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Practivistas rainwater 2014/Literature Review
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== Rainwater Catchment == Rainwater harvesting consists of catching, redirecting, and storing rainwater for domestic use. (Agrilife Extension, 2014) In order to improve water quality, sedimentation should be prohibited from entering system, this is accomplished through the use of filters and separators at the inlet and outlet. (Hattum, 2006). Position of the tap on storage tank is also important, it should be placed 15 cm above the tank bottom and 50 cm for drinking water. (Hattum, 2006).<ref>Hattum, J. W. (2006). Rainwater harvesting for domestic use. The Netherlands: Digigrafi, Wageningen</ref> Some factors that are substantial when determining the efficiency of the rain water catchment system are the location of system, quantity of water, termed the "rainwater harvesting potential", and consideration of the rainwater dispersion, including distribution and diversion of first-flush. (Kinkade-Levario, 2007).<ref name="kinkade">Kinkade-Levario, H. (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse. Gabriola Island, B.C.: [Lancaster: New Society ; Gazelle Drake Academic, distributor].</ref> Rainwater has the ability to provide a community with many cost effective benefits such as, eliminating the need for municipal fluoridation and chlorination treatments, and also exterminating the expensive need to lay distribution pipes, drilling wells, and pumping water to greater altitudes. Rainwater is also cost effective as it has low necessity for filtration and purification, which are depended on intended use (Kinkade-Levario, 2007).<ref name="kinkade" />One negative effect resulting from rain water catchemnt in urban areas is "the collection and use of rainfall results in a permanent decrease in mains water demand leading to an increase in water age in the distribution network. Investigations carried on a real network showed that water age is greatly affected when rainwater supplies more than 30% of the overall water demand."<ref>Binning, Philip J., and Peter S. Mikkelsen. "Effects of Rainwater Harvesting on Centralized Urban Water Supply Systems - DTU Orbit." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 10.4 (2010): 570-76. Effects of Rainwater Harvesting on Centralized Urban Water Supply Systems - DTU Orbit. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. Web. 09 June 2014.</ref> In arid areas where rainfall is scarce, this water supply is significant in the effort to conserve limited water supplies. (Kinkade-Levario, 2007).<ref name="kinkade" />
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