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Literature Review

Optimal sizing of PV-battery for loss reduction and intermittency mitigation

Kalkhambkar, V.; Kumar, R.; Bhakar, R., "Optimal sizing of PV-battery for loss reduction and intermittency mitigation" Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE), 2014 , vol., no., pp.1,6, 9-11 May 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICRAIE.2014.6909297

Over these years, dependency of electric generation on renewables is increasing steadily. The renewable energy sources are usually connected to the electric grid on the distribution networks. Energy supply from prominent renewable sources like wind and solar are restricted due to the high level of unpredictability and intermittency associated with them. This leads to the inefficient and less reliable output from these sources. Thus proper generation prediction, sizing and intermittency mitigation of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) is necessary while placing them on the feeder. As these sources are distributed energy sources, the loss minimization can be one of the opportunities in addition to their generation support. This paper deals with the optimal sizing of solar PV and battery combination in a grid connected system. Solar PV generation is seen as the future generation source and battery storage with its matured technology can support it to become more reliable source in a power system. Here an analytical method for sizing of solar PV and battery is proposed. The line losses and intermittency minimization is the prime consideration for the sizing and placement of the solar PV and battery. To tackle with the variability of the solar PV generation, it is predicted by probability density function and supported by battery energy storage. The battery energy storage is properly sized to satisfy the state of charge limitations. The location and sizing methodology is applied to a 13-bus test system using MATLAB. With the proposed optimal sizing methodology the losses can be reduced up to 83 % during the solar PV generation period and a small amount of battery support can help to get constant power supply to the grid from the solar PV.
Notes:
  • The intermittency in solar radiation is accounted for by using a probability density factor.
  • The battery life is dependant on its SOC. The A-Hr method is used to determine the battery Soc.
  • Battery sizing depends on average load on the system, PV system output and losses in the auxillary systems(line losses, etc).
  • Methodology is simulated on a 13 bus system. 83% reduction in losses are is observed as a result of optimization.

On the maximization of a cost-effective PV sizing; towards an intelligent building

Kaplanis, S.; Kaplani, E.; Daviskas, E.A., "On the maximization of a cost-effective PV sizing; towards an intelligent building" Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2008. OPTIM 2008. 11th International Conference on , vol., no., pp.375,382, 22-24 May 2008 doi: 10.1109/OPTIM.2008.4602436

The issue of the most cost-effective configuration of a stand-alone PV plant to meet the loads with a high confidence level, is one of prime importance. The paper describes and compares two new approaches which when combined may provide much more reliable and economic PV sizing and performance, compared with the conventional methodology. There is outlined an evolution of PV sizing methodologies with an inbuilt level of intelligence which eventually maximizes the cost-effectiveness and the performance ratio of a stand alone PV plant. Comparison of results provided by three PV sizing methodologies is

presented and argued.

Notes:
  • Paper compares results provided by 3 PV sizing methods.
  • Static conventional PV sizing.
  • Statistical Fluctuation model in PV sizing.
  • 3rd Predictive management of PV system. Consists of Intelligent PV system + Load Management.
  • Studying statistical analysis of solar irradiance provides a sizing approach that makes the system cost effective and reliable.

Design and Implementation of Low Power Smart PV Energy System for Portable Applications Using Synchronous Buck Converter

Babu, B.C.; Sriharsha, S.; Kumar, A.; Saroagi, N.; Samantaray, S.R., "Design and Implementation of Low Power Smart PV Energy System for Portable Applications Using Synchronous Buck Converter," Electronic System Design (ISED), 2011 International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.260,266, 19-21 Dec. 2011 doi: 10.1109/ISED.2011.56

In this paper, synchronous buck converter based PV energy system for portable applications, especially low power device applications such as charging mobile phone batteries are considered. The converter topology used here is soft switching technique to reduce the switching losses which is found prominently in the conventional buck converter, thus efficiency of the system is improved and the heating of MOSFETs due to switching losses reduce and the MOSFETs have a longer life. The dc power extracted from the PV array is synthesized and modulated by the converter to suit the load requirements. Further, a charging method is studied with controller to regulate the battery voltage and current without overheating. As a result, the charging efficiency can be improved by soft switching technique. Besides, the performance is obtained less number of components and the developed system is cost effective and highly portable. The proposed system is simulated in the MATLAB-

Simulink environment and the practical implementation of the proposed converter is done to validate the theoretical results.

Notes:
  • PV systems for low power applications are considered.
  • Major chunk of losses attributed to MOSFET switching - 94% converter efficiency.
  • The convetrer maintains charging current at reasonable levels, which would otherwise affect battery life.
  • Lesser components, hence system is highly cost effective and portable.

I–V and P-V curves measuring system for PV modules based on DC-DC converters and portable graphical environment

Durán, E.; Ferrera, M.B.; Andújar, J.M.; Mesa, M.S., "I–V and P-V curves measuring system for PV modules based on DC-DC converters and portable graphical environment," Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.3323,3328, 4-7 July 2010 doi: 10.1109/ISIE.2010.5637972

The photovoltaic (PV) modules or arrays can be characterized by their I-V and P-V curves. These curves depend on solar irradiance and temperature. There are many ways to obtain these curves, but the using of DC-DC converters as variable resistance offers advantages over the rest. This paper presents a circuit solution based on scaled DC-DC converter using IGBT to obtain the I-V and P-V curves of the PV modules or arrays. A portable graphical environment (virtual instrument, VI) has been developed to adjust the parameters of the developed measuring system and show the I-V and P-V curves together and other parameters in real time. The experimental results for the system proposed using 1 kW single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) are shown.
Notes:
  • DC-DC converter used to mimic a variable resistance to obtain P-V and I-V curves.
  • This method is highly flexible, gives fast response and has low cost.
  • Single Ended Primary Inductance converter (SEPIC) converter topology has been implemented.
  • Virtual Interface (VI) has been developed using LABVIEW.

Current-mode bi-directional single-inductor three-port DC-DC converter for portable systems with PV power harvesting

Yue Wen; Shao, L.; Fernandes, R.; Trescases, O., "Current-mode bi-directional single-inductor three-port DC-DC converter for portable systems with PV power harvesting," Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), 2013 15th European Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,10, 2-6 Sept. 2013 doi: 10.1109/EPE.2013.6634707

This work targets low-power portable electronic applications with PV power harvesting. A bidirectional dc-dc converter is required to interface the battery with the load and PV module. A new current-mode scheme is applied to the single-inductor three-port converter, where the peak and valley inductor current are controlled by two separate digital regulation loops. The controller is shown to regulate both the PV voltage and the load voltage in the presence of load and irradiance steps. In solar deficit mode, energy is transferred from the battery to the load indirectly through the PV node, eliminating the two input switches used in conventional dual-input, dual-output converters. The scheme is demonstrated on a digitally controlled 1 W harvester prototype.
Notes:
  • Controller used to regulate both solar PV voltage as well as load voltage.
  • In absence of solar radiation energy transfer occurs from battery to load indirectly through PV node.
  • Two cascaded DC-DC converters are used, one for MPPT and other to regulate load voltage.
  • Modes of operation
1) Solar deficit - Battery discharge (SOC ≠ 0)
2) Solar deficit - Lockout (SOC = 0)
3) Solar Excess - Charging (SOC ≠ 1)
4) Solar excess - (SOC = 1) Stops charging, tracks load power requirement.
  • Converter provides reasonable dynamic response and efficiency for low power PV application.

Model of smart solar PV charge controller

Wells, M., "Model of smart solar PV charge controller," Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), 2011 IEEE Long Island , vol., no., pp.1,5, 6-6 May 2011 doi: 10.1109/LISAT.2011.5784245

The development of smart solar grids will help to provide concentration of power within the grid and eliminate the power losses seen when panels are working insufficiently. It will also allow switching between panels to provide optimal battery charging. Each panel will be characterized by their open circuit voltage and short-circuit currents. This paper presents approaches to implementation of this idea and various uses which will help analyze the functionality of a smart solar grid in the residential market. In particular, implementation of such a system would allow users to program switching between two, and eventually more, independently controlled solar cells, allowing for optimal battery charging according to the panels' electrical outputs. This platform therefore requires a large portion of programming to be integrated with the solar cells as well as the switching interface. Data will need to be stored and computations made to determine the optimal circuitry configuration. One constraint that is already a problem would be the number of cells which can be continually monitored by the program. More cells require either more time to compute data or a faster data processing center, either of which would cost money in the end. In the case of multiple solar cells producing similar output voltages, more than one switch may need to be turned on therefore allowing multiple solar cells, or panels, to take part in charging the battery. With a large portion of this design based solely on a software interface, it becomes hard to design hardware architecture that allows for faster processing. The limitations of the project are based on the limitations of the software developed. Overall performance increases in battery charging efficiency will help balance out any cost or time constraints that may occur during the implementation of such a project.
Notes:
  • Goals - Optimal charging, efficiency and independant control.
  • Determine solar cell producing optimal power output and monitor other cells to control power being produced.
  • Integration of computer software with hardware is essential to obtain required degree of control.

Energy efficient solar based digital electronic weighing machine

Rikame, S.N.; Kulkarni, P.W., "Energy efficient solar based digital electronic weighing machine," Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), 2014 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.355,360, 26-28 Sept. 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICCCT.2014.7001519

The aim of proposed system is to develop an energy efficient digital electronic weighing machine which operates with the help of solar PV panel. This system describes the design and implementation of energy efficient, low cost and portable solar powered digital electronic weighing system. The system has highly reduced circuitry as it utilizes a standalone microcontroller chip. As this machine does not use the electricity to charge, it saves the electrical energy. This article gives a detailed weighing controller design method. This system introduces the design and realization of automatic weighing system based on 8-bit high-precision PIC Controller. From hardware design and software design the paper introduces the interface circuit design between weighting sensor and PIC controller together with the application. The working principal of the emergency light circuit depends upon the status of light dependent register (LDR). When light dependent register is on that time emergency circuit is off and when light dependent register is off that time emergency circuit is on. The system designed measures weights ranging from 0-40 kg.
Notes:
  • System has reduced circuitry as it utilizes a standalone micro conrtroller chip, resulting in reduced losses in components.
  • Charge controller has been implemented to adjust PV output to circuit element. can also be used to charge battery.
  • Implemented system has a dual power source operating mode as well as an intelligent power switching mode.

The cooperated MPPT control of stand-alone PV Power generation system

Hong Wang; Bing Li, "The cooperated MPPT control of stand-alone PV Power generation system," Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA), 2010 8th World Congress on , vol., no., pp.2228,2231, 7-9 July 2010 doi: 10.1109/WCICA.2010.5554297

With the application of renewable energy, the distributed energy network is researched and developed widely. This paper designed the distributed stand-alone PV generating system with battery backup. The coordinated MPPT control of several parallel modules is designed to increase PV utilizing efficiency. The multi-variable multi-loop controller is designed to control the currents of each module, the DC bus voltage and the AC voltage of inverter output. According to the different battery characteristics, the battery management is optimized for better performance and longer life time. The capacity and cost of the system can be optimized and decreased since the distributed energy generating and battery can provide the unintended power. The performance and total efficiency of PV generating system can be improved for stand-alone application. The experimental results of the prototype verify the effectiveness of proposed protocol and strategy.
Notes:
  • Co-ordinated MPPT control of several parallel modules to increase PV utilization efficiency.
  • PV voltage and currents are monitored and power is dynamically controlled by two DC-DC converters by varying system impedance.
  • MPPT algorithm has a fast convergence time which minimizes transients, providing reliable power quality.

Sizing and power management for a stand-alone PV system in cold climate

Chikh, A.; Chandra, A., "Sizing and power management for a stand-alone PV system in cold climate," Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), 2012 IEEE PES , vol., no., pp.1,6, 7-10 May 2012 doi: 10.1109/TDC.2012.6674234

In this paper, we present a stand-alone PV/Battery system feeding a DC load under variable climatic conditions and load profile. A Lead-acid battery has been used to compensate the intermittent nature of solar energy. The PV system has been designed An MPPT method based on the optimal array conductance has been used. Moreover, the battery SOC has been used to protect the battery from damage. The entire system was applied to a typical house in the north of Quebec (Canada). The simulation results show that the proposed system guarantees a safe power transfer to the battery storage and the MPPT technique responds perfectly to rapid solar irradiance changes.
Notes:
  • MPPT method based on optimal array conductance has been used.
  • System is simulated on a typical house located north of Quebec (Canada).
  • Variable nature of PV power output leads to fast charge/ discharge action in batteries and speeds battery aging.
  • Various instances of variation in solar irradiation and battery charge levels have been simulated with close theoretical results.
  • Battery SOC is the parameter monitored to prevent battery damage.

Design of an off-grid PV system for the rural community

Rajeev, A.; Shanmukha Sundar, K., "Design of an off-grid PV system for the rural community," Emerging Trends in Communication, Control, Signal Processing & Computing Applications (C2SPCA), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 10-11 Oct. 2013 doi: 10.1109/C2SPCA.2013.6749365

A requirement in rural local communities, remote from the conventional electric power grids is for off-grid power for portable and emergency access. This power is to be obtained from renewable energy considering the current energy scenario. Studies have been made in this field. The performance of a hybrid solar and battery system for grid support is studied in one of the papers. An off-grid electrical system for a village with less than 50 homes in rural Guatemala is discussed in another paper. These systems are used to power multiple homes, use complex and expensive hardware. A portable off-grid system to power a single rural home is designed. This project makes use of solar energy for powering small loads like LED (Light emitting diode) lamp, and mobiles. The system consists of a 5W PV (Photo Voltaic) solar cell which is placed in adequate sunlight. The PV panel is connected to a switching type charge controller. The switching type charge controller consists of a switching regulator and a battery charging section using microcontroller. The charge controller is connected to a rechargeable 6 Volt, 7 Ah (Ampere Hour) lead acid battery. The battery is then connected to an LED lamp using a dimmer circuit and a mobile charging point. The simulation is carried out using Power Sim and the results are in close agreement. Future scope is to use a higher rating PV panel and battery powering more applications for a longer time, a luminosity sensor and an A.C. charging point.
Notes:
  • System consists of 5W PV cell, charge controller and rechargeable 6V, 7Ah battery (Lead acid).
  • Charge controller consists of switching regulator and a battery charging section using microcontroller.
  • Switching regulator reaches efficiencies upto 88%, used to step down voltage to 8V DC.
  • Proposed device can be used to power rural homes with minimum investment.

A novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic power source

Zhenhua Jiang; Dougal, R.A., "A novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic power source," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005. APEC 2005. Twentieth Annual IEEE , vol.3, no., pp.1797,1802 Vol. 3, 6-10 March 2005 doi: 10.1109/APEC.2005.1453291

This paper is to present a novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic (PV) power source that can be used as a standalone power source in remote missions or made on the jacket to power portable personal electronics. Since the solar cell has a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic, the photovoltaic power system has to track the solar array maximum power point to ensure the efficient operation. The battery is used to store energy when the solar irradiance is sufficient or the load is light and to provide energy to the load in the case of no sunlight or a heavy load. For advanced batteries such as lithium ion cells, the charging current or voltage should be limited in order to protect the battery. The charging and discharging currents are regulated by a charger and a discharger respectively. Since the battery voltage depends on its state-of-charge and the solar array peak-power voltage varies with temperature level, illumination level and age of the solar array, it is essential to cascade a power converter at the system output to obtain bus regulation. To reduce the solar array temperature, a shunt regulator is used to limit the charging current or voltage of the battery by dissipating the excess solar array power. In this paper, an integrated, multi-objective digital power controller for this PV power source is presented, and a state machine based model of the multiobjective controller is described. The large-signal behavior of the system is analyzed. The controller design is then verified by numerical simulation in the virtual test bed (VTB) environment.
Notes:
  • 3 modes of Operation
1) MPPT charging.
2) Constant voltage charging
3) Constant current charging
  • Battery charging voltage or charging current is regulated at a constant value.
  • System is simulated using virtual test bed (VTB) environment and results are verified.

PV module capacity assessment for a hybrid power generation system

Xin Gao; Irvine, S., "PV module capacity assessment for a hybrid power generation system," Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM), 2010 International Conference on , vol.6, no., pp.V6-31,V6-34, 22-24 Oct. 2010 doi: 10.1109/ICCASM.2010.5620063

A photovotic (PV) module assessment to a hybrid power generation system for Tibet Plateau was made in this paper. According to the average irradiance values gathered in Lhasa and the information of PV modules was gathered from literature provided by the manufacturers, the daily output power in watt-hours per m2 which could be expected from each of the modules based on the irradiance data was calculated, and the number of modules required to provide 1050 whr per day, including its area and cost, was assessed. By calculating and assessment, a proposal developed portable wind & solar hybrid power generating system was presented. The system proposed in this paper will greatly help to ease the shortage of electricity supply to herdsmen living in the wide grassland of Tibet Plateau.
Notes:
  • For control purposes, a combination of artificial intelligence methods as well as Perturbation and observation methods are used.
  • Solar radiation in Lhasa is about 195 kcal per square centimeter per year.
  • Two sharp crystalline silicon modules were inserted to compare light weight flexible modules with existing rigid technology.
  • Thin film modules are ideal to implement in PV hybrid system.

Photovoltaic charging station for electrical vehicles

Abella, M.A.; Chenlo, F., "Photovoltaic charging station for electrical vehicles," Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on , vol.3, no., pp.2280,2283 Vol.3, 18-18 May 2003

A photovoltaic (PV) charging station for electrical vehicles (EV) has been designed and built. The general objective of this work is to study and promote the use of PV energy to charge EV in an urban area. The installation has a 9.24 kWp PV generator designed as a curved parking cover with 6 different tilt angles, from 12.5/spl deg/ to 50/spl deg/. Two electric charging towers manage the system energy flow, user control and system monitoring. Two grid connected inverters feed the energy to the EV and excess to the electrical grid. The installation has been designed as portable for demonstration purposes.
Notes:
  • 9.24 kWp PV generator is used.
  • Panels installed on curved parking cover with 6 different tilt angles from 12.5 degrees to 50 degrees.
  • 66 Pv modules of high efficiency m-Si material, 140Wp each.
  • Energy production is estimated to be 1193kWh/kWp.

Photovoltaic-Battery-Powered DC Bus System for Common Portable Electronic Devices

Lu, D.D.-C.; Agelidis, V.G., "Photovoltaic-Battery-Powered DC Bus System for Common Portable Electronic Devices," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.24, no.3, pp.849,855, March 2009 doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.2011131

Renewable energy sources based on photovoltaic (PV) along with battery-based energy storage necessitate power conditioning to meet load requirements and/or be connected to the electrical grid. The power conditioning is achieved via a dc-dc converter and a DC-AC inverter stages to produce the desired AC source. This is also the case even when the load is of dc type, such as the typical portable electronic devices that require AC adaptors to be powered from the AC mains. The letter presents a hybrid PV-battery-powered dc bus system that eliminates the DC-AC conversion stage, resulting in lower cost and improved overall energy conversion efficiency. It is also shown experimentally that the switching ac adaptors associated with the various commonly used portable electronic devices can be reused with the proposed dc bus system. A novel high-gain hybrid boost-flyback converter is also introduced with several times higher voltage conversion ratio than the conventional boost converter topology. This arrangement results in higher DC bus levels and lower cable conduction losses. Moreover, the voltage stress on the hybrid boost-flyback converter power switch is within half the output voltage. Experimental results taken from a laboratory prototype are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter/system.
Notes:
  • Power conditioning is obtained via a DC-DC converter and a DC-DC inverter.
  • Objectives
1)Confirm experimentally that AC adapters operate properly even when powered from a DC bus.
2)Propose a new DC-DC converter configuration powered by a combination of a PV source and a battery while fulfilling DC bus requirements.
3)Propose a new high step-up ratio DC-DC converter for the DC bus system with a lower voltage stress.
  • Proposed configuration has an overall efficiency of 80% as opposed to 75% of conventional approaches.

A smart and simple PV charger for portable applications

Weichen Li; Yuzhen Zheng; Wuhua Li; Yi Zhao; Xiangning He, "A smart and simple PV charger for portable applications," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE , vol., no., pp.2080,2084, 21-25 Feb. 2010 doi: 10.1109/APEC.2010.5433522

A smart and simple PV charger circuit is presented in this paper for the portable applications, which is only composed of several analog chips to simplify the system structure. A three-mode charging solution is employed to meet the demands of the PV array and the lithium battery, which includes the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, the constant-voltage mode and the current-limited mode. Suitable charging mode can be achieved automatically by the smart switch to improve the utilization of the PV array and to protect the battery. The fractional open-circuit voltage method is employed to realize the MPPT performance due to its simple implementation performance. Furthermore, the proposed charger can be integrated into an IC chip to reduce the size and make it more attractive in the portable applications. At last, a 60 W prototype is built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
Notes:
  • Fractional open circuit voltage (FOCT) algorithm is used for MPPT method.
  • PV array selected from 16.5 to 20 V.
  • Charging circuit consists of a step-down buck converter.
  • Proposed charger solution can be integrated into an IC chip to reduce system size and improve power density.
  • Maximum power output of array is 60W.
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Authors Kartikeyan Ravikumar
License CC-BY-SA-3.0
Language English (en)
Related 2 subpages, 3 pages link here
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Created February 10, 2015 by Kartikeyan Ravikumar
Modified February 23, 2024 by Felipe Schenone
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