Line 73: Line 73:
! width="220" |Material
! width="220" |Material
! width="180" |Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)
! width="180" |Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)
! width="240" |Embodied CO<sub>2</sub> (/kg)
! width="240" |Embodied CO<sub>2</sub> (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kg) <ref> Hammond, Geoff, and Craig Jones. "Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE V2.0) Embodied Energy & Carbon." University of Bath. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/sert/embodied/>.</ref>
! width="220" |Notes
! width="220" |Notes
|-
|-
| align="center"| ABS
| align="center"| ABS
| align="center"| 111<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 111<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 3.05
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.<ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| HDPE
| align="center"| HDPE
| align="center"| 98.2-103<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 98.2-103<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"|1.57(resin)-2.02(pipe)
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| LDPE
| align="center"| LDPE
| align="center"| 90-103<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 90-103<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"|1.69(resin)-2.13(film)
| align="center"| From Lawson. 1994.<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From Lawson. 1994.<ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
Line 98: Line 98:
| align="center"| Polypropylene
| align="center"| Polypropylene
| align="center"| 64<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 64<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 2.97-3.93
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| Polystyrene (expanded)
| align="center"| Polystyrene  
| align="center"| 117<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 117<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 2.55-3.45
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| Polyurethane
| align="center"| Polyurethane
| align="center"| 72.2-74<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 72.2-74<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 3.48-4.06
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| PVC
| align="center"| PVC
| align="center"| 38.6-189<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| 38.6-189<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 2.56-2.61
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer.  Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.<ref name="[5]"/>
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer.  Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.<ref name="[5]"/>
|-
|-
| align="center"| PET
| align="center"| PET
| align="center"| 77<ref name="[4]"/>
| align="center"| 77<ref name="[4]"/>
| align="center"|
| align="center"| 2.73
| align="center"| From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. <ref name="[4]"/>
| align="center"| From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. <ref name="[4]"/>
|}
|}

Revision as of 03:26, 18 October 2011

This literature review supports the following project: Life cycle analysis of distributed polymer recycling


Kuczensk, Brandon, and Roland Geyer. "LCA and Recycling Policy — a Case Study in Plastic." 1 Oct. 2001. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. [6].

  • 11 states have bottle bills (MI included)
  • producing 1 kg PET requires 206 g Natural Gas for ethylene, 588 g crude oil for xylene, Liquid oxygen, and water
  • 1kg diverted from land fill saves 1kg disposal +.78kg primary production
  • buy back centers/source separated processors: .044MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
  • curbside collection: .65-.8 MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
  • materials recovery center: .38 MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
  • each additional kg recycled reduced primary energy 46.2-56.3 MJ

NOTES: good diagrams/flowcharts, necessary info for CA only [1]

Lofti, Ahmad. "Plastic / Polymer Recycling." Web. 11 Oct. 2011. [7].

  • 1:PET (highly recyclable)
  • 2:HDPE (highly recyclable)
  • 3:PVC (not recycled)
  • 4:LDPE
  • 5:Polypropylene (not recycled)
  • 6:Polystyrene (not recycled)
  • 7:Other/mixed (no recycling)
  • usually a single re-use
  • can't mix PET and PVC in recycling
  • steps: collection, sorting/seperating, processing, manufacturing

NOTES: outdated [2]

The ImpEE Project: Recycling of Plastics. The Cambridge-MIT Institute. 11 Oct 2011. [8]

  • embodied energy analysis via input/output instead of thermo
  • energy in/kg PET out
  • energy in/bottles out
  • LCA preformed on milk carton
  • comparison of different materials (PET, glass, aluminum, steel)
  • LCA of recycling PET into fleece
  • chart of embodied energies and prices of polymers
  • embodied energy and price of recycled material is half of virgin material (lower quality)
  • "Transport does not have a great impact on the energy life cycle of this product."-slide 8

NOTES: great diagrams, equations [3]


Britz, David, Yohsi Hamaoka, and Jessica Mazorson. "Recology: Value in Recycling Materials." MIT Sloan Sustainability Lab, 13 May 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [9].

  • studied virgin material market, environmental impact, and recycling of virgin material
  • used LCA databases
  • materials flow and embodied energy
  • energy input=energy stored product+energy stored in waste+energy released
  • recycled material uses 80% less energy than virgin material
  • producing 1 kg recycled PET uses 42-55 MJ/ 1kg virgin PET uses >77 MJ

NOTES:check sources 12-14 [4]

"Embodied Energy Coefficients." Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [10].

  • coefficients in MJ/kg and MJ3
  • ABS, HDPE,LDPE, polyester, pp, ps, polyurethane, PVC
  • compares local data to worldwide data
  • sourced

[5]

Embodied Energy Table

Table 1: Embodied Energy per kg material

Material Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied CO2 (kg CO2/kg) [6] Notes
ABS 111[5] 3.05 From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.[5]
HDPE 98.2-103[5] 1.57(resin)-2.02(pipe) From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. [5]
LDPE 90-103[5] 1.69(resin)-2.13(film) From Lawson. 1994.[5]
Polyester 53.7[5] From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1991. [5]
Polypropylene 64[5] 2.97-3.93 From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. [5]
Polystyrene 117[5] 2.55-3.45 From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. [5]
Polyurethane 72.2-74[5] 3.48-4.06 From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. [5]
PVC 38.6-189[5] 2.56-2.61 From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer. Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.[5]
PET 77[4] 2.73 From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. [4]

References

  1. Kuczensk, Brandon, and Roland Geyer. "LCA and Recycling Policy — a Case Study in Plastic." 1 Oct. 2001. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. [1].
  2. Lofti, Ahmad. "Plastic / Polymer Recycling." Web. 11 Oct. 2011. [2].
  3. The ImpEE Project: Recycling of Plastics. The Cambridge-MIT Institute. 11 Oct 2011. [3]
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Britz, David, Yohsi Hamaoka, and Jessica Mazorson. "Recology: Value in Recycling Materials." MIT Sloan Sustainability Lab, 13 May 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [4].
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 "Embodied Energy Coefficients." Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [5].
  6. Hammond, Geoff, and Craig Jones. "Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE V2.0) Embodied Energy & Carbon." University of Bath. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/sert/embodied/>.
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