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This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of ''Ribes divaricatum''. This plant can perform excellently in a temperate climate [[forest garden]] as part of the shrub layer.<ref name=crawford2016 /> | |||
==Taxonomy== | This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of ''Ribes divaricatum''. This plant can perform excellently in a temperate climate [[forest garden]] (food forest) as part of the shrub layer.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | ||
== Taxonomy == | |||
Family: Grossulariaceae | Family: Grossulariaceae | ||
Genus: | Genus: ''Ribes'' | ||
Species: ''R. divaricatum'' | Species: ''R. divaricatum'' | ||
There are 3 synonyms: | There are 3 synonyms: | ||
* ''Grossularia divaricata'' (Douglas) Coville and Britton.<ref name=efloras /><ref name=potw /> | * ''Grossularia divaricata'' (Douglas) Coville and Britton.<ref name="efloras" /><ref name="potw" /> | ||
* ''Grossularia irrigua'' S.Watson.<ref name=potw /> | * ''Grossularia irrigua'' S.Watson.<ref name="potw" /> | ||
* ''Ribes suksdorfii'' A.Heller.<ref name=potw /> | * ''Ribes suksdorfii'' A.Heller.<ref name="potw" /> | ||
==Varieties== | == Varieties == | ||
3 recognized.<ref name="efloras" /> Only latter 2 recognized by some.<ref name="potw" /> | |||
'''''R. d. var. | '''''R. d. var. divaricatum''''' - White petals. Found in Britich Columbia, Oregon, and Washington state.<ref name="efloras" /> | ||
'''''R. d. var. | '''''R. d. var. parishii''''' - Also termed ''Ribes parishii'', or ''Grossularia parishii'',<ref name="efloras" /> common name "Parish's gooseberry ". Petals pink to red.<ref name="efloras" /> Last seen 1980, thought to be extinct due to dry years, altered stream flows, human‐caused fires, habitat loss, and invasive species.<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ddi.12665 Rejmánek, M. Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment. Diversity and Distributions. 2018; 24: 129– 136. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12665.]</ref> | ||
==Common names== | '''''R. d. var. pubiflorum''''' - White petals. Found in Oregon and California, USA.<ref name="efloras" /> | ||
* Spreading-branched gooseberry | |||
* Spreading gooseberry.<ref name=pfaf /> | == Common names == | ||
* Worcesterberry.<ref name=rhs /> | |||
* North American Worcesterberry.<ref name=pfaf>[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+divaricatum ''Ribes divaricatum'' (Plants For A Future).]</ref> | * Spreading-branched gooseberry.<ref name="rhs">[https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/113051/i-Ribes-divaricatum-i/Details ''Ribes divaricatum'' (Royal Horticultural Society).]</ref> | ||
* Coast(al) Black Gooseberry.<ref name=pfaf /> | * Spreading gooseberry.<ref name="pfaf" /> | ||
* Straggly gooseberry.<ref name=pfaf /> | * Worcesterberry.<ref name="rhs" /> | ||
* Coast Gooseberry.<ref name=wiersema2016 /> | * North American Worcesterberry.<ref name="pfaf">[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+divaricatum ''Ribes divaricatum'' (Plants For A Future).]</ref> | ||
* Wild Black Gooseberry.<ref name=wiersema2016 /> | * Coast(al) Black Gooseberry.<ref name="pfaf" /> | ||
* Wild Gooseberry.<ref name=calscape>[https://calscape.org/Ribes-divaricatum-(Spreading-Gooseberry)?srchcr=sc59bb01cc47783 Spreading Gooseberry (Calscape).]</ref> | * Straggly gooseberry.<ref name="pfaf" /> | ||
* Oregon Stachelbeere.<ref name=wiersema2016 /> | * Coast Gooseberry.<ref name="wiersema2016" /> | ||
* Wild Black Gooseberry.<ref name="wiersema2016" /> | |||
* Wild Gooseberry.<ref name="calscape">[https://calscape.org/Ribes-divaricatum-(Spreading-Gooseberry)?srchcr=sc59bb01cc47783 Spreading Gooseberry (Calscape).]</ref> | |||
* Oregon Stachelbeere.<ref name="wiersema2016" /> | |||
* White-stem gooseberry.<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/29100497 ''Ribes divaricatum'' Douglas (Tropicos).]</ref> | * White-stem gooseberry.<ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/29100497 ''Ribes divaricatum'' Douglas (Tropicos).]</ref> | ||
==Etymology== | == Etymology == | ||
From Latin ''divarico'' meaning "spread out" | From Latin ''divarico'' meaning "spread out" | ||
==Range== | == Range == | ||
It is native to western North America, from British Columbia to California.<ref name=calscape /> It has been introduced and is established in the wild in Norway,<ref name=potw>[http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284297-2 ''Ribes divaricatum'' Douglas (Plants of the World Online).]</ref> and the UK.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/2986132 | |||
It is native to western North America, from British Columbia to California.<ref name="calscape" /> It has been introduced and is established in the wild in Norway,<ref name="potw">[http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284297-2 ''Ribes divaricatum'' Douglas (Plants of the World Online).]</ref> and the UK.<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/2986132 Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species.]</ref> | |||
== History == | |||
Some Native American groups of the Pacific Northwest foraged the berries.<ref name="calscape" /> The bark and other parts had medicinal uses.<ref name="calscape" /> The first published description of this species was by David Douglas in 1830.<ref>Transactions, of the Horticultural Society of London, 7: 515. 1830.</ref> | |||
== Morphology == | |||
Mature height approximately 1.7 - 3.4 m tall with a maximum spread of 1 - 1.5m.<ref name="calscape" /><ref name="crawford2016" /> Deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub.<ref name="crawford2016">Crawford, M (2016). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/creating-a-forest-garden-working-with-nature-to-grow-edible-crops/oclc/1041938577&referer=brief_results Creating a Forest Garden: working with nature to grow edible crops]. Green Books. ISBN 9781900322621.</ref> The woody branches have 0 - 3 woody thorns at each leaf node.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
From the leaf nodes, Leaves are borne on 1 - 3cm long petioles and are palmate and edged with teeth, and are up to 6cm long.<ref name="calscape" /><ref name="efloras" /> | |||
The flowers take the form of small, hanging flower clusters,<ref name="calscape" /> or single flowers each of 2 - 4 cm in length.<ref name="efloras" /> They are greenish - purple.<ref name="crawford2016" /> with long, protruding stamen resembling fushias.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
Fruit is purplish-black (when ripe), subglobose (nearly round), and glabrous (hairless). Each fruit is 6 - 12mm in diameter.<ref name="efloras">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250065855 ''Ribes divaricatum'' (eFloras.org).]</ref> | |||
== Behaviour == | |||
Growth habit is of a shrub. It is perennial and deciduous, becoming dormant in winter but with persistent woody stems above ground. | Growth habit is of a shrub. It is perennial and deciduous, becoming dormant in winter but with persistent woody stems above ground. | ||
==Reproduction== | == Reproduction == | ||
Flowering occurs in April.<ref name=pfaf /> The plant is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs),<ref name=pfaf /> and is self-fertile (one plant will fruit by itself).<ref name=crawford2016 /> It is insect pollinated.<ref name=pfaf /> Seeds ripen between July to August.<ref name=pfaf /> | |||
Flowering occurs in April.<ref name="pfaf" /> The plant is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs),<ref name="pfaf" /> and is self-fertile (one plant will fruit by itself).<ref name="crawford2016" /> It is insect pollinated.<ref name="pfaf" /> Seeds ripen between July to August.<ref name="pfaf" /> | |||
== Hardiness == | |||
USDA Hardiness Zone 4 - 8.<ref name="pfaf" /> Hardy to about -20°c | |||
== Soil Type == | |||
Tolerates most soil types.<ref name="crawford2016" /> Ideal soil type is moisture retentive but well-drained loam of at least moderate quality.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
== Soil pH == | |||
Tolerance range is 4.8 - 8.2.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
== | == Shade Preference == | ||
Full sun.<ref name="crawford2016" /> Full sun is best for good fruit cropping.<ref name="pfaf" /> | |||
== | == Shade Tolerance == | ||
Tolerates moderate shade (approximately 20% shade / 1-2 hours of direct sun).<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
== | == Aspect == | ||
== | == Exposure == | ||
== | == Propagation == | ||
Hardwood cuttings (i.e. from fully matured stems) can be taken in late autumn (during dormancy).<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
Hardwood cuttings (i.e. from fully matured stems) can be taken in late autumn (during dormancy).<ref name=crawford2016 /> | |||
The shrub can send out suckers, which can be propagated by carefully digging out the root and cutting it from the main plant. | The shrub can send out suckers, which can be propagated by carefully digging out the root and cutting it from the main plant. | ||
From seed, greatest chance of success is as soon as ripe in autumn, using a cold frame.<ref name=pfaf /> | From seed, greatest chance of success is as soon as ripe in autumn, using a cold frame.<ref name="pfaf" /> | ||
Seed can remain viable for up to 17 years or more.<ref name="pfaf" /> Stored seed will require 4 - 5 months of 0 - 9 °c cold stratification to germinate from dormancy.<ref name="pfaf" /> | |||
== Maintenance == | |||
The plant is moderately easy to care for.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
== Watering == | |||
Low water requirements.<ref name="calscape" /> | |||
== Pruning == | |||
May require pruning to keep from spreading.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
== Problems == | |||
= | Can harbour a stage of white pine blister rust (do not grow near pines).<ref name="pfaf" /> The genus ''Ribes'' is susceptible to honey fungus.<ref name="pfaf" /> | ||
The | |||
Birds may eat the fruit.<ref name="pfaf" /> | |||
== | == Harvest == | ||
Berries start green and turn black when ripe. Berries can be harvested before they are fully ripe assuming they will be cooked.<ref name="pfaf" /> Berries can be left hanging on the bush until Autumn, but birds may eat them.<ref name="pfaf" /> | |||
== Preservation == | |||
Once harvested, fruits will be edible for 1 - 2 weeks.<ref name="crawford2016" /> Fruits can be turned in to fruit leather but require thickening.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
== | == Uses == | ||
* '''Fruit''' - fruits are edible by humans | * '''Fruit''' - fruits are edible by humans | ||
* '''Hedging''' - large thorns can make this plant suitable in hedges to deter animals,<ref name=crawford2016 /> such as deer.<ref name=calscape /> | * '''Hedging''' - large thorns can make this plant suitable in hedges to deter animals,<ref name="crawford2016" /> such as deer.<ref name="calscape" /> | ||
* '''Bee plant''' - attracts bees and other insect pollinators.<ref name=crawford2016 /> | * '''Bee plant''' - attracts bees and other insect pollinators.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | ||
* '''Attracts other wildlife''' - e.g. butterflies and brids.<ref name=calscape /> | * '''Attracts other wildlife''' - e.g. butterflies and brids.<ref name="calscape" /> | ||
* '''Cultivation of crosses and hybrids''' - e.g. ''R. divaricatum'' was used in the creation of the "Jostaberry" plant.{{ | * '''Cultivation of crosses and hybrids''' - e.g. ''R. divaricatum'' was used in the creation of the "[[Jostaberry]]" plant.{{W|Jostaberry}} | ||
* '''Graft stock''' for gooseberries and currants.<ref name=wiersema2016>Wiersema, JH; León, B (2016). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/world-economic-plants-a-standard-reference-second-edition/oclc/967107089&referer=brief_results World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference.] CRC Books. ISBN 9781466576810.</ref> | * '''Graft stock''' for [[gooseberries]] and currants.<ref name="wiersema2016">Wiersema, JH; León, B (2016). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/world-economic-plants-a-standard-reference-second-edition/oclc/967107089&referer=brief_results World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference.] CRC Books. ISBN 9781466576810.</ref> | ||
== Nutritional Values == | |||
== Cooking == | |||
Fruit can be eaten raw or cooked.<ref name="pfaf" /> Young leaves and unripe fruit can be used to make a sauce.<ref name="pfaf" /> Can be used to make jams, pies, etc.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
== References == | |||
<references /> | |||
{{Page data}} | |||
[[Category:Berries]] | [[Category:Berries]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:16, 9 June 2023
This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of Ribes divaricatum. This plant can perform excellently in a temperate climate forest garden (food forest) as part of the shrub layer.[1]
Taxonomy[edit | edit source]
Family: Grossulariaceae
Genus: Ribes
Species: R. divaricatum
There are 3 synonyms:
- Grossularia divaricata (Douglas) Coville and Britton.[2][3]
- Grossularia irrigua S.Watson.[3]
- Ribes suksdorfii A.Heller.[3]
Varieties[edit | edit source]
3 recognized.[2] Only latter 2 recognized by some.[3]
R. d. var. divaricatum - White petals. Found in Britich Columbia, Oregon, and Washington state.[2]
R. d. var. parishii - Also termed Ribes parishii, or Grossularia parishii,[2] common name "Parish's gooseberry ". Petals pink to red.[2] Last seen 1980, thought to be extinct due to dry years, altered stream flows, human‐caused fires, habitat loss, and invasive species.[4]
R. d. var. pubiflorum - White petals. Found in Oregon and California, USA.[2]
Common names[edit | edit source]
- Spreading-branched gooseberry.[5]
- Spreading gooseberry.[6]
- Worcesterberry.[5]
- North American Worcesterberry.[6]
- Coast(al) Black Gooseberry.[6]
- Straggly gooseberry.[6]
- Coast Gooseberry.[7]
- Wild Black Gooseberry.[7]
- Wild Gooseberry.[8]
- Oregon Stachelbeere.[7]
- White-stem gooseberry.[9]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
From Latin divarico meaning "spread out"
Range[edit | edit source]
It is native to western North America, from British Columbia to California.[8] It has been introduced and is established in the wild in Norway,[3] and the UK.[10]
History[edit | edit source]
Some Native American groups of the Pacific Northwest foraged the berries.[8] The bark and other parts had medicinal uses.[8] The first published description of this species was by David Douglas in 1830.[11]
Morphology[edit | edit source]
Mature height approximately 1.7 - 3.4 m tall with a maximum spread of 1 - 1.5m.[8][1] Deciduous, multi-stemmed shrub.[1] The woody branches have 0 - 3 woody thorns at each leaf node.[8]
From the leaf nodes, Leaves are borne on 1 - 3cm long petioles and are palmate and edged with teeth, and are up to 6cm long.[8][2]
The flowers take the form of small, hanging flower clusters,[8] or single flowers each of 2 - 4 cm in length.[2] They are greenish - purple.[1] with long, protruding stamen resembling fushias.[8]
Fruit is purplish-black (when ripe), subglobose (nearly round), and glabrous (hairless). Each fruit is 6 - 12mm in diameter.[2]
Behaviour[edit | edit source]
Growth habit is of a shrub. It is perennial and deciduous, becoming dormant in winter but with persistent woody stems above ground.
Reproduction[edit | edit source]
Flowering occurs in April.[6] The plant is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs),[6] and is self-fertile (one plant will fruit by itself).[1] It is insect pollinated.[6] Seeds ripen between July to August.[6]
Hardiness[edit | edit source]
USDA Hardiness Zone 4 - 8.[6] Hardy to about -20°c
Soil Type[edit | edit source]
Tolerates most soil types.[1] Ideal soil type is moisture retentive but well-drained loam of at least moderate quality.[8]
Soil pH[edit | edit source]
Tolerance range is 4.8 - 8.2.[8]
Shade Preference[edit | edit source]
Full sun.[1] Full sun is best for good fruit cropping.[6]
Shade Tolerance[edit | edit source]
Tolerates moderate shade (approximately 20% shade / 1-2 hours of direct sun).[1]
Aspect[edit | edit source]
Exposure[edit | edit source]
Propagation[edit | edit source]
Hardwood cuttings (i.e. from fully matured stems) can be taken in late autumn (during dormancy).[1]
The shrub can send out suckers, which can be propagated by carefully digging out the root and cutting it from the main plant.
From seed, greatest chance of success is as soon as ripe in autumn, using a cold frame.[6]
Seed can remain viable for up to 17 years or more.[6] Stored seed will require 4 - 5 months of 0 - 9 °c cold stratification to germinate from dormancy.[6]
Maintenance[edit | edit source]
The plant is moderately easy to care for.[8]
Watering[edit | edit source]
Low water requirements.[8]
Pruning[edit | edit source]
May require pruning to keep from spreading.[1]
Problems[edit | edit source]
Can harbour a stage of white pine blister rust (do not grow near pines).[6] The genus Ribes is susceptible to honey fungus.[6]
Birds may eat the fruit.[6]
Harvest[edit | edit source]
Berries start green and turn black when ripe. Berries can be harvested before they are fully ripe assuming they will be cooked.[6] Berries can be left hanging on the bush until Autumn, but birds may eat them.[6]
Preservation[edit | edit source]
Once harvested, fruits will be edible for 1 - 2 weeks.[1] Fruits can be turned in to fruit leather but require thickening.[1]
Uses[edit | edit source]
- Fruit - fruits are edible by humans
- Hedging - large thorns can make this plant suitable in hedges to deter animals,[1] such as deer.[8]
- Bee plant - attracts bees and other insect pollinators.[1]
- Attracts other wildlife - e.g. butterflies and brids.[8]
- Cultivation of crosses and hybrids - e.g. R. divaricatum was used in the creation of the "Jostaberry" plant.W
- Graft stock for gooseberries and currants.[7]
Nutritional Values[edit | edit source]
Cooking[edit | edit source]
Fruit can be eaten raw or cooked.[6] Young leaves and unripe fruit can be used to make a sauce.[6] Can be used to make jams, pies, etc.[1]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Crawford, M (2016). Creating a Forest Garden: working with nature to grow edible crops. Green Books. ISBN 9781900322621.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Ribes divaricatum (eFloras.org).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ribes divaricatum Douglas (Plants of the World Online).
- ↑ Rejmánek, M. Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment. Diversity and Distributions. 2018; 24: 129– 136. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12665.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ribes divaricatum (Royal Horticultural Society).
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 Ribes divaricatum (Plants For A Future).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Wiersema, JH; León, B (2016). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Books. ISBN 9781466576810.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 Spreading Gooseberry (Calscape).
- ↑ Ribes divaricatum Douglas (Tropicos).
- ↑ Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species.
- ↑ Transactions, of the Horticultural Society of London, 7: 515. 1830.
