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This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of ''Lonicera caerulea'' (Honeyberry / Haskap berry), a cool temperate climate shrub with edible fruit in the honeysuckle family. It is native to boreal forests in temperate Eurasia and North America. The plant may perform moderately well as part of the shrub layer in a temperate climate [[forest garden]]. | |||
This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of ''Lonicera caerulea'', a cool temperate climate shrub with edible fruit in the honeysuckle family. The plant may perform moderately well as part of the shrub layer in a temperate climate [[forest garden]]. | |||
==Background Information== | == Background Information == | ||
Approximately 180 honeysuckle species are identified. They are arching shrubs or twining vines, some are fragrant and are grown as garden ornamentals. Most have mildly poisonous berries. Other edible honeysuckles include ''Lonicera augustifolia'' (Narrow-leaf Honeysuckle) and ''Lonicera villosa'' (Mountain Fly Honeysuckle). | |||
Species: | === Taxonomy === | ||
Family: Caprifoliaceae ("honeysuckle family") | |||
Genus: ''Lonicera'' | |||
Species: ''L. caerulea'' | |||
=== Common names === | |||
* Honeyberry | * Honeyberry | ||
* Sweetberry Honeysuckle | * Sweetberry Honeysuckle | ||
* Haskap (haskappu, hascap, hascup) | * Haskap (haskappu, hascap, hascup) | ||
* Blue-berried Honeysuckle / Blue honeysuckle | * Blue-berried Honeysuckle / Blue honeysuckle | ||
* Honeyberry Honeysuckle | |||
* Deepblue Honeysuckle | * Deepblue Honeysuckle | ||
* Bluefly honeysuckle | * Bluefly honeysuckle | ||
| Line 21: | Line 25: | ||
* Swamp fly honeysuckle | * Swamp fly honeysuckle | ||
===Etymology=== | === Etymology === | ||
''Lonicera'' after Renaissance botanist Adam Lonicer.{{ | |||
''Lonicera'' after Renaissance botanist Adam Lonicer.{{W|Adam Lonicer}} | |||
''Caerulea''/''caeruleus'' dissimilation of ''caeluleus'', derived from ''caelum'' ( | ''Caerulea''/''caeruleus'' dissimilation of ''caeluleus'', derived from ''caelum'' ("sky, heaven") + ''-uleus'' (diminutive suffix indicating small size or youth). | ||
''Haskap'' from Ainu language meaning "little present on the end of the branch". | ''Haskap'' from Ainu language meaning "little present on the end of the branch". | ||
===History=== | === History === | ||
Originally cultivated as a food crop in Japan and | |||
The Ainu people knew of the plant centuries ago.<ref name="williams2017" /> Originally cultivated as a food crop in Siberia, northern China and northern Japan.<ref name="cockrallking2016" /> Thought to have been first cultivated in Russia in the 1950s.<ref name="williams2017" /> Some cultivars have been developed at the University of Saskatchewan and the commercial growing of haskap is growing in Canada.<ref name="cockrallking2016">Cockrall-King, J (2016). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=527hCwAAQBAJ Food Artisans of the Okanagan: Your Guide to the Best Locally Crafted Fare.] TouchWood Editions. ISBN 9781771511537.</ref> | |||
=== Varieties === | |||
== | == Characteristics == | ||
== | === Range === | ||
They are only found in the North. Although there are Haskaps native to North America, they are fairly rare occuring and have berries smaller than a pea. Those varieties native to Asia have larger fruit, thought to be why the Russians and the Japanese cultivated them first.<ref name="williams2017" /> | |||
''Native to:'' | ''Native to:'' | ||
| Line 44: | Line 53: | ||
Norway | Norway | ||
<nowiki>[Source= Plants of the World Online]</nowiki><ref name=powo>[http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148657-1 ''Lonicera caerulea'' (Plants of the World Online).]</ref> | <nowiki>[Source= Plants of the World Online]</nowiki><ref name="powo">[http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148657-1 ''Lonicera caerulea'' (Plants of the World Online).]</ref> | ||
===Morphology=== | === Morphology === | ||
Mature height 1.2-1.5 m (5"), spread 1.5 m (5")<ref name="rhs" /><ref name="crawford2016">Crawford, M (2016). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/creating-a-forest-garden-working-with-nature-to-grow-edible-crops/oclc/1041938577 Creating a Forest Garden: working with nature to grow edible crops.] Green Books. ISBN 9781900322621.</ref> | |||
= | |||
Flowers yellow - white.<ref name="whitefield1996" /> | |||
Fruiting in summer. | Fruits 0.8-1.0cm long, dark blue. Thin skin.<ref name="cockrallking2016" /> Unique flavor variably compared to blueberry (but more tart + acidic), raspberry, saskatoon, blackcurrant | ||
=== Growth Habit === | |||
Fast growing, deciduous shrub.<ref name="pemberton2019" /> Not a climber, unlike the commonly known ornamental honeysuckles.<ref name="whitefield1996" /> | |||
=== Reproduction === | |||
Self-sterile,<ref name="crawford2016" /> i.e. at least 2 cultivars needed for cross pollination and good cropping.<ref name="toensmeier2013" /> | |||
Flowering from late winter<ref name="rhs">[https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=728 Honeyberry (Royal Horticultural Society).]</ref> to spring (March-April in UK).<ref name="crawford2016" /> Flowers frost tolerant.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
Fruiting in summer (May), often the first berries to come into fruit.<ref name="toensmeier2013">Toensmeier, E; Bates, J (2013). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ipA1e_EXJHoC Paradise Lot: Two Plant Geeks, One-Tenth of an Acre, and the Making of an Edible Garden Oasis in the City.] Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 9781603583992.</ref> | |||
Lifespan approx. 25-30 years.<ref name="L2g" /> New plants produce first (limited) crop in second growing season. 3-4 year old plants start cropping heavily.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
== Requirements == | |||
''L. caerulea'' grows on the edge of swamps and wetlands in the wild.<ref name="williams2017">Williams, S; Bors, B (2017). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z9skDwAAQBAJ Growing Fruit in Northern Gardens.] Coteau Books. ISBN 9781550509144.</ref> | |||
=== Hardiness === | |||
=== Soil Type === | |||
Tolerant of most soils.<ref name="crawford2016" /> Well-drained, organic matter rich soil is ideal.<ref name="rhs" /> Semi-toleratant of wet soil conditions, but not clay.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
=== Soil pH === | |||
Tolerates acidic and alkaline soil,<ref name="rhs" /> from pH 4-8, ideal pH 5.5-6.5.<ref name="L2g">[https://luv2garden.com/honey_berry.html Blueberry Honeysuckle How to Grow Honey Berry (Vegetable Garden Reference Center).]</ref> | |||
=== Shade Preference === | |||
Full sun | Full sun | ||
===Shade Tolerance=== | |||
=== Shade Tolerance === | |||
Moderate shade, cropping reduced | Moderate shade, cropping reduced | ||
==Cultivation== | === Aspect === | ||
=== Exposure === | |||
Not tolerant of high winds.<ref name="L2g" /> Choose or create a sheltered site (e.g. see [[windbreaks]]). | |||
== Cultivation == | |||
Easy to grow | Easy to grow | ||
== | === Planting === | ||
Other sources advise Potted or bare rooted plants in winter.<ref name="crawford2016" /> For the first few years deep water to promote healthy root system development.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
=== Forest Gardening === | |||
Like many berries, cropping is reduced in shade. In this regard, there are potentially more productive options for the shrub layer which will perform slightly better in partial shade (e.g. [[Gooseberry]], [[Jostaberry]], [[currants]]). However, marked hardiness, early cropping, disease resistance and low maintenance are potentially useful factors. Honeyberry plants may be best positioned in relatively sunnier patches in a forest garden to perform best, and they may benefit from the wind-sheltered microclimate provided by nearby trees. | |||
One author of a forest gardening textbook gave honeyberry a "good" rating (2 out of 4) to describe the plants potential to perform in a temperate forest garden.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
=== Companion Planting === | |||
=== Allelopathy === | |||
Haksaps do not compete well with grass or other palnts with deeper roots.<ref name="williams2017" /> | |||
=== Propagation === | |||
Difficult from seed. The tiny seeds only germinate after deep chilling (cold stratification). Put in a freezer for 3-4 months.<ref name="L2g" /> Easier to buy young plants or take cuttings. | |||
Semi ripe/softwood cuttings in late summer. Hardwood cuttings in winter.<ref name="crawford2016" /> | |||
=== Maintenance === | |||
Low maintenance. Annual application of balanced fertilizer.<ref name="rhs" /> Over fertilization will lead to vigorous growth at the expense of flowers and fruit.<ref name="rhs" /> Mulch around base of plant. | |||
=== Watering === | |||
=== Pruning === | |||
=== Problems === | |||
Generally resistant to pests and disesases.<ref name="pemberton2019">Pemberton, T; Gearing, D; Marsh, C; (2019). [https://www.worldcat.org/title/edible-shrubs/oclc/1088729543 Edible Shrubs.] Plants for a Future. ISBN 9781791954949.</ref> | |||
* '''Birds:''' some species will damage the buds, others will eat the crop. Consider using nets or cages to keep birds off.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
== Harvest == | |||
Harvest when berries darken and soften.<ref name="crawford2016" /> Darkening starts from skin and goes towards center of fruit meaning they can be blue on the outside before they are fully ripe, tasting bitter. Wait until berries are deep purple - red on the inside.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
Stores for about 1 week. | Stores for about 1 week. | ||
==Preservation== | |||
Approx. 2.3-2.7kg (5-7 lbs) per mature plant.<ref name="L2g" /> | |||
== Preservation == | |||
* Freezing | * Freezing | ||
==Uses== | |||
Berries can be eaten raw. | == Uses == | ||
Berries can be eaten raw. | |||
* Jams | * Jams | ||
* Jellies | * Jellies | ||
| Line 104: | Line 167: | ||
Secondary uses: | Secondary uses: | ||
* [[Bee-friendly plants|Bee plant]] (like most honeysuckles) | * [[Bee-friendly plants|Bee plant]] (like most honeysuckles).<ref name="L2g" /> | ||
==Cooking== | |||
Generally speaking, can substitute for blueberry in recipes. Seeds are very small, so no need to sieve. | == Cooking == | ||
Generally speaking, can substitute for blueberry in recipes, e.g. in pies or crumbles.<ref name="whitefield1996">Whitefield, P (1996). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3rd3e69BnC8C How to make a Forest Garden.] Permanent Publications. ISBN 9781856230087</ref> Seeds are very small, so no need to sieve. | |||
''Add recipes or links here'' | ''Add recipes or links here'' | ||
==Nutritional Values== | == Nutritional Values == | ||
* High in antioxidants (3x higher than blueberries). | |||
* High in Vitamin C | * High in antioxidants (3x higher than blueberries). | ||
* High in Vitamin C | |||
* High in calcium | * High in calcium | ||
==References== | |||
{{ | == References == | ||
<references /> | |||
{{Page data}} | |||
[[Category:Berries]] | [[Category:Berries]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:54, 9 June 2023
This article discusses cultivation, uses and preservation of Lonicera caerulea (Honeyberry / Haskap berry), a cool temperate climate shrub with edible fruit in the honeysuckle family. It is native to boreal forests in temperate Eurasia and North America. The plant may perform moderately well as part of the shrub layer in a temperate climate forest garden.
Background Information[edit | edit source]
Approximately 180 honeysuckle species are identified. They are arching shrubs or twining vines, some are fragrant and are grown as garden ornamentals. Most have mildly poisonous berries. Other edible honeysuckles include Lonicera augustifolia (Narrow-leaf Honeysuckle) and Lonicera villosa (Mountain Fly Honeysuckle).
Taxonomy[edit | edit source]
Family: Caprifoliaceae ("honeysuckle family")
Genus: Lonicera
Species: L. caerulea
Common names[edit | edit source]
- Honeyberry
- Sweetberry Honeysuckle
- Haskap (haskappu, hascap, hascup)
- Blue-berried Honeysuckle / Blue honeysuckle
- Honeyberry Honeysuckle
- Deepblue Honeysuckle
- Bluefly honeysuckle
- Edible honeysuckle
- Swamp fly honeysuckle
Etymology[edit | edit source]
Lonicera after Renaissance botanist Adam Lonicer.W
Caerulea/caeruleus dissimilation of caeluleus, derived from caelum ("sky, heaven") + -uleus (diminutive suffix indicating small size or youth).
Haskap from Ainu language meaning "little present on the end of the branch".
History[edit | edit source]
The Ainu people knew of the plant centuries ago.[1] Originally cultivated as a food crop in Siberia, northern China and northern Japan.[2] Thought to have been first cultivated in Russia in the 1950s.[1] Some cultivars have been developed at the University of Saskatchewan and the commercial growing of haskap is growing in Canada.[2]
Varieties[edit | edit source]
Characteristics[edit | edit source]
Range[edit | edit source]
They are only found in the North. Although there are Haskaps native to North America, they are fairly rare occuring and have berries smaller than a pea. Those varieties native to Asia have larger fruit, thought to be why the Russians and the Japanese cultivated them first.[1]
Native to:
Albania, Amur, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Chita, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Korea, Kuril Is., Magadan, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Primorye, Romania, Sakhalin, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia
Introduced into:
Norway
[Source= Plants of the World Online][3]
Morphology[edit | edit source]
Mature height 1.2-1.5 m (5"), spread 1.5 m (5")[4][5]
Flowers yellow - white.[6]
Fruits 0.8-1.0cm long, dark blue. Thin skin.[2] Unique flavor variably compared to blueberry (but more tart + acidic), raspberry, saskatoon, blackcurrant
Growth Habit[edit | edit source]
Fast growing, deciduous shrub.[7] Not a climber, unlike the commonly known ornamental honeysuckles.[6]
Reproduction[edit | edit source]
Self-sterile,[5] i.e. at least 2 cultivars needed for cross pollination and good cropping.[8]
Flowering from late winter[4] to spring (March-April in UK).[5] Flowers frost tolerant.[5]
Fruiting in summer (May), often the first berries to come into fruit.[8]
Lifespan approx. 25-30 years.[9] New plants produce first (limited) crop in second growing season. 3-4 year old plants start cropping heavily.[9]
Requirements[edit | edit source]
L. caerulea grows on the edge of swamps and wetlands in the wild.[1]
Hardiness[edit | edit source]
Soil Type[edit | edit source]
Tolerant of most soils.[5] Well-drained, organic matter rich soil is ideal.[4] Semi-toleratant of wet soil conditions, but not clay.[9]
Soil pH[edit | edit source]
Tolerates acidic and alkaline soil,[4] from pH 4-8, ideal pH 5.5-6.5.[9]
Shade Preference[edit | edit source]
Full sun
Shade Tolerance[edit | edit source]
Moderate shade, cropping reduced
Aspect[edit | edit source]
Exposure[edit | edit source]
Not tolerant of high winds.[9] Choose or create a sheltered site (e.g. see windbreaks).
Cultivation[edit | edit source]
Easy to grow
Planting[edit | edit source]
Other sources advise Potted or bare rooted plants in winter.[5] For the first few years deep water to promote healthy root system development.[9]
Forest Gardening[edit | edit source]
Like many berries, cropping is reduced in shade. In this regard, there are potentially more productive options for the shrub layer which will perform slightly better in partial shade (e.g. Gooseberry, Jostaberry, currants). However, marked hardiness, early cropping, disease resistance and low maintenance are potentially useful factors. Honeyberry plants may be best positioned in relatively sunnier patches in a forest garden to perform best, and they may benefit from the wind-sheltered microclimate provided by nearby trees.
One author of a forest gardening textbook gave honeyberry a "good" rating (2 out of 4) to describe the plants potential to perform in a temperate forest garden.[5]
Companion Planting[edit | edit source]
Allelopathy[edit | edit source]
Haksaps do not compete well with grass or other palnts with deeper roots.[1]
Propagation[edit | edit source]
Difficult from seed. The tiny seeds only germinate after deep chilling (cold stratification). Put in a freezer for 3-4 months.[9] Easier to buy young plants or take cuttings.
Semi ripe/softwood cuttings in late summer. Hardwood cuttings in winter.[5]
Maintenance[edit | edit source]
Low maintenance. Annual application of balanced fertilizer.[4] Over fertilization will lead to vigorous growth at the expense of flowers and fruit.[4] Mulch around base of plant.
Watering[edit | edit source]
Pruning[edit | edit source]
Problems[edit | edit source]
Generally resistant to pests and disesases.[7]
- Birds: some species will damage the buds, others will eat the crop. Consider using nets or cages to keep birds off.[9]
Harvest[edit | edit source]
Harvest when berries darken and soften.[5] Darkening starts from skin and goes towards center of fruit meaning they can be blue on the outside before they are fully ripe, tasting bitter. Wait until berries are deep purple - red on the inside.[9]
Stores for about 1 week.
Approx. 2.3-2.7kg (5-7 lbs) per mature plant.[9]
Preservation[edit | edit source]
- Freezing
Uses[edit | edit source]
Berries can be eaten raw.
- Jams
- Jellies
- Fruit leather
Secondary uses:
Cooking[edit | edit source]
Generally speaking, can substitute for blueberry in recipes, e.g. in pies or crumbles.[6] Seeds are very small, so no need to sieve.
Add recipes or links here
Nutritional Values[edit | edit source]
- High in antioxidants (3x higher than blueberries).
- High in Vitamin C
- High in calcium
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Williams, S; Bors, B (2017). Growing Fruit in Northern Gardens. Coteau Books. ISBN 9781550509144.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cockrall-King, J (2016). Food Artisans of the Okanagan: Your Guide to the Best Locally Crafted Fare. TouchWood Editions. ISBN 9781771511537.
- ↑ Lonicera caerulea (Plants of the World Online).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Honeyberry (Royal Horticultural Society).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Crawford, M (2016). Creating a Forest Garden: working with nature to grow edible crops. Green Books. ISBN 9781900322621.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Whitefield, P (1996). How to make a Forest Garden. Permanent Publications. ISBN 9781856230087
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pemberton, T; Gearing, D; Marsh, C; (2019). Edible Shrubs. Plants for a Future. ISBN 9781791954949.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Toensmeier, E; Bates, J (2013). Paradise Lot: Two Plant Geeks, One-Tenth of an Acre, and the Making of an Edible Garden Oasis in the City. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 9781603583992.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 Blueberry Honeysuckle How to Grow Honey Berry (Vegetable Garden Reference Center).
