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Methane, CH<sub>4</sub>, is the lightest, least dense hydrocarbon. It is the major constituent of natural gas, and is a potent greenhouse gas. Because it is so simple, many biological processes produce it. This makes it easy and popular to produce as a byproduct of fermentation and composting.  
[[Image:Methane production.PNG|thumb|400px| This is one example of how methane fuel can be produced sustainably. More info can be found from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis Wikipedia:Electrolysis] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_reaction Wikipedia:SabatierReaction]]]


However, it has many drawbacks as a mass energy source. Because it is so ephemeral, it contains relatively little energy per unit volume at easily obtainable pressures. Also due to its lightness, it has a very low boiling point, and it takes tremendous pressure and/or refrigeration to liquefy it. [http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/MethaneDigesters/MD4.html One analysis] indicates that, when compressed adequately to have energy density required of moving vehicles, it actually consumes more energy to compress it than is released in work when combusted.  
'''Methane''', CH<sub>4</sub>, is the lightest (least dense) and simplest [[hydrocarbon]]. It is the major constituent of [[natural gas]], and a potent
[[greenhouse gas]].


This does not mean it is without use! It can be handy for low pressure, relatively low heat uses, such as mantle lighting or cooking.
==Production==
{{Main|Methane generator}}


Portions (cc) [http://www.aum.ca/seeds/ S.E.E.D.S.] under [http://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons]
Many biological processes produce it as it is a a byproduct of [[fermentation]] and [[composting]]. This method of production is called [[methanogenesis]]. Methanogenesis generally combines '''water with CO²''' to form methane. <ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090330111257.htm Methane production using methanogenesis]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090330111257.htm Methane production using biohydrogen]</ref><ref>[http://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2012/07/10/will-cambrian-innovation-revolutionize-waste-water-treatment/ Methane generation using microorganisms being looked into by Cambrian Innovation for commercial use]</ref> This is done in a device known as a [[Methane reactor]]<ref>Also called [[microbial electrolysis cell]] (MEC), yet the latter is also used for generating hydrogen</ref>


==See Also==
Besides using a MEC, another biological process can be used to produce methane. This process uses a [[Biogas|biodigester]]. Basically, [[biogas]], which contains methane, can be used: the methane is simply separated out of the biogas-mixture. Besides biogas, the same technique can be used with [[natural gas]] (both gases basically containing the same gases). This method hence does not use electricity at all, but in some cases this may also be a disadvantage is it then doesn't allow to store the electricity ie generated using PV-panels.
*[[Alternative energy]]


==External Links==
It can also be produced chemically. The first artificially production method uses electricity and is called the '''Sabatier process'''. This process basically combines '''CO² and hydrogen (H²)'''. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_process
*[[wikipedia:methane]]


[[Category: Biogas]]
A second chemical production method is called [[coal gasification]]. [[Coal]] can be converted into [[syngas]] and [[methane]] (also known as [[town gas]]). The methane can then be separated out of the town gas. This production method however is -as clear- not environmentally friendly at all.
 
==Storage==
Methane has fewer storage problems than hydrogen. It ie does not leak through materials as easily as hydrogen, meaning that regular tanks can be used.
 
==[[Syngas]] conversion==
Methane can be converted to [[syngas]]. This is done using a process called [[steam reforming]]. Basically, at high temperatures (700–1100 °C), steam (H2O) reacts with the methane (CH4) and yields [[syngas]]. '''As syngas is a gas that is much less easy to store, the uses of this process are limited.'''
 
==Uses==
* Methane can be used very easily for low pressure/relatively low heat uses, such as [[mantle lighting]] or [[cooking]].
 
* It can be used as a vehicle [[fuel]], yet then requires pressurisation (so a [[gas compressor]] needs to be added to the system<ref>[http://www.environmental-protection.org.uk%2Fassets%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2Fbiogas_as_transport_fuel_june06.pdf Biogas composed of 95 percent methane useful as vehicle fuel, can also be used in regular CNG systems]</ref><ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/how-to/maintenance/should-you-convert-your-car-to-natural-gas Compressor used in very similar fuels, ie natural gas for transport]</ref>). It can be compressed to a specific pressure at which methane is still a gas (say 3600 psi for the tank/125psi injected to motor). It can also be compressed untill it becomes a liquid fuel; however at these pressures the fuel has actually consumed more energy for the compression than what it can actually release in work when combusted.<ref>[[http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/MethaneDigesters/MD4.html Journeytoforever on methane for vehicle use]</ref>
 
==Risks==
If allowed to escape it has a negative impact on the climate. This, as it's a very potent GHG-gas. It breaks down when burned, so not a problem if burned; yet it can be a problem ie in case of leaks. Although it is a potent greenhouse gas, it does not last as long in the atmosphere as many other such gases, eventually breaking down into [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water vapor]].
 
==Reflist==
{{reflist}}
 
==See also==
* [[Biogas]]
* [[Alternative energy]]
 
==External links==
* [[Wikipedia:methane]]
* [http://www.ecoreality.org/wiki/Methane_digestor Methane digestor] at EcoReality. 
* http://www.rebelwolf.com/essn/ESSN-Oct2005.pdf
* [http://www.green-trust.org/freebooks/ Al Rutan's Bio-digester manual]
 
[[Category: Biofuels]]

Revision as of 20:31, 16 July 2013

This is one example of how methane fuel can be produced sustainably. More info can be found from Wikipedia:Electrolysis and Wikipedia:SabatierReaction

Methane, CH4, is the lightest (least dense) and simplest hydrocarbon. It is the major constituent of natural gas, and a potent greenhouse gas.

Production

Many biological processes produce it as it is a a byproduct of fermentation and composting. This method of production is called methanogenesis. Methanogenesis generally combines water with CO² to form methane. [1][2][3] This is done in a device known as a Methane reactor[4]

Besides using a MEC, another biological process can be used to produce methane. This process uses a biodigester. Basically, biogas, which contains methane, can be used: the methane is simply separated out of the biogas-mixture. Besides biogas, the same technique can be used with natural gas (both gases basically containing the same gases). This method hence does not use electricity at all, but in some cases this may also be a disadvantage is it then doesn't allow to store the electricity ie generated using PV-panels.

It can also be produced chemically. The first artificially production method uses electricity and is called the Sabatier process. This process basically combines CO² and hydrogen (H²). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_process

A second chemical production method is called coal gasification. Coal can be converted into syngas and methane (also known as town gas). The methane can then be separated out of the town gas. This production method however is -as clear- not environmentally friendly at all.

Storage

Methane has fewer storage problems than hydrogen. It ie does not leak through materials as easily as hydrogen, meaning that regular tanks can be used.

Syngas conversion

Methane can be converted to syngas. This is done using a process called steam reforming. Basically, at high temperatures (700–1100 °C), steam (H2O) reacts with the methane (CH4) and yields syngas. As syngas is a gas that is much less easy to store, the uses of this process are limited.

Uses

  • Methane can be used very easily for low pressure/relatively low heat uses, such as mantle lighting or cooking.
  • It can be used as a vehicle fuel, yet then requires pressurisation (so a gas compressor needs to be added to the system[5][6]). It can be compressed to a specific pressure at which methane is still a gas (say 3600 psi for the tank/125psi injected to motor). It can also be compressed untill it becomes a liquid fuel; however at these pressures the fuel has actually consumed more energy for the compression than what it can actually release in work when combusted.[7]

Risks

If allowed to escape it has a negative impact on the climate. This, as it's a very potent GHG-gas. It breaks down when burned, so not a problem if burned; yet it can be a problem ie in case of leaks. Although it is a potent greenhouse gas, it does not last as long in the atmosphere as many other such gases, eventually breaking down into carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Reflist

Template:Reflist

See also

External links

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