Editing Open source 3-D printing of OSAT

{{MOST}}

{{MOST-RepRap}}

[[File:Dremelfuge.jpg|thumb|Figure 1: Dremelfuge]]

{{Source data
| type = Paper
| cite-as = J. M Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko, "3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development", ''Journal of Sustainable Development'' '''3'''(4), pp. 17-29 (2010). Full text: [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/6984] https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v3n4p17 [http://mtu.academia.edu/JoshuaPearce/Papers/1566597/3-D_Printing_of_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technologies_for_Self-Directed_Sustainable_Development open access]
}}

Full title: '''3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development'''

The technological evolution of the [[3-D printer]], widespread internet access and inexpensive computing has made a new means of [[open design]] capable of accelerating self-directed [[sustainable development]]. This study critically examines how [[open source 3-D printer]]s, such as the [[RepRap]] and [[Fab@home]], enable the use of designs in the [[public domain]] to fabricate [[open source appropriate technology]] (OSAT), which are easily and economically made from readily available resources by local communities to meet their needs. The current capabilities of open source 3-D printers is reviewed and a new classification scheme is proposed for OSATs that are technically feasible and economically viable for production. Then, a methodology for quantifying the properties of printed parts and a research trajectory is outlined to extend the existing technology to provide complete village-level fabrication of OSATs. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the potential for open source 3-D printers to assist in driving sustainable development.

== Using open source 3-D printers to make AT ==

There have been a number of open source 3D printers, such as the [[Rep Rap]] developed. The basic idea for this project is to use them as tools to create [[OSAT]] in the field to help the goals of [[sustainable development]]. Prices on 3D printers are dropping rapidly<ref>http://www.3ders.org/3d-printer/3d-printer-price.html</ref>

An example of how these 3D printers can be used to meet these goals is the [[DremelFuge]]<ref>http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1483</ref> (Fig.1), which is an open-source tool for scientists.<ref>Pearce, Joshua M. 2012. "[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6100/1303.summary Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware.]" ''Science'' '''337''' (6100): 1303–1304. [http://web.archive.org/web/20190321011638/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2012/09/12/337.6100.1303.DC1 Podcast]</ref> The Dremelfuge is brilliant [[Open Source Hardware]] project developed by [http://www.thingiverse.com/cathalgarvey Cathal Garvey] in Ireland. The DremelFuge is a printable rotor for centrifuging standard microcentrifuge tubes and miniprep columns. '''It is at least 10 times less expensive than a standard centrifuge and can be used by field workers in doing things like blood tests, but also by [http://diybio.org DIY biologists] and educators.''' It requires industry standard 1.5ml/2ml Eppendorf/Microcentrifuge tubes.

* Used with a drill at 3000 RPM, the Dremelfuge will deliver over 400g, enough to comfortably spin down Miniprep samples (proven personally). It will likely achieve acceptable results at lower speeds, too.
* Used at 10krpm, on a Rotary tool for instance, a Dremelfuge should deliver over 4400g, more than enough to spin down bacterial cells.
* At 16krpm, Dremelfuge matches commercial centrifuges.
* On a Dremel 300, a maximum speed of 33krpm equates to a force of over 50,000 times earth's gravity, which puts it into so-called "Ultracentrifuge" territory. The latest version (as printed by Shapeways) has successfully spun tubes at this speed.

== Map of 3DP for Development ==

Tech for Trade has a nice map of the major groups working throughout the world with 3D printing for development - http://web.archive.org/web/20160913214444/http://techfortrade.org/our-initiatives/3d4d-challenge/

== Calculating the Value of OSAT Development ==

* [[Quantifying the Value of Open Source Hardware Development]]

== Examples ==

{{Video|v6TovHTvMag|Introduction to 3D Printing and Development - Tech-for-Trade}}

{{Video|XyE038K44yE|'We can't buy it, so can we make it' Revolutionizing humanitarian aid through local making-- Engineering for Change}}

For hundreds of more examples see:

* [[3D printable OSAT gallery]]
* [[:Category:OSAT 3D-Printable Designs]]

For a relatively up to date list of examples see this [http://www.thingiverse.com/jpearce/collections/open-source-appropriate-technology collection of OSAT] or this collection of [http://www.thingiverse.com/jpearce/collections/open-source-scientific-tools open source scientific hardware]. It is also possible to recycle e-waste into more [[RepRaps]] see [http://web.archive.org/web/20160516163907/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2013/05/21/w-afate-recycling-1st-world-waste-into-new-world-solutions/].

# hand held corn sheller
# customized prosthetics
# solar water pasteurization manifolds, absorbers
# valves
# water wheels

=== Tools ===

<gallery caption="OSAT 3-D Printing Tools">
Image:Reprap.png |[[RepRap]]
Image:Recyclebot1 preview medium.jpg|[[Recyclebot]]
Image:SimLab Render preview medium strength test.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:14083 Test Bed and Sample Test Pieces for strength / stiffness testing of 3D Printed parts]
Image:Gravity Fed Extruder.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:21044 Gravity Fed Extruder]
Image:IMG_0841_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:152380 3D printed Filament Extruder based on LyMan Design]
Image:2013-05-21_16.47.57_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:83570 Filament extruder]
Image:Microdrip-connectors_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:38313 Gardena micro-drip connectors]

</gallery>

=== Energy ===

<gallery caption="OSAT 3D-Printable Designs for Energy">
Image:windmillprint.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:26811 3-blade windmill prototype]
Image:Savonius gorlow VAWT.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:16504 Self starting Vertical Axial Wind Turbine]
Image:Parametric helical Darrieus.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:14916 Parametric helical vertical axis turbine]
Image:Cambered vertical axis wind turbine.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:15083 Cambered vertical axis wind turbine]
Image:Pelton wheel bucket.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:16628 Individual bucket for Pelton wheel impulse water turbine ]
Image:Pelton wheel.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:16579 Pelton Wheel - Impulse water turbine]
Image:Water Wheel preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:7715 Water Wheel]
Image:Bike trailer mount.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:20989 Bike trailer mount - connects a DIY bike trailer to a standard bicycle seat pole]
Image:OxidantGenerator.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com:80/thing:7556/ Printable Mixed Oxidant Generator]
Image:Foto_1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:323109 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine]
Image:DSC07479_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:309881 Housing for solar panels]
Image:Photo_02-04-14_15.48.51_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:287490 The Planetary Dynamo-kit]
Image:Samling_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:287377 Hand-powered dynamo]
Image:IMG_0518_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:287426 Dynamo]
Image:Impeller_rotor_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:34563 Impeller - rotor for Dyson turbine head]
Image:DysonImpellerLid_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:229657 Impeller Housing]
Image:DSC_0707_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:202905 Hydraulic turbine (Pelton version)]
Image:Charger1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:199125 Solar Charger & Flashlight w/ Updated Wiring]
Image:Generator_01_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:145186 The Hand Cranked Power Generator]
Image:Solapan-4_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:144398 Foldable 5V solar panel to power or recharge portable devices]
Image:IMG_20130709_125530_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:115242 Sun lovi'n solar panel]
Image:Tube_caps_with_cell_logs_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:113867 4 inch PVC Tube (vinyl fence post) Cap- used as LiPo battery box]
Image:2013-07-05_14.15.32_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:113297 dynamo (alternator)- energy module]
Image:Pulley1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:34672 Deluxe pulley for strings and ropes (openscad / parametric)]
Image:Wooden_flier_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:72841 Spinning wheel replacement flyer]
Image:Finished_cooker_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:106922 Solar cooker]
Image:IMG_0426_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:105397 Adjustable Solar Panel Mount w/ Control Box Mount]
Image:Turbine-wip01_swept-solid_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:94812 wind turbina Rc]
Image:V5turbinebuilt_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:94039 wind Modified Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (1/4" Motor Shaft)]
Image:Hydropwer016_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:92120 hydropw1.6 - a micro hydro power generator]
Image:Pelton_Turbine_KikoEscultor_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:88969 Pelton Turbine]
Image:DSC_0037_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:87819 Lenz2 helical turbine]
Image:Bladearm_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:85168 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine]

</gallery>

=== Medicine ===

{| class="wikitable"
! <big><big>[[Not Impossible Labs]] Using 3D Printers Prototypes for Prosthetic Hands</big>
|-
| {{Video|ApUodVFdjss}}
|-
| {{Video|FGSo_I86_lQ}}
|}

<gallery caption="OSAT 3D-Printable Designs for Medicine">
Image:Double-pump.jpg|[[Open-source syringe pump]]
Image:Arms2.jpg|[http://enablingthefuture.org/ Enabling the Future.org]
Image:Dremel fuge preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1483 Dremelfuge]
image:3dmicroscope.png |[[Free and open-source automated 3-D microscope]]
Image:Multi-Day Pill Container.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3938 Multi-Day Pill Container]
Image:Peristaltic Pump.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8652 Printable Peristaltic Pump]
Image:Parametric Peristaltic Pump.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8964 Parametric Peristaltic Pump]
Image:Peristaltic Pump mihi.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8914 Peristaltic Pump]
Image:MediBrace.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3982 MediBrace]
Image:Hemostat preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:13152 Latching hemostat]
Image:Trautman Hook (OpenProsthetics).jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2194 Trautman Hook]
Image:Pinard Horn (Foetoscope).jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:15571 Pinard Horn - Stethoscope intended for listening foetal heartbeat]
Image:SoapPump2 preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:16775 Moineau Soap Dispenser]
Image:RenderedBreastPump.jpg|[[Printable Breast Pump]]
Image:RenderedBabyBottle.jpg|[http://www.appropedia.org:80/Printable_bottle_nipple_design Printable bottle nipple design]
Image:Mockuphand1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:320173 Parametric Cyborg Beast v7.2 (Printable Prosthetic)]
Image:UseWithDrill_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:317726 Peristaltic pump]
Image:20140308_175514_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:266767 Digital Stethoscope]
Image:IMAG0393_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:200630 Hemostats]
Image:IMG_2172_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:148045 Head Balancinator - Dynamic head support for children with severe hypotonia]
Image:Prosthetic_leg_cover_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:145729 Prosthetic leg cover 110mm x 70mm]
Image:Clamp_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:104619 3D Printed Vascular Clamp]
image:OphthalmicDocs.jpg| [[OphthalmicDocs Fundus]] - a 3D printed universal smartphone retinal imaging adapter.
}}</gallery>

=== Water ===

<gallery caption="OSAT 3-D Printable Designs for Water Use">
Image:Osnitratetester.png|[[Open-Source Photometric System for Enzymatic Nitrate Quantification]]
Image:Watering spout preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:9535 Watering spout for 2L bottle]
Image:Three way flow control valve.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8394 Three way flow control valve]
Image:pump_demo.gif|[http://tim.cexx.org/projects/3d/peristaltic.scad Completely printable peristaltic pump]
Image:Water level sensor.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:9642 Water level sensor]
Image:Water wheel with venetian blind slats.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:11640 Water wheel with venetian blind slats]
Image:DSC00921_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:270246 Watering can nozzel]
Image:Spigot_mount_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:193460 Rain Barrel Construction Kit]
Image:IMG_7026_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:163468 10 Gallon Aquaponics System]
Image:F1881_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:143962 Peace Contest Gravity Water Filter Coupler]
Image:Water_Screw_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:139992 Water Screw, Archimedes' screw variant.]
Image:Turbine_side_open_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:137020 Mini Hydroelectric Turbine]
Image:Photo_4_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:119674 Solar Powered Water Purification Cone]
Image:Sprinkler_2lt_h_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:92927 Irrigation Sprinkler (2lt/hour)]
Image:P1050660_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:80738 Printable Soil Moisture Sensor]
Image:130127_Aquaponics_Ball_Head_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:46595 Aquaponics - Bubble Head Fixture]
Image:IMG_0788_display_large_preview_featured.jpg|[http://web.archive.org/web/20171121000233/https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:26760 2L watering spike v3]

</gallery>

=== Agriculture ===

<gallery caption="OSAT 3-D Printable Designs for Agricultural Use">

Image:Cornsheller.png|[[Corn sheller]]
Image:Fruit Holder.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8430 Fruit Holder]
Image:20140427_141556_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:312958 Seed Starting Pot and Base]
Image:100_1302_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:269229 Bee Feeder]
Image:Hose_splitter_dbach_-_4_middlehi_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:249258 Hose splitter 1/2" (garden hose) to 4mm hose]
Image:Hose_plug_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:200685 6mm ID hose stopper]
Image:Stake_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:200690 Soil stake for ~ 11mm OD irrigation hose]
Image:2013-10-21_13.18.53-1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:169092 Customizable Bean Pole holder, to make a tepee type frame for peas and beans to climb]
Image:IMG_4033_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:148452 Ant Poison Trap Customizer]
Image:Herbpot3_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:147186 Modular Interlocking Windowsill Herb Pot]
Image:Apple_pickin_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:146634 Triclaw Apple Picker]
Image:Wide-Mouth-Canning-Funnel_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:132162 Canning Funnel]
Image:Untitled.45_preview_featured.jpg|[http://web.archive.org/web/20140325105647/http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:104997 Self watering flower pot]
Image:GutterBracketRev1_display_large_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:26484 Rain Gutter Vertical Garden]
Image:IMG_20120403_234250_display_large_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:20753 Sub-Irrigated Planter (SIP) Continious Irrigation Block]
Image:Connector4-0_display_large_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:26470 PVC Pipe Geodesic Dome Connectors]
Image:20130115_144437_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:42486 3d Print - Avocado Pit Germination Holder - Floating Edition]
Image:Hydroponic_pot_45mm_scad_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:16847 Hydroponic Plant Pot]
Image:Dsc04823_display_large_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1083 45/55mm Hydroponic Pot]
Image:3dponics.png|[[3Dponics]]
Image:simplefruitpicher.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:370326 Simple Fruit Picker for small fruit like cherry]
</gallery>

=== 3D Printable OSAT Designs ===

<gallery caption="OSAT 3D-Printable Designs">
Image:OpenSCAD.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:18802 OpenSCAD library to generate round ducting / pipe, and associated fittings]
Image:Textile fastener.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:7544 Textile fastener]
Image:Textile fastener 2 prong.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:11102 Textile fastener allows a firm hold on any type of textile without puncturing]
Image:Moineau stepper.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:15167 Moineau stepper pump]
Image:Dremel Turbine preview medium.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:13188 Dremel Turbine -Turn your Dremel into a blower or vacuum]
Image:Pic1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:311919 ISO Metric Nuts and Bolts]
Image:2013-11-30_17.15.28_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:193361 transport case]
Image:IMG_20131201_020210_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:193720 Backpack Buckle V2]
Image:Gate_latch_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:183310 Gate/Fence Fork Latch]
Image:IMG_20130720_204506_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:120820 Backpack Buckle]
Image:Day17_strainerfunnel_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:150109 Strainer funnel]
Image:P9031101_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com:80/thing:149420/ Stopper Clamp]
Image:IMG_20130427_204325_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:80812 Backpack replacement Clip for 25mm band]
Image:Grow_Tube_corner_clips_1_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:31598 Grow Tube corner clips]
Image:Hose_Fitting_Solid_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:10189 Female Hose Fitting]
Image:Kran_preview_featured.jpg|[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:9450 Valve handle]
</gallery>

* [http://stormseed.com/tag/3d/ bicycle and prosthetics]
* [[:Category:OSAT 3D-Printable Designs]]

<gallery>
Image:Summer-Schools-1-1024x287.png| [http://web.archive.org/web/20200118091124/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/education/neuroscience-schools/ Neuroscience schools]
Image:Logo_edit4.png| [http://web.archive.org/web/20191220050737/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/education/open-source-schools/ Open source schools]
Image:TReND-in-Africa-overview1.jpg| [http://web.archive.org/web/20141101183221/http://trendinafrica.org/activities/education/neuroscience-msc/ Neuroscience MSc]
Image:Open-Source.png| [http://web.archive.org/web/20200118084850/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/open-source/open-source-main/ Open Source!]
Image:Logo_edit4.png| [http://openeuroscience.wordpress.com/ Open neuroscience!]
Image:2013-12-13-15.07.16-300x225.jpg| [http://web.archive.org/web/20191224033750/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/open-source/1322-2/ A 3D printer for African labs!]
Image:photo.jpg| [http://web.archive.org/web/20191220050519/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/open-source/trendberry-pi/ TReNDberry-Pi]
Image:Furnishing-1024x311.png| [http://web.archive.org/web/20191220050640/http://trendinafrica.org:80/activities/furnishing-african-labs/ Building Infrastructure]
Image:Logo_edit4.png| [http://trendinafrica.org/activities/human-trend/ HUMaN TReND]
Image:DSC05902-1024x577.jpg| [http://trendinafrica.org/activities/outreach/ Outreach]
Image:Teach1c-1024x350.png| [http://trendinafrica.org/activities/teach-in-africa/ Teach in Africa!]
</gallery>

== In the News ==

{| class="wikitable"
! <big><big>[http://web.archive.org/web/20151226032936/http://sawareru.jp:80/en/ Hands on Search] - Yahoo Japan to help blind children</big>
|-
| {{Video|xQx6YeoKVwU}}
|}

* [http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/enter-competition-show-how-3d-printing-might-change-world.html Enter A Competition To Show How 3D Printing Might Change The World] - ''Tree Hugger'' Nov 7, 2011 and [http://www.3ders.org/articles/20111108-sustainable-technology-design-competition-for-3-d-printers-is-open.html 3Ders.org]
* [http://kingstonherald.com/release/3d-printer-sustainable-design-contest-201037016 3D Sustainable Design Contest Opens to International Competition] ''Kingston Herald''
* [http://www.heute.de/Mit-3D-Druckern-gegen-Armut-27247502.html Mit 3D-Druckern gegen Armut (With 3D printers against poverty)]-- ''Heute.de'' (German) 3-27-2013
** [http://web.archive.org/web/20140302153200/http://blog.zdf.de:80/hyperland/2013/03/mit-3d-druckern-gegen-armut/ Mit 3D-Druckern gegen Armut (With 3D printers against poverty)]-- ZDF Hyperland (German), [http://web.archive.org/web/20200125031058/http://www.giuseppe-paletta.de:80/?p=482 Giuseppe-Paletta (German)]
* [https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news/2014/01/17/3d_printers_may_be_poised_to_take_off_in_developing_countries.html 3D printers may be poised to take off in developing countries] - Engineering for Change
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/science/hand-of-a-superhero.html Hand of a superhero] NYT
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160501063619/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2015/08/14/doctor-brings-medical-supplies-to-gaza-with-3d-printing/ Doctor Brings Low-Cost Medical Supplies to Gaza with 3D Printing] - 3D Printing Industry
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160507073745/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2015/09/07/3d4md-puts-3d-printer-doctors-bag-future/ 3D4MD Puts a 3D Printer in the Doctor's Bag of the Future] - 3D Printing Industry

== Future work ==

When coupled with the [[open source appropriate technology]] (OSAT) community the user's own experience with designs, innovations, and inventions can be similarly made available for the public usually through an open internet protocol such as an appropriate technology wiki like [[Appropedia]]. These open source technological advances thus have the potential to spur a virtuous cycle founded on a traditional hacker gift culture. Those with the best designs, which are provided free for the world community, are rewarded with prestige and develop their reputations in the global innovation community in the same way academics carefully nurture their h-indexes. This project outlines a research trajectory to improve local feed stock availability, size, and material properties to extend the existing technology to provide a complete [[village-level fabrication independence]]. Finally open source 3-D printing will be evaluated as a disruptive technology to challenge the conventional closed, top-down, corporate and colonial forms of development with an [[open]], peer to peer, [[local self-reliant federation]] for providing abundance from existing resources.

== Links Associated with Project ==

* [[Building research equipment with free, open-source hardware]]
* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page Reprap wiki]
* [[Rapman protocol]]
* [[RapMan]]
* [[Open source 3D printer literature review]]
* [[3D Model to G-Code File for Rapman]]
* [[Reprap Build and Test at Queen's University]]
* [[Solar Powered RepRap for OSAT]]
* [[3D printers for peace contest]]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20131007130713/http://3dprintingindustry.com/2013/08/14/smallholder-women-farmers-in-africa-to-be-aided-by-3d-printed-prototype-tools/ Smallholder women farmers in Africa aided by 3-D Printing] by [http://3d4agdev.org/ 3d4agdev.org]
* [[Mechanical Properties of Components Fabricated with Open-Source 3-D Printers Under Realistic Environmental Conditions]]
* [[Distributed manufacturing with 3-D printing: a case study of recreational vehicle solar photovoltaic mounting systems]]

== See also ==

{{Video|mSLugHbWN3s|OSE tour of MOST lab 1}}

* [[Open source 3D printers: an appropriate technology for building low cost optics labs for the developing communities]]
* [http://www.re3d.org/ re:3D]
* [http://techfortrade.org/ Tech for Trade], [http://web.archive.org/web/20160424161656/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2013/10/11/techfortrade-continues-bring-emerging-tech-developing-world/ Tech for Trade continues to bring emerging tech to the developing world]
* [http://sdu.ictp.it/3D/book.html Open Book on "Low-cost 3D Printing for Science, Education and Sustainable Development"] - Free e-book and Free HD lecture series
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20151105042557/http://3dprintingindustry.com/2013/10/15/potential-w-afate-first-3d-printer-created-e-waste/ The Potential for W. Afate, the First 3D Printer Created from e-Waste] - 3D Printing Industry
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160425135800/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2014/02/27/3d-printed-water-distiller/ 3D printed water distiller]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160424025810/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2014/02/18/medical-clinic-bolivian-rainforest-might-use-3d-printing/ How a Medical Clinic in the Bolivian Rainforest Might Use 3D Printing]
* [[Open Source 3D-Printable Planetary Roller Screw for Food Processing Applications]]
* [http://rmrdtech.com/comment-page-1/ RMRDtech] - 3D printed windmills
* [[Applications of Open Source 3-D Printing on Small Farms]]
* [http://www.openbionics.com OpenBionics] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20160426203821/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2015/06/13/award-winning-open-bionics-3d-prints-dual-material-medical-splint/ Lulzbot printed PLA+ninjaflex splints])
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20180813025643/http://www.esherpa.ch/en/ esherpa]
* [https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/3d-printing-redefine-medical-supply-chain-africa-105989/ 3D printing to redefine the medical supply chain in Africa] - 3D Printing Industry
* [[Development of a Resilient 3-D Printer for Humanitarian Crisis Response]]
* [[Open-source 3-D Printing in Managing Humanitarian Innovation]]
* [[Chemical Compatibility of Fused Filament Fabrication-based 3-D Printed Components with Solutions Commonly Used in Semiconductor Wet Processing]]

== Supporting Material: Classification With Examples ==

{| class="wikitable"
| <font>'''Technical Constraints on OSAT'''</font>
| <font>'''Can be printed in currently''' </font>
<font>'''viable materials'''</font>
| <font>'''Cannot be printed with currently''' </font>
<font>'''viable materials'''</font>
|-
| <font>'''Fits on present printer bed'''</font>
| <font>'''Complete items: '''</font><font>valves for water systems (Madungwe & Sakuringwa, 2007); airtight plastic waterproof containers (Mtaita, 2003); joining andmounting components for sediment water filters (Hazeltine, 2003);</font><font>plastic models of concepts for educational purposes (</font><font color="#000000"><font>Lipson,2007</font></font><font>); protective cases for AT items such as the BogoLight (Pilloton, 2009); ergonomic handles for objects (</font><font color="#000000"><font>Ergon,2010</font></font><font>);window frame components such as locks or sliding tracks(Hazeltine, 2003) (Mtaita 2003; </font><font><font>Slesin 			& De Chabaneix, 1986</font></font><font>);component pieces of frames with many uses – e.g. hospital equipment (England, 1979).</font>
<br>
<font>'''Components:'''</font><font>water pumps (CATRL, 1984; Forst, 2003a; 2003b; Fraenkel, 1986;Inversin, 1977; Pilloton, 2009; Sharp & Graham, 1982;Tschannerl & Bryan, 1984); solar water heaters (Batidzirai et al, 2009) (Hurst, 1990); solar pasteurization, distillation and desalination (Alward, 1970; Buros, 2000; </font><font>Denkenberger & Pearce, 2006; </font><font>Khanna, Rathore, & Sharma, 2008; Pearce & Denkenberger, 2006);</font><font>medical devices such as splints and braces (Bach, et al., 2004); biogas harvester (Forst, 2001); kitchen appliances (Taiwo, 2001).</font>
| <font>'''Complete items: '''</font><font>mechanical components</font><font>for industrial use, bicycles, home or farming equipment ranging from tools (Branch, 1978; DeCristoforo, 1977; Hurt, 1985; Weygers, 1973) such as wrenches, hammers, and shovels,task-specific tools for production (Clegg, 1988)</font><font>,and ge</font><font>neral mechanical parts such as simple gears and bearings </font><font>(SchoolsCouncil Project Technology, 1985)</font><font>.</font>
<br>
<font>'''Components:'''</font><font>wheelchairs (Pearlman, 2006; Kim & Mulholland, 1999); furnaces;briquette presses for fuel (Dahlman & Forst, 2000); grinders and planters and other farm equipment (International Rice Research Institute, 1985); stove grills (Brattle & Irving,1986); electrical switches, wires and fuses.</font>
|-
| <font>'''Does not fit on present printer bed'''</font>
| <font>solar dehydrators (Dahlman & Forst, 2001; Forst, 2002; Valdez & Valdez, 1977); concrete molds, required for a variety of items such as rain water catchers (Pacey & Cullis, 1986);environmentally and socially sustainable household construction items (Abidin, 2010; Wekesa, Steyn, & Otieno, 2010); screened louvered shutters for windows (</font><font><font>Slesin & De Chabaneix, 1986</font></font><font>); windows and doors (Kahn, 1973); solar still platforms; wind pumps(Mann, 1979) large covers for electrical equipment (Phipps, 1983)</font>
| <font>locking desalination pressure cooker (Buros, 2000); furnace and stove pieces (Forst, 2001; 2002); wind or water turbines (Durali, 1976); high-temperature solar cooker components (Sharma, Sethi, & Chopra, 1990; Hazeltine, 2003; Hazeltine & Bull, 2003; Sharma, 1990); housing projects; large farm and industrial equipment; children's playgrounds; bulky medical equipment;transportation containers </font>
|}

<font>'''Table of Supporting Material: Further OSAT ideas and their technical potential to be printed on open-source 3-D printers '''</font>

==== Table References ====

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Abidin, N. Z. (2010). Investigating the awareness and application of sustainable construction concept by Malaysian developers. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Habitat International''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, 34(4), 421-426. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Bach, O.,</font></font>'''<font color="#000000"><font> </font></font>''''''<font color="#000000"><font>Hope,</font></font>''''''<font color="#000000"><sup><font> </font></sup></font>''''''<font color="#000000"><font>M. J., Chaheka, C. V., & Dzimbiri,</font></font>''''''<font color="#000000"><sup><font> </font></sup></font>'''<font color="#000000"><font> K. M.(2004). Disability can be avoided after open fractures in Africa? </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>Results from Malawi. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Injury''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''35''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>(9), 846-851. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Batidzirai, B., Lysen, E. H., Van Egmond, S., & Van Sark, W. G. J. H. M. (2009). Potential for solar water heating in Zimbabwe. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''13''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>(3), 567-582. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Branch, D.S. (Ed.). (1978). </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Tools for homesteaders, gardeners, and small-scale farmers''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>. Emmaus: Rodale Press Inc. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Brattle, L. V., & Irving, R. J. (1986). Appropriate household technology: charcoal stoves. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''10''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>(1), 35-43.</font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Buros, O.K. (2000). </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''The ABCs of desalting''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font> (2nd ed.). Topsfield: International Desalination Association. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Consumers association testing and research laboratories (CATRL). (1984). </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Laboratory testing of handpumps for developing countries: Final technical report''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font> (UNDP Project Management Report No. 3). Rural Water Supply Handpumps Project. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications.</font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Clegg, C. (1988). Appropriate technology for manufacturing: Some management issues. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Applied Ergonomics''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''19''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>(1), 25-34. </font></font></font>

<font>Dahlman, J., & Forst, C. (2000). Briquette presses for alternate fuel use. </font><font>''T''</font><font>''echnologies demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Dahlman, J., & Forst, C. (2001). The solar dehydrator. In </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Technologies demonstrated at ECHO''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>DeCristoforo, R. (1977). </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Handtool handbook for woodworking''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>. Tucson: H.P. Books.</font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Denkenberger, D.C. & Pearce, J.M. (2006). Compound Parabolic Concentrators for Solar Water Heat Pasteurization: Numerical Simulation. </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference of Solar Cooking and Food Processing''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font>, 108.</font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000"><font>Durali, M. (1976). </font></font><font color="#000000"><font>''Design of Small Water Turbines for Farms and Small Communities.''</font></font><font color="#000000"><font> Cambridge MA: Technology Adaptation Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. </font></font></font>

<font><font color="#000000">England, R. (Ed.). (1979). </font><font color="#000000">''How to make basic hospital equipment''</font><font color="#000000">. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.</font></font>

<font><font color="#000000">Ergon, (2010), </font><font color="#000000">''Ergon Bike Ergonomics.''</font><font color="#000000"> [Online] Available: http://www.ergon-bike.com/us/en/home (July 5, 2010).</font></font>

<font>Forst, C. (2001). Floating drum biogas digester. In </font><font>''Technologies demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font>

<font>Forst, C. (2002a). Drum type cookstove. In </font><font>''Technologies Demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font>

<font>Forst, C. (2002b). Seed drying cabinet. In </font><font>''Technologies demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font>

<font>Forst, C. (2003a). PVC Ball Check Hand Pumps. In </font><font>''Technologies Demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font>. North Fort Myers: ECHO. </font

<font><font color="#000000">Forst, C. (2003b). PVC Check Valve Hand Pumps. In </font><font color="#000000">''Technologies Demonstrated at ECHO''</font><font color="#000000">. North Fort Myers: ECHO.</font></font>

<font><font color="#000000">Fraenkel, P. (1986). </font><font color="#000000">''Water pumping devices: A handbook for users and choosers''</font><font color="#000000">. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. </font></font>

<font>Hazeltine, B. (2003). Water Supply. In B. Hazeltine & C. Bull (Eds.). ''Field Guide to Appropriate Technology''. San Diego: Elsevier Science, 731-738. </font>

<font>Hazeltine, B. & Bull, C. (Eds.) (2003). ''Field Guide to Appropriate Technology''. San Diego: Elsevier Science.</font>

<font>Hurst, C. (1990). Establishing new markets for mature energy equipment in developing countries: Experience with windmills, hydro-powered mills and solar water heaters. ''World Development'', ''18''(4), 605-615. </font>

<font>Hurt, R. D. (1985). ''American farm tools''. Manhattan: Sunflower University Press.</font>

<font>International Rice Research Institute. (1985). Small farm equipment for developing countries. ''Paper presented at the International Conference on Small Farm Equipment for Developing Countries: Past Experiences and Future Priorities''. Manila, Phillipines.</font>

<font>Inversin, A. R. (1977). ''The construction of a hydraulic ram pump''. Boroko: South Pacific Appropriate Technology Foundation. </font>

<font>Kim, J., & Mulholland, S. (1999). Seating/wheelchair technology in the developing world: Need for a closer look. ''Technology and Disability'', ''11''(1), 21-27. </font>

<font>Khanna, R.. K., Rathore, R.S., & Sharma, C. (2008). Solar still an appropriate technology for potable water need of remote villages of desert state of India — Rajasthan. ''Desalination'', ''220''(1-3), 645-653. </font>

<font><font>Lipson H. (2007). Printable 3D Models for Customized Hands-on Education. </font><font>''Paper presented at Mass Customization and Personalization (MCPC) 2007''</font><font>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. </font></font>

<font>Madungwe, E., & Sakuringwa, S. (2007). Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare? ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C'', ''32''(15-18), 1231-1236. </font>

<font>Mann, R. (1979). ''How to build a cretan-sail wind pump for use in low speed wind conditions''. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. </font>

<font>Mtaita, T. A. (2003). Food. In B. Hazeltine & C. Bull (Eds.), ''Field Guide to Appropriate Technology''. San Diego: Elsevier Science, 277-282.</font>

<font>Pacey, A., & Cullis, A. (1986). ''Rainwater harvesting: the collection of rainfall and runoff in rural areas''. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. </font>

<font>Pearce, J.M. & Denkenberger, D.C. (2006). Numerical Simulation of the Direct Application of Compound Parabolic Concentrators to a Single Effect Basin Solar Still. ''Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference of Solar Cooking and Food Processing'', 118. </font>

<font>Pearlman, J., Cooper, R. A., Zipfel, E., Cooper, R., & McCartney, M. (2006). Towards the development of an effective technology transfer model of wheelchairs to developing countries. ''Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology'', ''1''(1-2), 103-110. </font>

<font>Phipps, L. J. (1983). ''Mechanics in Agriculture''. Danville IL: The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc, (Chapter 39).</font>

<font>Pilloton, E. (2009). ''Design revolution: 100 products that empower people''. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers. </font>

<font>Schools Council Project Technology. (1985). ''Industrial Archeology of Watermills and Waterpower''. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. </font>

<font>Sharma, S. K., Sethi, B. P. S., & Chopra, S. (1990). Thermal performance of the "Rohini"—An improved wood cookstove. ''Energy Conversion and Management'', ''30''(4), 409-419. </font>

<font>Sharp, D., & Graham, M. (Eds.). (1982). ''Village handpump technology: research and evaluation in Asia''. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. </font>

<font><font>Slesin, S., & De Chabaneix, G. (1986). </font>Caribbean style<font>. London: Thames and Hudson.</font></font>

<font><font>Taiwo, K.A., Ogwu, E. N., & Ajibola, O.O. (2001). Technological considerations in the utilisation and maintenance of household kitchen equipment. </font><font>''Technovation''</font><font>, </font><font>''21''</font><font>(11), 747-755. </font></font>

<font><font>Tschannerl, G., & Bryan, K. (1984). </font><font>''Handpumps testing and development: proceedings of a workshop in China''</font><font> (UNDP Project Management Report No. 5). Rural Water Supply Handpumps Project. Washington: Publications Office of World Bank. </font></font>

<font><font>Valdez, M., & Valdez, A. (1977). </font><font>''A cookbook for building a solar food dryer''</font><font>. Colorado: Arnold & Maria Valdez. </font></font>

<font><font>Wekesa, B. W., Steyn, G. S., & Otieno, F. A. O.. (2010). The response of common building construction technologies to the urban poor and their environment. </font><font>''Building and Environment''</font><font>, </font><font>''45''</font><font>(10), 2327-2335. </font></font>

<font><font>Weygers, A. (1973). </font><font>''The making of tools''</font><font>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, (Chapters 3-17). </font></font>

== Other Approaches ==

* Solar Sinter project - uses focused solar power to sinter sand in a 3D printer setup
* The Sun Cutter Project explores the potential of harnessing sunlight directly to produce objects. The machine is a low-tech, low energy version of a laser cutter. It uses pure sunlight, focused by a ball lens, to repeatedly cut programmed shapes in up to 0.4mm thick plywood as well as paper and card.
* [[3D printing a house]]
* 3D printed wind turbines part 1: Design considerations and rapid manufacture potential- http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221313881500003X

== See also ==

* [[Requests for 3-D printable open source appropriate technology]]
* [[Applications of Open Source GMAW-Based Metal 3-D Printing]]

== References ==

<references />

{{Page data
| keywords = 3D printing
| authors = J.M.Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko
}}

[[Category:QAS completed projects and publications]]
[[Category:Prototyping]]
[[Category:OSAT 3D-Printable Designs]]
[[Category:MOST completed projects and publications]]
[[Category:MOST]]
[[Category:Computer-aided design]]
[[Category:3D printing]]