parallel air ducts for inflow and outflow for uniform airflow distribution
* Compared the active cooling of PV cell with and without an active cooling system
* Developed a simulation model for comparing the actual on site results with the simulation results

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447913000403 Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic panels by water cooling](2013)<ref>Moharram, K. A., et al. "Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic panels by water cooling." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 4.4 (2013): 869-877.</ref> ====

* ---
* P-V Characteristics are dependent on the temperature and output voltage of solar panel and are inversely proportional to each other
* When temperature starts increasing the efficiency to produce electricity for the same irradiance level decreases
* Performed many experiments using water and air as a coolant for cooling the solar panels and analyzed that water is the best and cheap coolant
* Developed heating rate and cooling rate mathematical model to find the exact moment when cooling needs to start for the cooling process
* ---

==== [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002259/https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijp/2014/718315/ Assessment of the Operating Temprature of Crystalline PV Modules Baesd on Real Use Conditions](2013)<ref>Ciulla, Giuseppina, et al. "Assessment of the operating temperature of crystalline PV modules based on real use conditions." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014).</ref> ====

* Found the optimal operating mode for converting electrical energy from solar panels
* Created standard operating procedure using P-V characterstics
* Given the results that electricity production depends on ratio of voltage/ volatge at maximum power point
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6823514&tag=1 Improved Power Output of PV System by Low Cost Evaporative Cooling Technology](2013)<ref>Suresh, V., S. Naviynkumar, and V. Kirubakaran. "Improved power output of PV system by low cost evaporative cooling technology." Green Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE), 2013 International Conference on. IEEE, 2013.</ref> ====

* In this paper the performance of the PV Module is enhanced by evaporative cooling technology. In this the air from the blower is passed thorigh a cool wet pad and which in turn coos down the rear part of the PV module.
* Various factors affecting the evaporation like relative humidity, air temperature, sir movement and exposed surface area were considered during cooling down process of the PV module.
* Different equations for calculating Voc, Isc, IL and Is were introduced and how this equations are dependent on temperature was shown.
* Different graphs depending on Temperature and Vic , Isc and Efficiency has been studied and how with the change in temperature the Voc and Isc varies which ultimately varies the efficiency.
* ---

==== [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/78/1/012020/meta Improving of the photovoltaic / thermal system performance using water cooling technique] (2014)<ref>Hussien, Hashim A., Ali H. Numan, and Abdulmunem R. Abdulmunem. "Improving of the photovoltaic/thermal system performance using water cooling technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 78. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2015.</ref> ====

* The cooling of PV panels is done by water circulating at PV module rear surface.
* A mathematical modeling has been carried out to compare with the experimental set up.
* The cooling of PV module is done by using a heat exchanger and cooling fan.
* Different cases has been studied by changing the mas flow rate of fluid and Maximum ambient temperature MAT.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6745090/ Experimental evaluation of the performance of a photovoltaic panel with water cooling](2014)<ref>Bahaidarah, Haitham M., et al. "Experimental evaluation of the performance of a photovoltaic panel with water cooling." Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2013 IEEE 39th. IEEE, 2013.</ref> ====

* Rear cooling of PV Module has been performed to decrease the cell temperature and increase the efficiency.
* Graph for power output vs irradiance for both normal and hybrid model has been plotted.
* Reduction in temperature with change in the mass flow rate has been studied.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6850534/ Increasing solar panel efficiency in a sustainable manner](2014)<ref>Melis, Wim JC, Sajib K. Mallick, and Phillip Relf. "Increasing solar panel efficiency in a sustainable manner." Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), 2014 IEEE International. IEEE, 2014.</ref> ====

* This paper discussed about the cooling and cleaning of PV modules by water for better efficiency.
* The kinetic energy of the water rolling down the panel and falling into the tank has been used along with a Hydraulic RAM pump tp pump the water to the top tank. By this process the minimum energy is required to pump the water for cooling and cleaning purpose.
* Comparison has been made on the efficiency of the panel covered by dust and dry panel with panel cleaned and cooled by water. The overall efficiency of the panel was increased by 14%.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7193019&isnumber=7192777 Study on performance enhancement of PV cells by water spray cooling for the climatic conditions of Coimbatore, Tamilnadu](2015)<ref>Sandhya, S. "Study on performance enhancement of PV cells by water spray cooling for the climatic conditions of Coimbatore, Tamilnadu." Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015 International Conference on. IEEE, 2015.</ref> ====

* Solar irradiance for the particular site has been calculated for the year.
* Based on irradiance the PV module back and rear temperature has been calculated through a mathematical modeling.
* Mathematical calculation for the time taken(t) for the cooling of panels at different flow rate has be derived.
* Along with cooling of PV modules how the thin layer of water reduces the reflection losses and cleans PV panels for better efficiency.
* ---

==== [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267642746_ Experimental Assessment of PV Module Cooling Strategies](2015)<ref>Ozemoya, A., J. Swart, and H. C. Pienaar. "Experimental Assessment of PV Module Cooling Strategies." SATNAC 2014. Boardwalk Conference Centre, Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa. 2014.</ref> ====

* Factors that contributes to the efficiency of the PV module has been studied
* A pilot study was conducted to investigate at which tilt angle PV module produces maximum surface temperature and how it effects the output power
* The study also revealed that the cell temperature and the back surface temperature are different and back surface temperature is a good approximation of the actual cell temperature.
* Two different cooling set up were compared with a non cooling system to find the difference in temperature and power output.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7823185&tag=1 Experimental Study on Efficiency Enhancement of PV Systems With Combined Effect of Cooling and Maximum Power Point Tracking](2016)<ref>Sreejith, C. S., P. Rajesh, and M. R. Unni. "Experimental study on efficiency enhancement of PV systems with combined effect of cooling and maximum power point tracking." Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), International Conference on. Vol. 1. IEEE, 2016.</ref> ====

* The efficiency of the PV module is studies by taking into consideration the PV module temperature and Maximim power point tracking.
* A mathematical formula that defines the efficiency of the solar panel has been introduced.
* A mathematical formula that can be used to calculate the temperature of the PV module has been introduced.
* Here the cooling of the PV module has been done by passing water through the copper pipes fitted at the rear side of the PV module.
* In the cooling process the flow/loop of water is maintained by the process of thermosiphon. The use of pump has been avoided in this process.
* The complete set up has been tested under different conditions. Through the process the efficiency could be increased to 8.95% to 10.66%.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6221543/ Efficiency improvement of solar PV panels using active cooling](2012)<ref>P. Prudhvi and P. Chaitanya Sai. P. "Efficiency improvement of solar PV panels using active cooling," 2012 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Venice, 2012, pp. 1093-1097</ref> ====

* This apaper intends to improve the efficiency of the PV Panel by active cooling to reduce the losses due to temperature and considering and decrease reflection losses to some extent.
* This paper considers different aspects related to solar power plant and its efficiency improvement like photovoltaic losses, methods to reduce losses, active cooling system, soil temperature modelling & design of under ground tunnels.
* The paper also explains hoe the flow of water on the PV module decreases the temperature and acts as a better refractive index material between glass and air.
* A mathematical calculation for the thermal modelling of PV panel has been introduced.
* A practical calculation has been made to calculate the amount of energy produced, the energy required in water circulation and the net energy produced. *An economic calculation has also been made to calculate the amount of money invested and how fast it can be retrieved by using the above technology.
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116311636 Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modelling](2017)<ref>M.E. Taboada, L.Caceres, T.A. Graber, H.R. Galleguillos, L.F. Cabeza, R. Rojas "Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modelling," Renewable Energy 105 (2017) 601e615</ref> ====

* In this paper, floating PV is used for covering the pond and heating the water for industrial purposes. Detailed formulation is provided.
* The pond with floating covers water evaporation reduction was greater than 90% with respect to an uncovered pond.
* In copper mining there is a significant potential for using solar energy to heat solutions in electro-winning and for washing copper cathodes. In order to improve the leaching efficiency of sulfide minerals, a high temperature is required to improve the mineral process like leaching because the extraction increases with the temperature.
* Proposed a simulation model for energy efficiency assessment.
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X16305254 Technical-economic study of cooled crystalline solar modules](2016)<ref>Henrik Zsiborács, Béla Pályi, Gábor Pintér, József Popp, Péter Balogh, Zoltán Gabnai, Károly Pető, István Farkas, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, Attila Bai, Technical-economic study of cooled crystalline solar modules, Solar Energy, Volume 140, 15 December 2016, Pages 227-235, ISSN 0038-092X</ref> ====

* The aim of the paper is to study the techno-commercial aspects of a solar dydtem with evaporative cooling technology.
* The set up considers various technical aspects of the location and pv module like voltage and cuurent, moisture content of air, global irradiation, wind aspect etc.
* It also emphasized on the water evaporation due to cooling process and also concluded that in case of poly-crystalline solar module cooling system was switched on less frequently.
* Economic aspect was studied for the set up on different countries considering the amount involved , inflation, feasibility and delivery price of the electric energy.
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6682486/ A Combination of Concentrator Photovoltaics and Water Cooling System to Improve Solar Energy Utilization](2013)<ref>Ming-Tse Kuo, Wen-Yi Lo</ref> ====

* Water cooling system in concentrator PV is shown with schematic diagrams
* Optimal time of start/stop operation of cooling system is presented
* Neural network algorithm used to determined the PV output during short time
* ---

==== [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304785444_Photovoltaic_panels_A_review_of_the_cooling_techniques Photovoltaic panels: A review of the cooling techniques ](2016)<ref>Sandro Nizetic Grubišić Čabo Filip Giuseppe Marco Tina</ref> ====

* This paper studied the different cooling techniques of PV module and discusses its effectiveness compering the process and overall net efficiency.
* The author has taken into consideration different cooling techniques like passive cooling, active cooling, thermal electric cooling, heat pipe cooling and Nano fluid cooling.
* A comparison among the different techniques was made taking the maximum power gain into account and dividing it with effective surface of PV cell. The comparison was plotted in a graph between cooling technique and maximum peak power gain per square unit.
* Taking into account different criteria's active cooling technique have higher efficiency.
* ---

==== [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228404444_Increased_electrical_yield_via_water_flow_over_the_front_of_photovoltaic_panels Increased electrical yield via water flow over the front of photovoltaic panels](2004)<ref>Stefan Krauter</ref> ====

* The paper discusses about cutting optical losses by use of water(refractive index 1.3), keeping the surface clean and decreasing the cell temperature.
* How the solar radiation hitting at a certain angle increases the reflection losses which can account for 8-15% loss in a day for conventional PV system under STC. It also explains how a material like water can compensate the reflection loss providing a better refractive index of 1.3.
* It also discusses about the thermal losses associated with PV module and how by controlling the temperature of the PV module the efficiency can be increased . Flow of water on the module front absorbs the heat and brings down the temperature of the module.
* The set up was tested for two modules, one with cooling technique and other without that. The graph has been plotted which gives a clear picture how the module with cooling technique maintained a temperature much below the temperature of the module without cooling, thus giving better efficiency.
* ---

==== [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260019483_Water_Cooling_Method_to_Improve_the_Performance_of_Field-Mounted_Insulated_and_Concentrating_Photovoltaic_Modules Water Cooling Method to Improve the Performance of Field-Mounted, Insulated, and Concentrating Photovoltaic Modules](2014)<ref>Matthew Kirby Smith Hanny Selbak Carl C. Wamser Nicholas Day Mat Krieske David J. Sailor Todd Rosenstiel</ref> ====

* This paper discusses about how the efficiency of the PV Module is effected due to temperature, soiling. Due to soiling the amount of solar irradiance that reaches the PV module material is blocked. Higher temperature also accelerates the material and Mechanical degradation of the panel over the lifetime.
* How the flow of water acts as a cooling agent,cleaning agent reducing the panel soiling and reduces the reflectance of the incoming light.
* The set up was created for two sets of panels to be tested on different parameters and techniques like cooling on open rack module, cooling test on insulated pv panels, cooling through ice water etc. Different net results in terms of efficiency was calculated and studied.
* Depending upon the energy implications, economic benefits and climatic factors different conditions and their feasibility were studied. How a control system could timeline the usage of cooling system as per the temperature reached was also suggested. which would limit the power consumptions and water evaporation and eventually give a better net efficiency.
* ---

==== [https://academic.oup.com/ijlct/article/9/2/118/633328/Passive-cooling-technology-for-photovoltaic-panels Passive cooling technology for photovoltaic panels for domestic houses](2014)<ref>Shenyi Wu, Chenguang Xiong</ref> ====

* A rainwater-cooling system is employed to improve the efficiency of solar panels
* A schematic diagram of proposed system is presented and heat transfer on panel surface is described
* Rainwater estimation and and improvement in efficiency of the system are shown in tabular and graphical forms
* Payback period of 14 years as per paper
* ---

==== [http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/234790 Photovoltaic panels: A review of the cooling techniques](2016)<ref>Filip Grubišić-Čabo, Sandro Nižetić, Tina Giuseppe Marco</ref> ====

* A review of major cooling techniques
* Passive cooling, active cooling, heat pipe cooling, nano fluid cooling and thermoelectric cooling techniques are described
* Active cooling has higher efficiency than passive ones
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261911000201 An active cooling system for photovoltaic modules](2012)<ref>H.G. Teo, P.S. Lee, M.N.A. Hawlader</ref> ====

* Active cooling system explained
* Heat transfer modeling performed
* Mathematical formulations with panel engineering sketches are shown
* ---

==== [http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1680 Effect of Water Cooling on the Energy Conversion Efficiency of PV Cell](2016)<ref>Saira Iqbala, Samia Afzalb, Atta Ullah Mazharc*, Hazeema Anjumd, Anab Diyyane</ref> ====

* The focus of this paper is to study the effects of water cooling of the panel on its efficiency and to compare that with efficiency of panel without cooling.
* The mathematical equations for efficiency relating different parameters with cooling and non-cooling technique has been defined.
* A graph has been plotted between peak efficiency and mass flow rate of water(liter/hr.) and it has been observed that flow rate above 2 liter/hr. drags down the peak efficiency of the panel.
* Different graphs has been plotted for Times in hour Vs Solar panel temperature Vs Power output Vs Output efficiency and it is clear that the panel with cooling technology yields a better performance.
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610215022729 Indoor Test Performance of PV Panel through Water Cooling Method](2015)<ref>Y.M.Irwana,a, W.Z.Leowa , M.Irwantoa, Fareq.Ma, A.R.Ameliaa, N.Gomesha, I.Safwatia</ref> ====

* The aim of this paper is to study how to increase the electrical efficiency of PV Pnael. It depends on environmental factors like solar radiation and operating temperature.
* The arrangement with halogen bulb for solar radiation, dc water pump for spraying water and 50M mono crystalline PV panel is described along with different measuring devices for measurement of solar radiation and performance of PV panels.
* Graph has been plotted to show the difference between the temperature by the PV panel at different solar radiation with water cooling and without water cooling.
* Graph has been plotted to show the difference in maximum voltage output, maximum current output and maximum power output with respect to different solar radiation with and without water cooling technique and their results has been compared.
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890415010018?np=y&npKey=f8ddac527494d1c99706678b074852a913ced97ccf3763769062d02c6ed274c6 Water spray cooling technique applied on a photovoltaic panel: The performance response](2016)<ref>S. Nižetić D. Čokob, A. Yadavc, F. Grubišić-Čabo</ref> ====

* THe purpose of this paper is to study a water spraying technique, implemented on both sides of PV panel to gain an optimal cooling technique and compare it with other cooling circumtances.
* A mathematical equations for calculating the heat loss is introduced taking into consideration the panel front and back temperature.
* Different graphs have been plotted with different cooling process a)Front cooling b) Back cooling c)Both sides simultaneously. various graphs of voltage, current and power output has been plotted and studied varying the different process above.

====[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.03.055 Thermal–electrical model for energy estimation of a water cooled photovoltaic module](2016)<ref> Filippo Spertino, Antonio D’Angola, Diana Enescu, Paolo Di Leo, Giovanni Vincenzo Fracastoro, Renato Zaffina. "Thermal–electrical model for energy estimation of a water cooled photovoltaic module" Volume 133, August 2016, Pages 119–140 </ref>====

=== Simulation of PV System ===

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==== [https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/pdfs/2008_sandia_ieee_pvsc.pdf5 Comparison of PV system performance model with measured PV system performance](2008)<ref>Cameron, Christopher P., William E. Boyson, and Daniel M. Riley. "Comparison of PV system performance-model predictions with measured PV system performance." Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2008. PVSC'08. 33rd IEEE. IEEE, 2008.</ref> ====

* Performance-model in SAM is compared with performance of physical measurement of PV system
* LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) is key performance indicator according to Department of Solar Energy Technology Program
* LCOE lifecycle cost, installed cost, performance, operating costs, maintenance costs with reliability included
* Test case at Sandia with grid-tied PV system with 3 systems with tilt along the latitude such that no shading is observed
* Modeling performed for Raiations, module performance and invertor
* Performance submodels—radiation, performance of module and invertor—under Solar Advisor Model gave reasonable agreement. Error noted for various model lies within ±1 to ±3%
* Non-crystalline technologies showed variations between models studied
* Use of derate factors—such as shading and wiring losses—are important factors during simulation and comparison studies
* ---

==== [https://www.google.com/urlsa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwib5sT219HRAhWBy4MKHfGSCEAQFggaMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrel.gov%2Fdocs%2Ffy08osti%2F42922.pdf&usg=AFQjCNG4hxvYXjMlbLjDoQcxJzAMa3q2Pg&sig2=7f94jD11Wau8oyGTc4YMbg&bvm=bv.144224172,d.amc Modeling Photovoltaic and Concentrating Solar Power Trough Performance, Cost, and Financing with the Solar Advisor Model](2008)<ref>Blair, Nathan, et al. "Modeling photovoltaic and concentrating solar power trough performance, cost, and financing with the solar advisor model." Solar 2008, American Solar Energy Society (2008).</ref> ====

* Built System Advisor Model(SAM) by the staff of NREL and Sandia National Laboratory to support the professionals of solar industry doing reserch in solar
* SAM is used to compare different solar technology on the same platform from the point of view of performance, cost and economic aspects
* Having user friendly GUI interface so anybody can use it effectively
* SAM has some readily available models for different pv modulesand for inverters to compare the performance
* ---

==== [https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54488.pdf WREF 2012: P50/P90 ANALYSIS FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS USING THE SYSTEM ADVISOR MODEL](2012)<ref>Dobos, Aron, P. Gilman, and M. Kasberg. "P50/P90 analysis for solar energy systems using the system advisor model." World Renew. Energy Forum. 2012.</ref> ====

'''Abstract''': Before installing a solar power plant the financial risk associated with has to be analyzed. There are different methodology used for this purpose and in this paper two metodology used by NREL is described.

* Data without describing the major event for the particular location can be found from Typical Meteorological Year data sets, which are used for preliminary research
* More detailed analysis for solar radiation and weather data are available at National Solar Radiation Database(NSRDB) and National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)
* In 50 method the possibilities of power output greater than 50% of the preset value is 50% and silmilar in P90 method it is greater than 90%
* ---

==== [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6695420/?reload=true PV system model reduction for reliability assessment studies](2013)<ref>Gafurov, Tokhir, Milan Prodanovic, and Julio Usaola. "PV system model reduction for reliability assessment studies." Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE), 2013 4th IEEE/PES. IEEE, 2013.</ref> ====

* Analyzed the reliability of solar photovoltaic energy in modern power systems
* Performed simulations for the modeled pv systems for eight different locations
* Proposed model reduces the data required for PV system comparison , yet gives the accurate results
* ---

==== [http://www.iarjset.com/upload/2015/si/ncree-15/IARJSET%2017%20P127.pdf Design Parameters of 10kW Floating Solar Power Plant](2015)<ref>Sharma, Paritosh, Bharat Muni, and Debojyoti Sen. "Design Parameters of 10kw Floating Solar Power Plant." International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology (IARJSET) 2 (2015): 86-88.</ref> ====

* The paper describes the importance and advantages of floating solar power plant
* Reduction of evaporation (70%) and algal bloom, viable in parts of India where land acquisition is problem
* Parts of the system: solar PV module, string inverter, module mounting structure, cable and connectors, FRP floating platform, mooring arrangement, access gangway and electrical installations
* Few challenges such as to withstand wind speed, water current speed, snow load and corrosion due to water moisture
* Drawback : such investment is 1.2 times conventional land solar installations
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.01.008 Water canal use for the implementation and efficiency optimization of photovoltaic facilities: Tajo-Segura transfer scenario](2016)<ref>Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, et al. "Water canal use for the implementation and efficiency optimization of photovoltaic facilities: Tajo-Segura transfer scenario." Solar Energy 126 (2016): 168-194.</ref> ====

* The pilot project at Narmada Canal, Gujarat for 1 MW is described
* A canal top approaches in PV system is explained
* The advantages of canal top installation for Tajo-Segura canal in Spain is demostrrated
* The savings and pay back is also obtained
* A sectionalized study of canal is performed
* Shading effects are also studied and the cooling techniques is also shown with improvements in temperature of the solar panels contributing towards better efficiency
* ---

==== [http://ijcrme.rdmodernresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CP-024.pdf A survey on floating solar power](2016)<ref>N. Krishnaveni, P. Anbarasu, D. Vigneshkumar</ref> ====

* Explains need of floating solar system and feasibility of solar power in India with almost 300 days of sunshine
* HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene) with cheaper cost and reliability is proposed choice for installation
* HDPE structure is shown with schematic diagram in the paper
* Describes installation at Far Niente Winery in Napa California (SPG)
* Describes installation at Kolkata commissioned by VikramSolar and Arka College
* ---

==== [http://www.grdjournals.com/uploads/article/GRDJE/V01/I08/0040/GRDJEV01I080040.pdf Canal Top Solar Energy Harvesting using Reflector](2016)<ref>D Augustin, R Chacko, J Jacob</ref> ====

* Water savings estimation is shown with a simple equation
* Canal top PV with reflectors is presented with shadow effects and tilt angles
* Expression for reflector orientation is presented
* ---

==== [https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-21869.pdf Incorporation of NREL Solar Advisor Model Photovoltaic Capabilities with GridLAB-D](2012)<ref>Tuffner, Francis K., Janelle L. Hammerstrom, and Ruchi Singh</ref> ====

* Various algorithms namely: SOLPAS, Perez Tilt Model, Flat Plate Efficiency Model are presented
* Comparative analysis for GridLAB-D model and SAM model shows similar results
* Proposed in studies: GridLAB-D can model a distributed generation system more accurately

=== Comparison of PV System for land and water body ===

* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858636 Study on electrical power output of floating photovoltaic and conventional photovoltaic](2013)<ref>Azmi, Mohd Syahriman Mohd, et al. "Study on electrical power output of floating photovoltaic and conventional photovoltaic." AIP Conference Proceedings. Eds. Abdul Munir Hj Abdul Murad, et al. Vol. 1571. No. 1. AIP, 2013.</ref> ====

* Best PV module's performance is claimed to be observed at ambient temperature of 25 degree celsius with irradiation of 1000W/sq.m.
* Study is conducted in Malaysia where the temperature is observed 30 degree celsius during the day time.
* Efficiency of PV cells decrease when subjected to highly intensive solar radiation.
* Heat sink should be chosen based on thermal conductivity value, material density and cost.
* Higher electrical power output is observed with floating photovoltaic module than the conventional module.

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.7.2014.14.0112 Study on performance of 80 watt floating photovoltaic panel](2014)<ref>Majid, Z. A. A., et al. "Study on performance of 80 watt floating photovoltaic panel." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 7.1 (2014): 1150-1156.</ref> ====

* The efficiency reduces by 0.485% per 1 degree C increase in temperature
* Use of PVC pipe and Al as floating structure due to their light weight and thermal conductivity respectively
* Tilt angle needs to be between 0 to 7 degrees for Peninsular Malaysia
* Proposed for places with one season throughout the year
* Temperature difference for foalting and overland installation is compared
* Energy gain difference between both types is compared showing superior performance of floating PV
* Power gain increased by 15.5% for floating PV under this study
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2014.8.1.07 A Study on Power Generation Analysis of Floating PV System Considering Environmental Impact](2014)<ref>Choi, Young-Kwan. "A study on power generation analysis of floating PV system considering environmental impact." International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications 8.1 (2014): 75-84.</ref> ====

* Performance Analysis of Hapcheon 100 and 500kW floating solar PV is presented over the months of the year
* On the basis of average generation, floating plant is expensive than overland plant
* Juam 2.4kW floating Vs overland PV system superior performance of floating installation
* Effect of wind speed with change in orientation and location (due to movement) is studied for Juam floating solar PV.
* Generating efficiency for floating installation is 11% higher than overland installations by ignoring the effects of wind.
* ---

==== [https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/9867 A study of floating PV Module Efficiency](2014)<ref>Muscat, Melanie. A study of floating PV module efficiency. MS thesis. University of Malta, 2014.</ref> ====

* Experiments are conducted in a place (Maltese islands) with higher irradiation and the ratio of water to land area is 10:1.
* Different setups are compared such as solar panels on land, panels on floating water and panels on sea water with salt accumulated on it.
* Water cooled setup performed better than the non-water cooled system by a factor of 9.6% in summer and by 3% in winter.
* Sea salt accumulated system produced 3.8% greater energy output than the ground reflected system.
* As it is more costlier to deploy solar panels on water than on the land, the power produced per square meter of the material used is of greater importance ad it is high for crystalline cells.
* On the whole energy efficiency is always high for a floating panel than the terrestrial one.
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.06.033 Design and installation of floating type photovoltaic energy generation system using FRP members](2014)<ref>Young-Geun Lee, Hyung-Joong Joo , Soon-Jong Yoon. "Design and installation of floating type photovoltaic energy generation system using FRP members" Volume 108, October 2014, Pages 13–27.</ref> ====

* This design is installed and tested at the sea site in Korea.
* Tracking type floating PV model.
* Temperature of the PV panels in the floating type PV energy generation system is lower than the land type due to relatively low temperature of the sea site.
* Light weight materials such as pultruded FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) are used in the floating structure.
* FRP is highly resistant to corrosion.
* The link system installed between the unit modules is made of PFRP, recycled used tire, and olyethylene synthetic fiber rope.
* Finite element analysis of the PV system is conducted based on the mechanical properties of the PFRP (Fiber reinforced Polymeric Plastic).
* Floating model reduces the disadvantages such as environmental disruption and high cost of land use that are incurred by the PV land system.
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.05.007 The thin film flexible floating PV (T3F-PV) array: The concept and development of the prototype] (2014)<ref>Kim Trapania, Dean L. Millara "The thin film flexible floating PV (T3F-PV) array: The concept and development of the prototype" Volume 71, November 2014, Pages 43–50</ref> ====

* World's first deployment of a floating thin film PV – small prototype in Subdury,Canada.
* Accumulation of dirt on the panels result in the reduction of output efficiency by 1%.
* Proposed to develop a larger scale prototype.	
* Component cost of the floating PV array prototype is tabulated.
* Since this is the first project PV installation costs are high and the design needs modifications.
* Design changes are recommended that are suitable for operation in harsher environments(wave forces)
* ---

==== [https://www.google.com/urlsa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjOxqL1gObRAhXJ5IMKHczcD_AQFghEMAc&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrel.gov%2Fdocs%2Ffy14osti%2F61555.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHWeKKhaLoo8ncWLvxegezoUBEWWA&sig2=2enEnmUHPcrY2p-SKGxx7Q Variability of Power from Large Scale Solar Photostatic Scenarios in the State of Gujarat](2014)<ref>Parsons, B., et al. "Variability of Power from Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Scenarios in the State of Gujarat." (2014).</ref> ====

* Data of Global Horizontal Iradiance and Direct Normal Irradiance had dereived from the satelite images of the Meteoset satelite for 10 km*10 km area
* Applied sub-hour irradiance algorithm(SIA) for down scaling hourly data to one minute time interval
* Gujarat has solar power output of around 5.5-6 kwh/square meter/day and the results of this paper will help to find the optimal location in the state
* Five potential locations selected for the for the future expansion scenario
* This studies helps to integrate solar power with the conventional energy sources to meet the load demand and other challenges.
* ---

==== [https://web.archive.org/web/20171215233409/http://onlinepresent.org:80/proceedings/vol25_2013/66.pdf Empirical Research on the efficiency of Floating PV systems compared with Overland PV Systems](2013)<ref>Choi, Young-Kwan, Nam-Hyung Lee, and Kern-Joong Kim. "Empirical Research on the efficiency of Floating PV systems compared with Overland PV Systems." Proc. Third Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Circuits, Communication, Electricity, Electronics, Energy, Systems, Signal and Simulation. Vol. 25. 2013"</ref> ====

* 100kW and 500kW floating PV systems are installed on water body in Korea. Utility of both installations compared with overland PV (1MW) systems.
* Capacity Factor is calculated to determine the generation quantity.
* Daily average generation quantity of overland PV system is compared with the Daily average generation capacity of floating PV system.
* Coefficient of utilization – 13.5% higher for floating PV compared to land PV.
* Generating efficiency – floating PV is superior by 11%

=== H2O saving simulation ===

* ---

==== [https://web.archive.org/web/20210318232859/http://www.urbanwateralliance.org.au/publications/UWSRA-tr28.pdf Evaporation Reduction by Suspended and Floating Covers: Overview, Modelling and Efficiency](2010)<ref>Yao, Xin, et al. "Evaporation reduction by suspended and floating covers: overview, modelling and efficiency." Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report 28 (2010).</ref> ====

* Design for Australia's South East Queensland which has heavy pressure of water demand
* Use of suspended covers and floating covers, types of covers are discussed
* Highest efficiency for SuperSpan covers together with greater life
* Evaporation rate expression used for modeling the evaporation
* Cost comparison shows cost per KL water for SuperSpan ranks second (after AquaCap)
* 2D model is presented and 3D model is proposed for future research work
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2011.12.002 Design and analysis of a canal section for minimum water loss](2011)<ref>Ghazaw, Yousry Mahmoud. "Design and analysis of a canal section for minimum water loss." Alexandria Engineering Journal 50.4 (2011): 337-344.</ref> ====

* Seepage and evaporation water losses are discussed for water canals
* Objective function is water loss and its minimization is the task presented in this paper
* Both evaporation and seepage functions are defined
* The Lagrange multipliers are used to find out the optimal size of the canal such that evaporation losses are minimum
* ---

==== [https://www.google.com/urlsa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjUr9zN89bRAhUI34MKHcQeBvoQFgglMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Farizona.openrepository.com%2Farizona%2Fbitstream%2F10150%2F608582%2F1%2FHartzellT.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGk6Q1CRPk84kPK7A6hzjn4W-IcSw&sig2=93Y33C4HKSQNI10GNqubKw Evaluating Potential for floating solar installations on Arizona Water Management](2016)<ref>Hartzell, Tynan Scott. "Evaluating Potential for Floating Solar Installations on Arizona Water Management Infrastructure." (2016).</ref> ====

* Study highlights the need of foatovolatics and terms it as "drought adaptation technology"
* Water loss through Central Arizona Project is around 4.4% equating to 58,921,434 gallons per day
* Reduction of carcinogenic content in water due to lowering exposure to sunlight for bromate formation from chlorine and bromine
* NREL estimation ignores transmission infrastructure and other costs and reliability
* Various deigns of floating installations are discussed
* Savings in water are evaluated using an empirical formula
* A pilot location is proposed at lake Pleasant Reservoir
* Cost per watt is $1.36 including the advantage of government subsidy
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.04.007 A new photovoltaic floating cover system for water reservoirs](2013)<ref>Carlos Ferrer-Gisbert a, José J. Ferrán-Gozálvez a, Miguel Redón-Santafé a,*,Pablo Ferrer-Gisbert b, Francisco J. Sánchez-Romero a, Juan Bautista Torregrosa-Soler a "A new photovoltaic floating cover system for water reservoirs." (2013).</ref> ====

* Design in this paper is suitable to agricultural reservoirs where there are no heavy wave forces and is implemented in Spain.
* Water losses by evaporation in farms amounted to 17 percent in Spain.
* Floating cover systems require site specific planning and design to be successful.
* Floating modules joined by means of pins cover the water surface in this design.
* Elastic joints are used to easily adapt to varying reservoir water levels.
* Evaporation reduction achieved through cooling/floating photovoltaic system is around 80%.
* ---

==== [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri874250 Determination of evaporation and seepage losses, Upper Lake Mary near Flagstaff, Arizona](1998)<ref>J.W.H. Blee</ref> ====

* Types of losses due to seepage and evaporation are discussed
* Evaporation estimation using mass-transfer with several modified expressions
* Estimates of mean annual and mean monthly evaporation were obtained
* Equation 5 in the paper gives most accuracy in results
* ---

==== [http://www.ijste.org/articles/IJSTEV2I7079.pdf Water losses in canal networking (Narmada canal section near Gandhinagar-Ahmedabad)](2016)<ref>Roshni Patel, Sneha Patel</ref> ====

* Seepage and evaporation losses for Narmada canal section is shown
* Briefly explains sections/phases in Narmada Canal
* Inflow-outflow method to calculate seepage losses is presented
* Drawbacks of Narmada canal is discussed: Algal formation and public pollution
* ---

==== [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8074182 Floating solar photovoltaic systems: An overview and their feasibility at Kota in Rajasthan]<ref>D. Mittal, B. K. Saxena and K. V. S. Rao, "Floating solar photovoltaic systems: An overview and their feasibility at Kota in Rajasthan," 2017 International Conference on Circuit ,Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Kollam, 2017, pp. 1-7.</ref> ====

* Floating PV technology is discussed in this paper.
* Advantages and components of FPV has been dsiscussed.
* FPV Installations in India have been discussed.
* ---

[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8358376 Potential of floating photovoltaic system for energy generation and reduction of water evaporation at four different lakes in Rajasthan]<ref>D. Mittal, B. Kumar Saxena and K. V. S. Rao, "Potential of floating photovoltaic system for energy generation and reduction of water evaporation at four different lakes in Rajasthan," 2017 International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), Bangalore, 2017, pp. 238-243.</ref>====

* Detailed description on FPV, its advantages are discussed.
* For study of FPV, four lakes of Rajasthan, India are considered.
* ---

==== [https://web.archive.org/web/20171117231949/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk:80/14359/1/wmoevap_271008.pdf Methods for the quantification of evaporation from lakes (prepared for the World Meteorological Organization's Commission for Hydrology)](2008)<ref>Jon Finch and Ann Calver</ref> ====

* A brief summary of methods described:

{| class="wikitable"
! Method
! Advantages
! Limitation
|-
| Mass-balance method
| doesn't require surface temperature for calculation
| difficult/expensive to measure all elements
|-
| Bulk-transfer method
| makes use of data easily available
| sensitivity to vapor pressure and difficulty in wind function definition
|-
| Energy balance method
| gives most accurate results with thermal stratification taken into account
|-
|-
| Equilibrium temperature method
| relatively new, uses heat storage of water and metro logical data into account
| doesn't include thermal stratification
|}

* ---

==== [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309133314522283 Estimating evaporation based on standard meteorological data – progress since 2007](2014)<ref>Murray C. Peel, Thomas A. McMahon</ref> ====

* Most recent methods of estimating evaporation is summarized (since 2007 to 2014)
* Review of remote sensing enhancing the application of standard procedures of estimating evaporation
* ---

==== [http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/11/527/htm Lake Evaporation in a Hyper-Arid Environment, Northwest of China—Measurement and Estimation](2016)<ref>Xiao Liu, Jingjie Yu, Ping Wang, Yichi Zhang and Chaoyang Du</ref> ====

* Study performed for East Juyan Lake, China
* An evaporation model is derived and its validation can be done with known data or from pan evaporation tests
* Floating pan evaporation techniques and its sensitivity analysis is presented
* ---

==== [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117309103 Floating photovoltaic plants: Performance analysis and design solutions]<ref>Cazzaniga, R., Cicu, M., Rosa-Clot, M., Rosa-Clot, P., Tina, G.M. and Ventura, C., 2018. Floating photovoltaic plants: Performance analysis and design solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, pp.1730-1741.</ref> ====

* Limitations of further development of PV installations are described.
* Advantages of PV floating solutions.
* Supporting structures of FPV are described.
* Cooling and cleaning in FPV is described.

=== Economics of PV on water body and sensitivity analysis ===

* ---

==== [http://10.1039/b000000x Assumptions and the Levelized Cost of Energy for Photovoltaics](2011)<ref>Darling, Seth B., et al. "Assumptions and the levelized cost of energy for photovoltaics." Energy & Environmental Science 4.9 (2011): 3133-3139.</ref> ====

* LCOE is defined and explained in detail about its use in cost analysis of solar PV installations
* SunPower simplified LCOE expression is cited
* SAM presents LCOE as real and nominal (expressions are shown with required revenues over life of the project)
* Single value of LCOE doesn't include effects of economic and financial aspects of project
* Monte Carlo simulation provides much clear projection of LCOE with single inputs, with its few advantages: probabilistic results, sensitivity analysis and co-relation of inputs
* Three locations Sacramento, Chicago and Boston with 20MW installation are compared for LCOE estimations
* Major assumptions for two main parts of LCOE namely: cost and energy production are presented
* Sensitivity analysis for three places with input parameters is presented showing real discount rate has greater impact
* ---

==== [http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=pomona_theses Floatovoltaics: Quantifying the Benefits of a Hydro-Solar Power Fusion](2013)<ref>McKay, Abe. "Floatovoltaics: Quantifying the Benefits of a Hydro-Solar Power Fusion." (2013).</ref> ====

* Pairing of water and solar could increase production efficiency by 8-10% through panel cooling and save millions of litres of water from evaporation.
* A Floatovoltaic system is feasible only when the benefits of the project such as water saved from cooling and reduced evaporation plus the increase in power output outweigh the floating costs.
* Shading water with the solar arrays can reduce the evaporation losses by 70%.
* Maximum power is linearly related to both temperature and irradiance.
* In areas with lots of irradiance and low land prices like deserts, electricity has to be transported long distances to reach users.
* 6% of United States electrical energy is lost during transmission and distribution.
* Connecting a solar array to the existing power grid would save on transmission infrastructure costs.
* ---

==== Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review](2015)<ref>Sahu, Alok, Neha Yadav, and K. Sudhakar. "Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 66 (2016): 815-824.</ref> ====

* A nice paper which explains from all basics. Explains about different types of solar PV used in current world
* Given names of companies who have installed floating PV's worldwide and their capacity. Reviews on different types of floating installations.
* Explains only on still water bodies. In India arge water bodies are available in eastern, Sothern and South-eastern part of the country in states such as West Bengal, Assam, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
* In agriculture based country like India, it saves valuable land and reduces water evaporation by installing Floatovoltaics
* ---

==== [http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/586c6885a7927.pdf Some Remarks about the Deployment of Floating PV Systems in Brazil](2017)<ref>Marco Antonio Esteves Galdino, and Marta Maria de Almeida Olivieri. "Some Remarks about the Deployment of Floating PV Systems in Brazil." Journal of Electrical Engineering 5 (2017): 10-19.</ref> ====

* sensitivity analysis of Solar Floatovoltaics implemented in Brazil.
* Floating PV's are 11% effective than conventional one due to lower temperatures on water than on ground
* The increase in the efficiency of the floating PV plant due to evaporative cooling may be significant in the Northeast region of the country (Sobradinho reservoir), but not significant in the North region (Balbina reservoir)
* The installation of the system is also more difficult and costly. Apparently, this extra cost is offset by the fact that the system does not use and, which results in a cost reduction
* Large scale floating PV plants can have a significant environmental impact by reducing algae growth and water oxygenation, and to minimize the first effect, glass-glass photovoltaic modules shall be used in Brazil
* ---

==== [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.083 Theoretical and experimental analysis of a floating photovoltaic cover for water irrigation reservoirs] (2014)<ref>Miguel Redón Santafé, Juan Bautista Torregrosa Soler, Francisco Javier Sánchez Romero, Pablo S. Ferrer Gisbert, José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez , Carlos M. Ferrer Gisbert a,1. "Theoretical and experimental analysis of a floating photovoltaic cover for water irrigation reservoirs" Volume 67, 1 April 2014, Pages 246–255.</ref> ====

* A prototype of 20kWp was implemented for water irrigation reservoirs (Spain).
* Focuses on the theoretical and experimental analysis of a floating photovoltaic cover system for water irrigation reservoirs.
* Shielding of water with floating materials obstruct photosynthesis, reduce algae growth and thus improves water quality.
* Lower tilt angles provide better electrical performance.
* Significant saving of Co2 is observed.
* PV electricity generation costs for a kWh are expressed in profitability ratio.
* Analysis states that the plant has a nominal capacity of 300kWp, gives annual production of 425000 kWh/year of renewable energy.
* Savings in water is observed to be 5000 cubic meter or 25% of the reservoir's storage capacity.
* ---

==== [http://search.proquest.com/docview/1761089672?pq-origsite=gscholar A Review on new era of solar power systems: Floatovoltaic systems or Floating solar power plants] (2015)<ref>Yasmeena, & Tulsi, R. D. "A Review on new era of solar power systems: Floatovoltaic systems or Floating solar power plants" I-Manager's Journal on Instrumentation & Control Engineering, 3(1), 1-8.</ref> ====

* Due to the cooling effects of water, its floating PV systems generate about 10 percent more electricity than rooftop or ground-mounted systems of the same size.
* HDPE is commonly used because of its high density polyethylene structure. Can be installed in drinking water tanks. It is resistant to UV. Can withstand winds up to 118 mph. Costs less per module compared to LUPOLEN 5261Z, and Zinc coated stainless steel structures.
* In this paper, they have considered different types of PV cells. Concluded that efficiency depends on area and cost of installation depends on the area considering transporation and manufacturing.
* It takes as less as a week to install 200kW power plant with 800 floating panels in any given space.
* ---

==== [http://www.ijsgce.com/uploadfile/2015/0821/20150821080446873.pdf A study on major design elements of tracking - type floating photovoltaic systems] (2014)<ref>Young-Kwan Choia, Nam-Hyung Lee, An-Kyu Lee, Kern-Joong Kim "A study on major design elements of tracking - type floating photovoltaic systems" International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, January 2014: pp. 70-74</ref> ====

* Tracking-type floating PV system is explained and compared with fixed-type. Fixed-type has the angle of PV module is fixed at a certain angle and tracking-type where the azimuth and altitude of the sun is tracked to receive the sunlight perpendicular to the module surface.
* On ground dual-axis tracking-type is 30% greater than a fixed-type. These are useful in countries like Korea to utilize the limited resources to the maximum.
* Design is little bit different from normal floatovoltaic. Design is explained in this paper.
* A tracking algorithm is provided for efficient use of PV. An error can be occurred due to external disturbing factors. A error correction method can be followed using GPS receiver and terrestrial magnetism sensor.
* Various rotation mechanisms like rope and forward/reverse rotation method, worm and worm gear method, chain and roller guide method, fixed buoyancy roller guide method and chain or rope, and gear and rotation ring methods can be used to maintain internal rotating structure.
* ---

==== [http://www.ijirst.org/articles/IJIRSTV3I4062.pdf Uninterrupted Green Power using Floating Solar PV with Pumped Hydro Energy Storage & Hydroelectric in India] (2016)<ref>Aseem Kumar Sharma, Dr. D P Kothari "Uninterrupted Green Power using Floating Solar PV with Pumped Hydro Energy Storage & Hydroelectric in India" IJIRST–International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology | Volume 3 | Issue 04 | September 2016</ref> ====

* This paper aims at combining FSPV(Floating Solar PV) with PHES(Pumped Hydro Energy Storage) & Hydroelectric to try & create a model for a source of Uninterrupted Green Power. It attempts to estimate the potential of this model in large reservoirs in India.
* The basic technology for both FSPV & PHES is well established & functioning successfully in many countries. But a combination of the same with hydroelectric to meet the requirement of Uninterrupted Green Power for the Indian consumer is the need of the hour.
* This way renewable energy can be produced efficiently. This combination will result (in one of the configurations considered) at an initial cost of USD$1715.83 per kW installed and a cost of energy of USD$ 0.059/kWh.
* saves the utilization of precious land resource of minimum 4 acres per MWp needed for ground mounted solar PV. output of Solar PV modules improves due to better cooling on reservoir water surface environment.
* The existing infrastructure for power evacuation in hydroelectric power plants can be augmented & used.

=== Sustainability ===

* ---

==== [http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/9/2/102 Analysis of the Potential for Use of Floating Photovoltaic Systems on Mine Pit Lakes: Case Study at the Ssangyong Open-Pit Limestone Mine in Korea](2016)<ref>J.Song and Y.Choi. Choi, Analysis of the potential for use of floating photovoltaic systems on Mine Pit Lakes: case study at the Ssangyong Open-Pit Limestone Mine in Korea Energies, 9 (2016), pp. 102–114</ref> ====

* Abandoned mine sites can be utilized for implementation of solar PV
* Limiting factors includes availability of smaller area with shading effects
* SAM modeling performed using weather information and proposed generation along with studies on economy showing return in 12.3 years in Koeran Mine Pit Lakes
* Annual reduction in emissions found to be 471.21tCO2/year
* Location, temperature, wind speed, irradiance level
* Using ArcGIS the feasible site was determined along with design of PV system (tilt angles, required area, PV module, inverter)
* Net present value (NPV) and Greenhouse gas reduction expressions are presented.
* Variations in output w.r.t. tilt angles
* Although, PV system installation needs 1.7 times higher expenditure than forestation of same area, but GHG emissions are reduced by half.

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