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The parent lines of self-pollinators are maintained by generative propagation, the parent lines of cross-pollinating crops by vegetative propagation.
The parent lines of self-pollinators are maintained by generative propagation, the parent lines of cross-pollinating crops by vegetative propagation.


 
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A7 X B7 is a cross pollination; which is also the final step
 
 


2 The germination
2 The germination
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The cotyledons above the ground then do you put the part between the attachment point of the cotyledons and the actual root: hypoctyle the shaft. This is part of the stem and will in some crops eg radish turnip shaped thicken.
The cotyledons above the ground then do you put the part between the attachment point of the cotyledons and the actual root: hypoctyle the shaft. This is part of the stem and will in some crops eg radish turnip shaped thicken.


 
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Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction

Revision as of 13:53, 9 December 2009

Part 3: PLANT PROPAGATION

1. Generative propagation 1. Seed Breeding Seed incurred after pollination with pollen from the male flower has been done on the pistil of the female flower. Because characteristics of two plants together will create a big difference between the different descendants. By selection, the majority of plants with different characteristics removed so that seedlings have held in all respects are equal. Most vegetable plants, herbs and flowers one year and two years after creation of selection until a high degree of uniformity is achieved. It is said that the properties are set, or they kind of fixed. Species not recorded or not a species are going to sow a wide variety of plants occur.

Pollinating crops These are sometimes increased by open pollination. The offspring differ very little. Such plants are pollinated. Examples are beans and tomato. The plants are homozygous.

Pollinated crops are not propagated by open pollination because the offspring are different too. The reason is that the plants are heterozygous.

F1-hybrids: Hybrids are hybrids or mongrels. They made a lot of plants to obtain (almost) completely identical to each other. It starts from 2 glorified or fixed species or varieties. These are obtained by forced self-pollination and its progeny are repeatedly propagated by a self pollinate. This process is called inbreeding. We created a number of plants homozygous inbred lines are called. These inbred lines are the features set. Many treaties are not self pollinating cross-pollination and show inbreeding depression. They are defective and are less vigorous growth. However, such inteetlijnen used to create F1 hybrids. Two inbred lines are then crossed with each other. The progeny exhibit the same characteristics and all the heterosiseffect some enhanced features. They are usually stronger, bigger and nicer than the older types. Given the characteristics of these hybrids will not be recorded crossing of F1 hybrids over the attributes of both types back and forth action, the progeny are not so uniform and certain desired characteristics will be lost. The parent lines of self-pollinators are maintained by generative propagation, the parent lines of cross-pollinating crops by vegetative propagation.

Agriculture manual 1 2 1 image 11.JPG

A7 X B7 is a cross pollination; which is also the final step

2 The germination 2.1 Conditions

Internal conditions

- The seed is in good condition: Shape: all parts are present and intact Physiological: sufficient food reserves, enough dehydrated, absence of vacuoles - The seed is ripe: Some seeds do not germinate in spite of favorable conditions. They must undergo a maturation process. End for some seeds need a fairly severe frost period (apple, pear). The food reserve to be assimilated into shape and inhibitors have been resolved (stratificatieproces). - The seed must be viable: it is capable, under the conditions to germinate. The germination is greatly reduced with the age of the seed. + Seeds for rapid germination lose stored food reserves in the form of oil or fat (coffee and oilseeds) + Long seed germination keep them: reservevoesel stored in the form of carbohydrates (cereals, broom)

External conditions - Sufficient moisture for skin and seed germination: In a hard seed coat hard water can penetrate and germination lasts longer eg: clover. - Suitable temperature: The minimum germination temperature is still very possible. At the optimum germination temperature is the fastest. Above the maximum temperature the germination destroyed. Ex: grain 4-43 ° C. - Presence of oxygen (air): seeds that germinate are not too deep. 2.2. Germination process - Due to the water through the seed coat and enters via osmosis further in the bud is called the seed swelling. Under pressure from the swelling of the germ, the seed coat cracks. The bursting of the seed coat, the germ is able to release: this is the germination.

- Germ way: The root is always first appeared, it always grows downwards or attempts to do so. After the stalk appears, often first have shaped bent knee, then it will focus on the plume and may grow. In the bean, and the maple, the cotyledons above the ground and then usually fall off. This is called a surface or epigeïsche germination. In pea, horse troughs and continue the cotyledons in the seed coat below ground. This is called an underground hypogeïsche or germination.

- Seedling: Are the first leaf from the tassel emergence different from the next are called youth leaves or primary leaves. They are e.g. single while others are composed - Umbelliferae. In dicots and gymnosperms appear shortly after secondary roots on the main root. In monocots, but a source at the base of the stem a number equal roots, so the germ root among the others is not to be found, which are bijwortels roots (they shoot off the stem). The cotyledons above the ground then do you put the part between the attachment point of the cotyledons and the actual root: hypoctyle the shaft. This is part of the stem and will in some crops eg radish turnip shaped thicken.

Agriculture manual 1 2 1 image 12.JPG
Agriculture manual 1 2 1 image 13.JPG

Vegetative reproduction <! - Numbering should be raised, listed plant names usually not usable in most areas of development (not native, nor used for food crop production, only data method for temperate zones, some plant parts (eg cambium, ...) can not be recognized this document (no drawing of plant parts present) -> 2.1 Roots, tubers and bulbs 1. Root Runners Easy and fast Not all plants, only plants roots to give adventiefknoppen Rhus, Robinia, Ailanthus, Rubus, Chaenomeles Storage Root foothills of roots that are left undisturbed in the ground while the stems removed blackberry species 2. Roots Tekken - Anchusa, Anemone, Erodium, Geranium, Primula denticulata, Pulsatille, Verbascum - Acanthus, Eryngium, Limonium, Papaver, Phlox 3. Roots Plants whose surface area dies. RV in a tuber. Tubers are not able to adventiefknoppen to make a carrot. 1. Annual World Championship each year re-formed Dahlias bijwortels to develop from the base of the stalk grow, swell during the season and sit down in clusters. Each year, one plant.

2. Perennial tubers that grow in size Begonia 2.2 Derived stems definition: RV bodies which contain a rest they can survive. They are built the same way as normal shoots but usually live underground and have spare food. 6 types of secondary stems: - 1. corms Eyes wearing buttons, button too late. Few plants have such increase form, is famous potato. Some plants have small nodules in the axillary buds: lilies. X: cutting, fungicide - 2. Carrot Sticks grow horizontally in the ground knots (no buttons) and clearly identifiable internodes grow from the nodes above ground shoots and roots adult iris, bamboo species, mint, growing grass, calla lilies, Asparagus (short rhizomes), Canna, bearded irises (Germanica), Convellaria majalis, peony, rhubarb, Polygonatum, Sanseveria

3. tubers difference between bulbs and tubers, the tuber is a swollen stem part and is shorter and wider than a sphere. The leaves of the stem are thin, membranous and protect the tubers from drying out. The terminal bud grows from the flower stalk, the roots from the bulb base. The swollen area below the stem surrounded by fleshy leaves: lilies. The final button will result in a flowering stalk

4. bulbs Do stem with very short internodes. The growing point is surrounded by thick fleshy leaves: scales or skirts (eg onion and tulip). Bud and leaf surface develop in the center of the sphere. Skirts with bulbs: daffodils and tulips, fleshy leaves and very broad Bulb scales with: Fritillaria; no dry membranous covering scales, are very meaty and cover each other partially. Bulbs multiply by division. In lancifolium and Lilium tigrinum: brood balls in the armpits. Increase the scale of planting.

5. The stem grown rosettes in some species grow shoots from a leaf axil: Sempervivum tectorum

6. Foothills occur at the base of a stem of a leaf axils. Grows horizontally and gives back the same little sucker: strawberry Potentilla, Ajuga, reptans Geum, Potentilla, Saxifraga sarmentosa

Cracks Very spread use of perennials and herbs. Also used to rejuvenate the plant. Also shrubs such as Hypericum Spiraean. Time: best immediately after flowering (new shoots). Late bloomers: cracks in the spring. VP with fleshy root collar: Astilbe and Hosta VP spontaneous division: Aubrieta, Campanula, primroses

2.3 add stems most used method. - Accountability: from the parent plant a branch bend - Marcotteren: good method, cumbersome and time consuming Aloysia, Ficus, Hamamelis, Magnolia, Rhododendron, lilac - Topafleggen: blackberry, raspberry, kruidbes, Japanese wineberry, black currant

4. Dig Applied ericaceae: Plants do not move at a pretty A mature plant is extracted from the ground with a big root ball and then buried deep in an airy mixture with only the young who are tops over stabbing carrots.

2.4 Tekken Stems Most used method General rule: cuttings of herbaceous plants in spring cuttings of woody plants: the rest

Choice of cutting material mother plant cut back significantly on a variety of young twigs to obtain season plays major role: woody cuttings in spring just after the buds begin to sprout in autumn is less chance of success but more material will dry out less quickly heat: too hot; developing growing point but no root formation cool above ground, underground hot

1. Journal Tekken Button Evergreen plants possible from any type of stem, woody, halfhoutige, herbaceous Aucuba, Ceanothus, Daphne, Elaeagnus, Cherry Laurel been taken from mature stems that are almost completely unripe and therefore leaves no complete rest. Time: end of summer, early autumn

2. Cuttings with heel a young side shoots from the parent plant which pulled a heel (= a piece of bark) is torn along. Reason: increased density of cells with growth opportunities in cambium. Very good for plants that require a longer time to root. Eg: Buxus

3. herbaceous kopstekken Not yet mature and ripened off branches. Carrots are very fragile but fast. The younger the shoot, the faster it will catch on. Herbaceous shoots to develop during growth and lignify as they get older. Herbaceous shoots are taken in the spring when the rapidly growing top shoot buds and root formation anticipate very active. Later, it also must be geclimatiseerd cuttings because they are very sensitive to loss of water. When wilting of a site, no root formation even more. Swell in water. Perovska, Hypericum.

4. Halfhoutige cuttings more woody cuttings berries. Ceanothus, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, Forsythia, Geranoum, Philadelphus. Time: end of spring when growth begins to weaken.

5. Almost off-ripened cuttings Deutzia, Cornus species with colored bark At the end of the growing season, strong, thicker cuttings much vigor but increased risk of dehydration

6. Woody cuttings In plants with strong vigor: Salix, Cotoneaster, poplar, wild roses, ornamental plums, Spiraea, Viburnum, made of strong shoots time: after autumn leaf fall, in the formation of the cork layer between leaf and stem Length: 25-35 cm Top: Oblique bottom: right

7. Cuttings of half shrubs Some low growing plants, often herbaceous, shrubs called half: Artemisia, Hypericum calycinum, lavender, rosemary, rue, sage, santolina In winter to cut back, leaving strong shoots to obtain end of summer, preferably non-flowering shoots are cut off, otherwise cut flower

8. Grafts / occuleren

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