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{{ | {{Notice | ||
| title = This describes a method which is not advisable in some cases. | |||
| text = Please read carefully and [[Do Your Own Research]]. | |||
}} | |||
{{Notice | |||
[ | | title = Primary sources warning. | ||
| text = Note that this page references [[Appropedia:primary sources|primary sources]]. Care should be taken to [[Appropedia:read critically|read critically]] and weigh the evidence. Remember that isolated scientific studies should not be relied on, especially in matters of health and safety. | |||
}} | |||
However, concerns have been raised that this is unsuitable for universal use, as it may lead to a negative sodium balance in cholera patients, with very serious consequences.<ref> [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/21/2632?etoc JAMA -- Clinical Concerns About Reduced-Osmolarity Oral Rehydration Solution]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440307 Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial]. CHOICE study group, [[ICDDRB]].</ref> For this reason [[starch-based oral rehydration solutions]] may be preferred methods of achieving the same effects with less risk, especially in serious cases. | '''Reduced concentration oral rehydration solution''' (or '''reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution''') is less concentrated than traditionally used in [[oral rehydration therapy]]. Some tests have found it to result in "reduced need for unscheduled intravenous infusions, lower stool volume, and less vomiting compared with standard WHO rehydration solution.".<ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/323/7304/81 Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration due to diarrhoea in children: systematic review] -- Hahn et al</ref> In contrast,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440307 Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial] (CHOICE study group, [[ICDDRB]]) failed to find a difference in cholera patients.</ref> | ||
However, concerns have been raised that this is unsuitable for universal use, as it may lead to a negative sodium balance in cholera patients, with very serious consequences.<ref>[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/21/2632?etoc JAMA -- Clinical Concerns About Reduced-Osmolarity Oral Rehydration Solution]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440307 Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial]. CHOICE study group, [[ICDDRB]].</ref> For this reason [[starch-based oral rehydration solutions]] may be preferred methods of achieving the same effects with less risk,{{Verification needed}} especially in serious cases. | |||
== Composition and usage == | == Composition and usage == | ||
:''See also [[Oral rehydration solution recipes]] for the conventional version.'' | : ''See also [[Oral rehydration solution recipes]] for the conventional version.'' | ||
The 2004 [[WHO]] recipe for home-made Oral Rehydration Salts: | The 2004 [[WHO]] recipe for home-made Oral Rehydration Salts: | ||
Add to one litre of safe water: | Add to one litre of safe water: | ||
* Salt 1/2 small spoon (3.5 grams) | * Salt 1/2 small spoon (3.5 grams) | ||
* Sugar 4 big spoons (40 grams) | * Sugar 4 big spoons (40 grams) | ||
The standard, manufactured [[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]] glucose-based ORS solution contains:{{ | The standard, manufactured [[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]] glucose-based ORS solution contains:{{Verification needed}} | ||
{|class="wikitable | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Reduced osmolarity ORS | |||
! Reduced osmolarity ORS | ! grams/litre | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sodium chloride | ! Sodium chloride | ||
| 2.6 | | 2.6 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Anhydrous Glucose | ! Anhydrous Glucose | ||
| 13.5 | | 13.5 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 36: | Line 42: | ||
| 2.9 | | 2.9 | ||
|} | |} | ||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Reduced osmolarity ORS | ! Reduced osmolarity ORS | ||
! mmol/litre | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Sodium | ! Sodium | ||
| 75 | | 75 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Anhydrous Glucose | ! Anhydrous Glucose | ||
| 75 | | 75 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 58: | Line 65: | ||
| 245 | | 245 | ||
|} | |} | ||
In the human body, the [[plasma osmolarity]] is about 285 mOsm/l. | In the human body, the [[plasma osmolarity]] is about 285 mOsm/l. | ||
| Line 70: | Line 78: | ||
* 40 plus kg (88 lb): 2000-4000 ml | * 40 plus kg (88 lb): 2000-4000 ml | ||
== Questions and comments == | |||
* Perhaps this is suitable when the patient is able to take some other food, and is not relying solely on the ORS? --[[User:Chriswaterguy|Chriswaterguy]] 19:20, 11 May 2008 (PDT) | * Perhaps this is suitable when the patient is able to take some other food, and is not relying solely on the ORS? --[[User:Chriswaterguy|Chriswaterguy]] 19:20, 11 May 2008 (PDT) | ||
* In the medical literature available through a Google search, this is referred to as '''reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution'''. To make it more understandable to the lay person, I've changed it to '''reduced concentration oral rehydration solution''', which doesn't have any hits online. Is there a better term to use? (Or... is it only the salt that's reduced, in which case it should be '''reduced salinity oral rehydration solution'''...) | * In the medical literature available through a Google search, this is referred to as '''reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution'''. To make it more understandable to the lay person, I've changed it to '''reduced concentration oral rehydration solution''', which doesn't have any hits online. Is there a better term to use? (Or... is it only the salt that's reduced, in which case it should be '''reduced salinity oral rehydration solution'''...) | ||
*...or "''Diluted'' ORS"? Though that sounds rather imprecise. [[User:Steve.mccrosky|Steve.mccrosky]] 21:55, 20 May 2008 (PDT) | * ...or "''Diluted'' ORS"? Though that sounds rather imprecise. [[User:Steve.mccrosky|Steve.mccrosky]] 21:55, 20 May 2008 (PDT) | ||
== Notes == | |||
<references /> | |||
== External links == | |||
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20120220104213/http://www.supply.unicef.dk/catalogue/bulletin9.htm New formulation of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) with reduced osmolarity] - Technical Bulletin from UNICEF, describing the user of a weaker solution, with the aim of reducing stool output. | |||
{{Page data}} | |||
[[Category:Medical care ]] | [[Category:Oral rehydration therapy]] | ||
[[Category:Medical care]] | |||
Latest revision as of 18:33, 9 June 2023
Reduced concentration oral rehydration solution (or reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution) is less concentrated than traditionally used in oral rehydration therapy. Some tests have found it to result in "reduced need for unscheduled intravenous infusions, lower stool volume, and less vomiting compared with standard WHO rehydration solution.".[1] In contrast,[2]
However, concerns have been raised that this is unsuitable for universal use, as it may lead to a negative sodium balance in cholera patients, with very serious consequences.[3] For this reason starch-based oral rehydration solutions may be preferred methods of achieving the same effects with less risk,[verification needed] especially in serious cases.
Composition and usage[edit | edit source]
- See also Oral rehydration solution recipes for the conventional version.
The 2004 WHO recipe for home-made Oral Rehydration Salts:
Add to one litre of safe water:
- Salt 1/2 small spoon (3.5 grams)
- Sugar 4 big spoons (40 grams)
The standard, manufactured WHO/UNICEF glucose-based ORS solution contains:[verification needed]
| Reduced osmolarity ORS | grams/litre |
|---|---|
| Sodium chloride | 2.6 |
| Anhydrous Glucose | 13.5 |
| Potassium chloride | 1.5 |
| Trisodium citrate, dihydrate | 2.9 |
| Reduced osmolarity ORS | mmol/litre |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 75 |
| Anhydrous Glucose | 75 |
| Chloride | 65 |
| Potassium | 20 |
| Citrate | 10 |
| Total Osmolarity | 245 |
In the human body, the plasma osmolarity is about 285 mOsm/l.
The amount of rehydration that is needed depends on the size of the individual and the degree of dehydration. Rehydration is generally adequate when the person no longer feels thirsty and has a normal urine output. A rough guide to the amount of ORS solution needed in the first 4-6 hours of treatment for a mildly dehydrated person is:
- Up to 5 kg (11 lb): 200 – 400 ml
- 5-10 kg (11-22 lb): 400 – 600 ml
- 10-15 kg (22-33 lb): 600 – 800 ml
- 15-20 kg (33–44 lb): 800 – 1000 ml
- 20-30 kg (44-66 lb: 1000 – 1500 ml
- 30-40 kg (66-88 lb): 1500 – 2000 ml
- 40 plus kg (88 lb): 2000-4000 ml
Questions and comments[edit | edit source]
- Perhaps this is suitable when the patient is able to take some other food, and is not relying solely on the ORS? --Chriswaterguy 19:20, 11 May 2008 (PDT)
- In the medical literature available through a Google search, this is referred to as reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution. To make it more understandable to the lay person, I've changed it to reduced concentration oral rehydration solution, which doesn't have any hits online. Is there a better term to use? (Or... is it only the salt that's reduced, in which case it should be reduced salinity oral rehydration solution...)
- ...or "Diluted ORS"? Though that sounds rather imprecise. Steve.mccrosky 21:55, 20 May 2008 (PDT)
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration due to diarrhoea in children: systematic review -- Hahn et al
- ↑ Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial (CHOICE study group, ICDDRB) failed to find a difference in cholera patients.
- ↑ JAMA -- Clinical Concerns About Reduced-Osmolarity Oral Rehydration Solution; Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. CHOICE study group, ICDDRB.
External links[edit | edit source]
- New formulation of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) with reduced osmolarity - Technical Bulletin from UNICEF, describing the user of a weaker solution, with the aim of reducing stool output.
