Plant propagation: Difference between revisions

Part 3: PLANT PROPAGATION

Generative propagation

Selective breeding

Seed is made after a pollination in which pollen from a male flower has fallen on the pistil of a female flower. As the characteristics of the two plants blend together, a large difference between the different descendants will occur. Trough selection, the majority of the plants with differentiating characteristics can be removed so that seedlings are kept that are equal in all respects. Most vegetables, herbs and one and two year-flowers are made after years of selection, until a high degree of uniformity is reached. It is then said that the properties are "set", or "fixed". Non-selectively bred species will have a wide variety in charisteristics for their descendants after sowing.

Self-pollinating crops These are sometimes propogated by open pollination. The offspring differ very little. These crops are "fixed". Examples are the common bean and the tomato. These plants are homozygous.

Cross-pollinating crops These are not propagated by open pollination because the offspring then differ too much. The reason is that the plants are heterozygous.

F1-hybrids: Hybrids are bastards. They are made to get a batch of plants that are (almost) identical to each other. We start from 2 selectively-bred or fixed species or varieties. These are obtained by forced self-pollination and the descendants are also repeatedly propagated by a forced self-pollination. This process is called inbreeding. A number of homozygous plants made that are called inbred bloodlines. With these inbred bloodlines, the charisteristics are fixed. Many cross-pollinators do not tolerate self-pollination and show inbreeding depression. They will begin to exhibit defections and become less vigorous in growth. However, such inbred bloodlines are used to create F1 hybrids. Two inbred bloodlines are then crossed with each other. The descendants all exhibit the same characteristics and become strengthened by the heterosiseffect. They are usually stronger, bigger and nicer than the parents. Given that the characteristics of these hybrids are thus no longer fixed, the crossing of F1-hybrids will result in the reintroduction of the charisteristics of both parents and the descendants will no longer be as uniform. Certain desired characteristics will also be lost. The parent lines of self-pollinators are maintained by generative propagation, the parent lines of cross-pollinaters are maintained by vegetative propagation.

A7 X B7 is a cross pollination; which is also the final step

The germination

Requirements

Internal requirements

• The seed is in good condition, if:

Morfologically: all parts are present and intact Physiologically: sufficient food reserves are present that are enough dehydrated and do not have vacuoles

• The seed must be ripe: Some seeds do not germinate in spite of favorable conditions. They must undergo a maturation process. For certain seeds, a fairly severe frost period is required (apple, pear). The reserve nutrition is be converted into assimilatable form and inhibitor compounds must have been dissolved (stratification process).
• The seed must be germamble: it needs to be capable of germing under the normal conditions. The germination is greatly reduced with the age of the seed.
  • Seeds that lose germination strength quickly: food reserves stored in the form of oil or fat (coffee and oilseeds)
  • Seeds that keep their germination strength a long time: food reserves stored in the form of carbohydrates (cereals, broom)

External requirements

• Sufficient moisture for seed skin and germination: Water can more difficultly penetrate into a hard seed coat and germination lasts longer eg: clover.
• Suitable temperature: germination is only barely possible at the minimum temperature. At the optimum temperature, the germination is the fastest. Above the maximum temperature, the germination strength is destroyed. Ex: grain 4-43°C.
• Presence of oxygen (air): seeds that are too deep do not germinate.

Germination process

• Due to the water penetrating the seed coat and entering the germ further via osmosis, the seed starts to swell. Under the pressure of the swelling of the germ, the seed coat starts to crack. The bursting of the seed coat allows the germ to release itself: this is the germination.

• method of germing: The root always first appears, it always grows downwards or it attempts to do so. After this, the stem appears, it is often first still bent in a sharp angle, then it will erect itself and the plume can grow. With the common bean, maple, and the spruce, the cotyledons appear above the soilsurface and then usually fall off. This is called an epigeïc germination. With the pea, rye and horse chestnut, the cotyledons remain in the seed coat below the soilsurface. This is called a hypogeïc germination.

• seedling: the first leaves that emergence from the plume are different from the next ones and are called youth leaves or primary leaves. They are e.g. singular, while the others are composed (Umbelliferae-ic). With dicots and gymnosperms secondary roots appear shortly after on the main root. With the monocots, this is not the case, but a number of roots appear at the base of the stem, so that the main root is no longer visible among the others, these roots are sideroots (they shoot off the stem). If the cotyledons are pushed above the soilsurface, we call the part between the attachment point of the cotyledons and the actual root the hypocotyl axis. This is part of the stem and will thicken with some crops eg radish, turnip.

Vegetative reproduction

<! - Numbering should be raised, listed plant names usually not usable in most areas of development (not native, nor used for food crop production, only data method for temperate zones, some plant parts (eg cambium, ...) can not be recognized this document (no drawing of plant parts present) ->

Roots, tubers and bulbs

Stolons

Easy and fast Not all plants, only plants roots to give adventiefknoppen Rhus, Robinia, Ailanthus, Rubus, Chaenomeles Storage Root foothills of roots that are left undisturbed in the ground while the stems removed blackberry species

2. Roots Tekken

- Anchusa, Anemone, Erodium, Geranium, Primula denticulata, Pulsatille, Verbascum - Acanthus, Eryngium, Limonium, Papaver, Phlox

3. Roots

Plants whose surface area dies. RV in a tuber. Tubers are not able to adventiefknoppen to make a carrot. 1. Annual World Championship each year re-formed Dahlias bijwortels to develop from the base of the stalk grow, swell during the season and sit down in clusters. Each year, one plant.

2. Perennial tubers that grow in size Begonia 2.2 Derived stems definition: RV bodies which contain a rest they can survive. They are built the same way as normal shoots but usually live underground and have spare food. 6 types of secondary stems: - 1. corms Eyes wearing buttons, button too late. Few plants have such increase form, is famous potato. Some plants have small nodules in the axillary buds: lilies. X: cutting, fungicide - 2. Carrot Sticks grow horizontally in the ground knots (no buttons) and clearly identifiable internodes grow from the nodes above ground shoots and roots adult iris, bamboo species, mint, growing grass, calla lilies, Asparagus (short rhizomes), Canna, bearded irises (Germanica), Convellaria majalis, peony, rhubarb, Polygonatum, Sanseveria

3. tubers

difference between bulbs and tubers, the tuber is a swollen stem part and is shorter and wider than a sphere. The leaves of the stem are thin, membranous and protect the tubers from drying out. The terminal bud grows from the flower stalk, the roots from the bulb base. The swollen area below the stem surrounded by fleshy leaves: lilies. The final button will result in a flowering stalk

4. bulbs

Do stem with very short internodes. The growing point is surrounded by thick fleshy leaves: scales or skirts (eg onion and tulip). Bud and leaf surface develop in the center of the sphere. Skirts with bulbs: daffodils and tulips, fleshy leaves and very broad Bulb scales with: Fritillaria; no dry membranous covering scales, are very meaty and cover each other partially. Bulbs multiply by division. In lancifolium and Lilium tigrinum: brood balls in the armpits. Increase the scale of planting.

5. The stem grown rosettes in some species grow shoots from a leaf axil: Sempervivum tectorum

6. Foothills occur at the base of a stem of a leaf axils. Grows horizontally and gives back the same little sucker: strawberry Potentilla, Ajuga, reptans Geum, Potentilla, Saxifraga sarmentosa

Cracks Very spread use of perennials and herbs. Also used to rejuvenate the plant. Also shrubs such as Hypericum Spiraean. Time: best immediately after flowering (new shoots). Late bloomers: cracks in the spring. VP with fleshy root collar: Astilbe and Hosta VP spontaneous division: Aubrieta, Campanula, primroses

2.3 add stems most used method. - Accountability: from the parent plant a branch bend - Marcotteren: good method, cumbersome and time consuming Aloysia, Ficus, Hamamelis, Magnolia, Rhododendron, lilac - Topafleggen: blackberry, raspberry, kruidbes, Japanese wineberry, black currant

4. Dig Applied ericaceae: Plants do not move at a pretty A mature plant is extracted from the ground with a big root ball and then buried deep in an airy mixture with only the young who are tops over stabbing carrots.

2.4 Tekken Stems Most used method General rule: cuttings of herbaceous plants in spring cuttings of woody plants: the rest

Choice of cutting material mother plant cut back significantly on a variety of young twigs to obtain season plays major role: woody cuttings in spring just after the buds begin to sprout in autumn is less chance of success but more material will dry out less quickly heat: too hot; developing growing point but no root formation cool above ground, underground hot

1. Journal Tekken Button Evergreen plants possible from any type of stem, woody, halfhoutige, herbaceous Aucuba, Ceanothus, Daphne, Elaeagnus, Cherry Laurel been taken from mature stems that are almost completely unripe and therefore leaves no complete rest. Time: end of summer, early autumn

2. Cuttings with heel a young side shoots from the parent plant which pulled a heel (= a piece of bark) is torn along. Reason: increased density of cells with growth opportunities in cambium. Very good for plants that require a longer time to root. Eg: Buxus

3. herbaceous kopstekken Not yet mature and ripened off branches. Carrots are very fragile but fast. The younger the shoot, the faster it will catch on. Herbaceous shoots to develop during growth and lignify as they get older. Herbaceous shoots are taken in the spring when the rapidly growing top shoot buds and root formation anticipate very active. Later, it also must be geclimatiseerd cuttings because they are very sensitive to loss of water. When wilting of a site, no root formation even more. Swell in water. Perovska, Hypericum.

4. Halfhoutige cuttings more woody cuttings berries. Ceanothus, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, Forsythia, Geranoum, Philadelphus. Time: end of spring when growth begins to weaken.

5. Almost off-ripened cuttings Deutzia, Cornus species with colored bark At the end of the growing season, strong, thicker cuttings much vigor but increased risk of dehydration

6. Woody cuttings In plants with strong vigor: Salix, Cotoneaster, poplar, wild roses, ornamental plums, Spiraea, Viburnum, made of strong shoots time: after autumn leaf fall, in the formation of the cork layer between leaf and stem Length: 25-35 cm Top: Oblique bottom: right

7. Cuttings of half shrubs Some low growing plants, often herbaceous, shrubs called half: Artemisia, Hypericum calycinum, lavender, rosemary, rue, sage, santolina In winter to cut back, leaving strong shoots to obtain end of summer, preferably non-flowering shoots are cut off, otherwise cut flower

8. Grafts / occuleren