Life cycle analysis of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3-D printing filament: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:36, 16 April 2024

Source data
Type	Paper
Cite as Citation reference for the source document. M.A. Kreiger, M.L. Mulder, A.G. Glover, J. M. Pearce, Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Recycling of Post-consumer High Density Polyethylene for 3-D Printing Filament, Journal of Cleaner Production, 70, pp. 90–96 (2014). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009. open access

The growth of desktop 3-D printers is driving an interest in recycled 3-D printer filament to reduce costs of distributed production. Life cycle analysis studies were performed on the recycling of high density polyethylene into filament suitable for additive layer manufacturing with 3-D printers. The conventional centralized recycling system for high population density and low population density rural locations was compared to the proposed in home, distributed recycling system. This system would involve shredding and then producing filament with an open-source plastic extruder from post-consumer plastics and then printing the extruded filament into usable, value-added parts and products with 3-D printers such as the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper, or RepRap. The embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for high density polyethylene recycling using SimaPro 7.2 and the database EcoInvent v2.0. The results showed that distributed recycling uses less embodied energy than the best-case scenario used for centralized recycling. For centralized recycling in a low-density population case study involving substantial embodied energy use for transportation and collection these savings for distributed recycling were found to extend to over 80%. If the distributed process is applied to the U.S. high density polyethylene currently recycled, more than 100 million MJ of energy could be conserved per annum along with the concomitant significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It is concluded that with the open-source 3-D printing network expanding rapidly the potential for widespread adoption of in-home recycling of post-consumer plastic represents a novel path to a future of distributed manufacturing appropriate for both the developed and developing world with lower environmental impacts than the current system.

Highlights[edit | edit source]

Life cycle analysis performed on recycling of high density polyethylene (HDPE).
HDPE filament is used additive manufacturing with open-source 3-D printers.
Compared energy & greenhouse gas emissions for distributed vs centralized recycling.
Distributed recycling has lower environmental impact than centralized recycling.

Key Findings[edit | edit source]

Energy Demand & Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Case	Energy Demand (MJ/kg HDPE)	Percent Reduction (%) for Distributed Recycling	Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO₂ eq per kg HDPE)
Distributed Recycling: Insulated RecycleBot	8.74		0.52
Virgin Resin	79.67	89	1.82
Centralized Recycling – High Density Population: Detroit	9	3	0.63
Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (monthly)	28.4	69	2.65
Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (bi-weekly)	48.9	82	4.04

3DPI.tv on Recycling with Recyclebot

See also[edit source]

https://patentcenter.uspto.gov/applications/90015140

RepRapable Recyclebot and the Wild West of Recycling[edit source]

Recycling Technology[edit source]

Distributed Recycling LCA[edit source]

Literature Reviews[edit source]

Externals[edit source]

Economist article on U. of Washington's HDPE boat, Oprn3dp.me
https://ultimaker.com/en/resources/52444-ocean-plastic-community-project
Another possible solution - reusable containers [1]
Commercial https://dyzedesign.com/pulsar-pellet-extruder/
---
Cruz, F., Lanza, S., Boudaoud, H., Hoppe, S., & Camargo, M. Polymer Recycling and Additive Manufacturing in an Open Source context: Optimization of processes and methods. [2]
Investigating Material Degradation through the Recycling of PLA in Additively Manufactured Parts
Mohammed, M.I., Das, A., Gomez-Kervin, E., Wilson, D. and Gibson, I., EcoPrinting: Investigating the use of 100% recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for Additive Manufacturing.
Kariz, M., Sernek, M., Obućina, M. and Kuzman, M.K., 2017. Effect of wood content in FDM filament on properties of 3D printed parts. Materials Today Communications. [3]
Kaynak, B., Spoerk, M., Shirole, A., Ziegler, W. and Sapkota, J., 2018. Polypropylene/Cellulose Composites for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, p.1800037. [4]
O. Martikka et al., "Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Wood-Plastic Composites", Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 777, pp. 499-507, 2018 [5]
Yang, T.C., 2018. Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Wood Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composite (WFRPC) Components Using Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers, 10(9), p.976. [6]
Romani, A., Rognoli, V., & Levi, M. (2021). Design, Materials, and Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing in Circular Economy Contexts: From Waste to New Products. Sustainability, 13(13), 7269. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/13/7269/pdf

Chemical Compatibility of Fused Filament Fabrication-based 3-D Printed Components with Solutions Commonly Used in Semiconductor Wet Processing

Media[edit | edit source]

Study: Recycling plastic at home saves energy and dramatically cuts 3D printing costs - CNN/Money, Gigaom
Save Money and the Planet: Turn Your Old Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament- MTU News,Science Codex, Science Daily, Humanitarian News, ECN, Science Blog, EIA (India)
Turning old plastic into 3D printer filament is greener than conventional recycling - 3Ders
3D printing with old milk jugs saves both money and energy Geek.com
MTU professor turns waste plastic into 3D printer filament - Modern Plastics & Polymers
Turning old milk jugs into 3D printer filament - Phys.org, Product Design and Development
Michigan Tech Prof Says You Can Save Big With Milk Jug Recycling For 3D Printing - CBS Detroit
How 3D printer can help you protect environment - Yahoo News,Business Standard, Daijiworld, IANS Live, Daily India Mail, Vancouver Desi, Malaysian Sun
New Process Recycles Milk Jugs Into 3D Printer Filament - Red Orbit
3D Printer Filament Recycling is Super Green - Engineering.com
Need 3D printer filament? Got milk? - Ars Technica
Zelf je verpakkingen omsmelten nog milieuvriendelijker dan officieel recyclen - C2W (Dutch Chemistry magazine)
3D Printing: A Better Way To Recycle - Earthtechling
DIY recycling the most energy efficient - Recycling International
laverdad.es
How can 3D printers help in energy conservation? - The Hindu
3D Printing Offers New Way to Recycle and Save Money- Franchise Herald
Make Your Own 3-D Printer Filament From Old Milk Jugs — Exponentially Cheaper Than Buying Filament, Research Shows - Cleantechnica
3D Printing Plastic — Distributed Recyling and Distributing the Benefits - 3D Printing Industry
Save the planet: Turn old milk jugs into 3D printer filament - CrowdfundingPR
Recycling Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament Saves Money and the Environment - 3D Printer World
Research: LCA of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3D printing filament - NVC Netherlands
Can We 3D Print our Way to Sustainability? - Earth Island Journal
Plastic: New Technology Promises Greener 3-D Printing NBC News New York, Miami Sun Times, NBC Bay Area
Una revisión al impacto ambiental de la impresión 3D Impresiontresde

Page data
Authors	Joshua M. Pearce
License	CC-BY-SA-3.0
Language	English (en)
Translations	Spanish
Related	1 subpages, 177 pages link here
Impact	902 page views
Created	February 14, 2014 by Joshua M. Pearce
Modified	April 16, 2024 by Kathy Nativi
Cite as	Joshua M. Pearce (2014–2024). "Life cycle analysis of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3-D printing filament". Appropedia. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
API queries	basic, semantic, html, files, more

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{MOST}}
+[[File:Recyclebot-process.png|thumb]]
-==Source==
+{{Source data
-*M.A. Kreiger, M.L. Mulder, A.G. Glover, [[J. M. Pearce]], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009 Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Recycling of Post-consumer High Density Polyethylene for 3-D Printing Filament], ''Journal of Cleaner Production'', (in press) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009. [https://www.academia.edu/6188555/Life_cycle_analysis_of_distributed_recycling_of_post-consumer_high_density_polyethylene_for_3-D_printing_filament open access]
+| type = Paper
+| cite-as = M.A. Kreiger, M.L. Mulder, A.G. Glover, [[J. M. Pearce]], [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009 Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Recycling of Post-consumer High Density Polyethylene for 3-D Printing Filament], ''Journal of Cleaner Production'', 70, pp. 90–96 (2014). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.009. [https://www.academia.edu/6188555/Life_cycle_analysis_of_distributed_recycling_of_post-consumer_high_density_polyethylene_for_3-D_printing_filament open access]
+}}
+The growth of desktop [[3-D printers]] is driving an interest in recycled 3-D printer filament to reduce costs of distributed production. Life cycle analysis studies were performed on the recycling of high density polyethylene into filament suitable for additive layer manufacturing with 3-D printers. The conventional centralized recycling system for high population density and low population density rural locations was compared to the proposed in home, distributed recycling system. This system would involve shredding and then producing filament with an open-source plastic extruder from post-consumer plastics and then printing the extruded filament into usable, value-added parts and products with 3-D printers such as the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper, or [[RepRap]]. The embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for high density polyethylene recycling using SimaPro 7.2 and the database EcoInvent v2.0. The results showed that distributed recycling uses less embodied energy than the best-case scenario used for centralized recycling. For centralized recycling in a low-density population case study involving substantial embodied energy use for transportation and collection these savings for distributed recycling were found to extend to over 80%. If the distributed process is applied to the U.S. high density polyethylene currently recycled, more than 100 million MJ of energy could be conserved per annum along with the concomitant significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It is concluded that with the open-source 3-D printing network expanding rapidly the potential for widespread adoption of in-home recycling of post-consumer plastic represents a novel path to a future of distributed manufacturing appropriate for both the developed and developing world with lower environmental impacts than the current system.
+{{MOST-RepRap}}
+== Highlights ==
+[[File:P1.jpg|thumb]]
-==Highlights==
-[[image:P1.jpg|right]]
 * Life cycle analysis performed on recycling of high density polyethylene (HDPE).
 * HDPE filament is used additive manufacturing with open-source 3-D printers.
@@ Line 12: / Line 21: @@
 * Distributed recycling has lower environmental impact than centralized recycling.
-==Abstract==
+== Key Findings ==
-[[image:Recyclebot-process.png|right]] The growth of desktop [[3-D printers]] is driving an interest in recycled 3-D printer filament to reduce costs of distributed production. Life cycle analysis studies were performed on the recycling of high density polyethylene into filament suitable for additive layer manufacturing with 3-D printers. The conventional centralized recycling system for high population density and low population density rural locations was compared to the proposed in home, [[distributed recycling]] system. This system would involve shredding and then producing filament with an open-source plastic extruder from post-consumer plastics and then printing the extruded filament into usable, value-added parts and products with 3-D printers such as the open-source self replicating rapid prototyper, or [[RepRap]]. The embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for high density polyethylene recycling using [[SimaPro]] 7.2 and the database [[EcoInvent]] v2.0. The results showed that distributed recycling uses less embodied energy than the best-case scenario used for centralized recycling. For centralized recycling in a low-density population case study involving substantial embodied energy use for transportation and collection these savings for distributed recycling were found to extend to over 80%. If the distributed process is applied to the U.S. high density polyethylene currently recycled, more than 100 million MJ of energy could be conserved per annum along with the concomitant significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It is concluded that with the open-source 3-D printing network expanding rapidly the potential for widespread adoption of in-home recycling of post-consumer plastic represents a novel path to a future of distributed manufacturing appropriate for both the developed and developing world with lower environmental impacts than the current system.
-==Key Findings==
+'''Energy Demand & Greenhouse Gas Emissions.'''
-'''Energy Demand & Greenhouse Gas Emissions.'''
 {| class="wikitable"
-|-
 ! Case
 ! Energy Demand (MJ/kg HDPE)
@@ Line 25: / Line 31: @@
 ! Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq per kg HDPE)
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Distributed Recycling: Insulated RecycleBot
+| Distributed Recycling: Insulated RecycleBot
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 8.74
+| 8.74
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | --
+|
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 0.52
+| 0.52
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Virgin Resin
+| Virgin Resin
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 79.67
+| 79.67
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 89
+| 89
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 1.82
+| 1.82
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Centralized Recycling – High Density Population: Detroit
+| Centralized Recycling – High Density Population: Detroit
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 9
+| 9
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 3
+| 3
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 0.63
+| 0.63
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (monthly)
+| Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (monthly)
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 28.4
+| 28.4
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 69
+| 69
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 2.65
+| 2.65
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (bi-weekly)
+| Centralized Recycling – Low Density Population: Copper Harbor (bi-weekly)
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 48.9
+| 48.9
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 82
+| 82
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | 4.04
+| 4.04
 |}
-<display_points type="hybrid" center="44.992885,-86.410678"zoom="6" width="375" height="400">
+{{Video|3Xpsv3IRk_Q|3DPI.tv on Recycling with Recyclebot}}
-.467325, -87.890968|Copper Harbor
-.117336, -88.571091|Houghton
-.439674, -83.012695|Detroit
-</display_points>
-==See Also==
+{{Map
-* [[Recyclebot]]
+| data = 47.467325, -87.890968 ~ Copper Harbor;
-* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Recyclebot Recyclebot on RepRap wiki]
+.117336, -88.571091 ~ Houghton;
-* [[Mechanical Properties of Components Fabricated with Open-Source 3-D Printers Under Realistic Environmental Conditions]]
+.439674, -83.012695 ~ Detroit;
-* [[Mechanical testing of polymer components made with the  RepRap 3-D printer]]
+}}
-* [[Development and feasibility of applications for the RepRap 3-D printer]]
-* [[Life cycle analysis of distributed polymer recycling]]
-* [[Solar powered distributed customized manufacturing]]
-* [[Distributed recycling of post-consumer plastic waste in rural areas]]
-* [[Ethical Filament Foundation]]
-* [http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21565577-new-manufacturing-technique-could-help-poor-countries-well-rich-ones Economist article on U. of Washington's HDPE boat], [http://open3dp.me.washington.edu/2012/07/woof-rocks-the-boat/ Oprn3dp.me]
-==Literature Reviews==
+{{MOST-recycle}}
-*[[Waste plastic extruder: literature review]]
-*[[Life cycle analysis of polymer recycling literature review]]
+* [[Chemical Compatibility of Fused Filament Fabrication-based 3-D Printed Components with Solutions Commonly Used in Semiconductor Wet Processing]]
+== Media ==
-==Media==
 * [http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/gigaom/articles/2014_03_05_study_recycling_plastic_at_home_saves_energy_and_dramatically_cuts_3d_printing_costs.html Study: Recycling plastic at home saves energy and dramatically cuts 3D printing costs] - CNN/Money, [http://gigaom.com/2014/03/05/study-recycling-plastic-at-home-saves-energy-and-dramatically-cuts-3d-printing-costs/ Gigaom]
-* [http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2014/march/story103831.html Save Money and the Planet: Turn Your Old Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament]- MTU News,[http://www.sciencecodex.com/save_money_and_the_planet_turn_your_old_milk_jugs_into_3d_printer_filament-129091 Science Codex], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140305125253.htm Science Daily], [http://humanitariannews.org/20140305/save-money-planet-turn-your-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament Humanitarian News], [http://www.ecnmag.com/news/2014/03/save-money-and-planet ECN], [http://scienceblog.com/70806/save-money-and-the-planet-turn-your-old-milk-jugs-into-3d-printer-filament/ Science Blog], [http://www.eai.in/360/news/pages/12119 EIA (India)]
+* [http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2014/march/story103831.html Save Money and the Planet: Turn Your Old Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament]- MTU News,[http://www.sciencecodex.com/save_money_and_the_planet_turn_your_old_milk_jugs_into_3d_printer_filament-129091 Science Codex], [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140305125253.htm Science Daily], [http://humanitariannews.org/20140305/save-money-planet-turn-your-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament Humanitarian News], [http://www.ecnmag.com/news/2014/03/save-money-and-planet ECN], [http://scienceblog.com/70806/save-money-and-the-planet-turn-your-old-milk-jugs-into-3d-printer-filament/ Science Blog], [http://web.archive.org/web/20161018060216/http://www.eai.in/360/news/pages/12119 EIA (India)]
 * [http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140304-turning-old-plastic-into-3d-printer-filament-is-greener-than-conventional-recycling.html Turning old plastic into 3D printer filament is greener than conventional recycling ] - 3Ders
-* [http://www.geek.com/news/3d-printing-with-old-milk-jugs-saves-both-money-and-energy-1586839/ 3D printing with old milk jugs saves both money and energy] Geek.com
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160503042651/http://www.geek.com/news/3d-printing-with-old-milk-jugs-saves-both-money-and-energy-1586839/ 3D printing with old milk jugs saves both money and energy] Geek.com
-* [http://www.mpponline.in/mtu-professor-turns-waste-plastic-into-3d-printer-filament/ MTU professor turns waste plastic into 3D printer filament] - Modern Plastics & Polymers
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160429053520/http://www.mpponline.in/mtu-professor-turns-waste-plastic-into-3d-printer-filament/ MTU professor turns waste plastic into 3D printer filament] - Modern Plastics & Polymers
-* [http://phys.org/news/2014-03-jugs-3d-printer-filament.html Turning old milk jugs into 3D printer filament] - Phys.org, [http://www.pddnet.com/news/2014/03/turning-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament Product Design and Development]
+* [http://phys.org/news/2014-03-jugs-3d-printer-filament.html Turning old milk jugs into 3D printer filament] - Phys.org, [http://web.archive.org/web/20150619094449/http://www.pddnet.com/news/2014/03/turning-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament Product Design and Development]
 * [http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2014/03/05/michigan-tech-prof-says-you-can-save-big-with-milk-jug-recycling-for-3d-printing/ Michigan Tech Prof Says You Can Save Big With Milk Jug Recycling For 3D Printing] - CBS Detroit
-* [http://news.yahoo.com/3d-printer-help-protect-environment-113417539.html How 3D printer can help you protect environment] - Yahoo News,[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/how-3d-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment-114030600711_1.html Business Standard], [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=221516 Daijiworld], [http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/How_3D_printer_can_help_you_protect_environment-414479/SCIENCE+&+TECHNOLOGY/36 IANS Live], [http://www.dailyindiamail.com/newsdetails.aspx?id=12078 Daily India Mail], [http://www.vancouverdesi.com/lifestyle/how-3d-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment/729035/ Vancouver Desi], [http://www.malaysiasun.com/index.php/sid/220356483/scat/9dd26ff7f3fbfc0e/ht/How-3D-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment Malaysian Sun]
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20150915080525/http://news.yahoo.com/3d-printer-help-protect-environment-113417539.html How 3D printer can help you protect environment] - Yahoo News,[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/how-3d-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment-114030600711_1.html Business Standard], [http://web.archive.org/web/20150618174358/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=221516 Daijiworld], [http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/How_3D_printer_can_help_you_protect_environment-414479/SCIENCE+&+TECHNOLOGY/36 IANS Live], [http://www.dailyindiamail.com/newsdetails.aspx?id=12078 Daily India Mail], [http://www.vancouverdesi.com/lifestyle/how-3d-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment/729035/ Vancouver Desi], [http://web.archive.org/web/20140309052919/http://www.malaysiasun.com/index.php/sid/220356483/scat/9dd26ff7f3fbfc0e/ht/How-3D-printer-can-help-you-protect-environment Malaysian Sun]
 * [http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1113088772/recycle-plastic-milk-jugs-into-cheaper-3d-printer-filament-030614/ New Process Recycles Milk Jugs Into 3D Printer Filament] - Red Orbit
 * [http://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/7273/3D-Printer-Filament-Recycling-is-Super-Green.aspx 3D Printer Filament Recycling is Super Green] - Engineering.com
 * [http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/03/need-3d-printer-filament-got-milk/ Need 3D printer filament? Got milk?] - Ars Technica
-* [http://www.c2w.nl/afval-printen-in-3d.363628.lynkx Zelf je verpakkingen omsmelten nog milieuvriendelijker dan officieel recyclen] - C2W (Dutch Chemistry magazine)
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160331104223/http://www.c2w.nl/afval-printen-in-3d.363628.lynkx Zelf je verpakkingen omsmelten nog milieuvriendelijker dan officieel recyclen] - C2W (Dutch Chemistry magazine)
 * [http://earthtechling.com/2014/03/3d-printing-a-better-way-to-recycle/ 3D Printing: A Better Way To Recycle] - Earthtechling
 * [http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news/7739/plastic-and-rubber/united-states/diy-recycling-most-energy-efficient DIY recycling the most energy efficient] - Recycling International
@@ Line 92: / Line 89: @@
 * [http://www.franchiseherald.com/articles/5269/20140313/3d-printing-offers-new-way-recycle-save-money.htm 3D Printing Offers New Way to Recycle and Save Money]- Franchise Herald
 * [http://cleantechnica.com/2014/03/18/make-3-d-printer-filament-old-milk-jugs-exponentially-cheaper-buying-filament-research-shows/ Make Your Own 3-D Printer Filament From Old Milk Jugs — Exponentially Cheaper Than Buying Filament, Research Shows] - Cleantechnica
-* [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/03/24/3d-printing-plastic-distributed-recyling/ 3D Printing Plastic — Distributed Recyling and Distributing the Benefits] - 3D Printing Industry
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160427002149/http://3dprintingindustry.com:80/2014/03/24/3d-printing-plastic-distributed-recyling/ 3D Printing Plastic — Distributed Recyling and Distributing the Benefits] - 3D Printing Industry
-* [http://www.crowdfundingpr.org/save-planet-turn-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament/  Save the planet: Turn old milk jugs into 3D printer filament] - CrowdfundingPR
+* [http://www.crowdfundingpr.org/save-planet-turn-old-milk-jugs-3d-printer-filament/ Save the planet: Turn old milk jugs into 3D printer filament] - CrowdfundingPR
-* [http://www.3dprinterworld.com/article/recycling-milk-jugs-into-3d-printer-filament-saves-money-and-environment Recycling Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament Saves Money and the Environment] - 3D Printer World
+* [http://web.archive.org/web/20170614210154/http://www.3dprinterworld.com/article/recycling-milk-jugs-into-3d-printer-filament-saves-money-and-environment Recycling Milk Jugs into 3D Printer Filament Saves Money and the Environment] - 3D Printer World
+* [http://www.en.nvc.nl/news/item/onderzoek-het-is-beter-om-met-kunststof-verpakkingsafval-de-3d-printer-te-voeden-dan-de-gemeentelijke-recycling-container/ Research: LCA of distributed recycling of post-consumer high density polyethylene for 3D printing filament] - NVC Netherlands
+* [http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/can_we_3d_print_our_way_to_sustainability Can We 3D Print our Way to Sustainability?] - Earth Island Journal
+* [http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/3-D-Printing-Green-Plastic-Carbon-Footprint-298626001.htmlBeyond Plastic: New Technology Promises Greener 3-D Printing] NBC News New York, [http://miami.suntimes.com/mia-news/7/97/190536/beyond-plastic-new-technology-promises-greener-3-d-printing Miami Sun Times], [http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/national-international/3-D-Printing-Green-Plastic-Carbon-Footprint-298626001.html NBC Bay Area]
+* [http://impresiontresde.com/una-nueva-revision-al-impacto-ambiental-de-la-impresion-3d/ Una revisión al impacto ambiental de la impresión 3D] Impresiontresde
+{{Page data
+| title-tag = Life Cycle Analysis of Recycled HDPE for 3-D Printing Filament
+}}
 [[Category:Polymer recycling]]
@@ Line 101: / Line 106: @@
 [[Category:Recycling]]
 [[Category:Rural community development]]
-[[Category:Polymer recycling]]
 [[Category:Polymers]]
 [[Category:Plastic]]
 [[Category:Plastic bottles]]