The following is a short example of the heading structure for a literature review that we went over in class. Remember in your literature review to not editorialize or make design decisions. Include only referenced information. For help with making citations on Appropedia, please see Help:Footnotes.

Literature Review

This is a review of the available literature pertinant to the 2014 Practivistas innnitiative to begin construction on a police station for the community of Las Malvinas in Santo Domingo. Topics will range from building materials to general information on construction.

The Community of Las Malvinas

Weather

Building a foundation

A foundation is a load bearing part of a building which has direct contact with the soil. Typically they begin below ground level, and are the starting point of a structure. When building a foundation one should considered the type of soil being built in, the potential verticle and horizontal laod being placed upon it, the building sites topography, and its resistince to earthquakes.[1] Types of foundation will varry depending on the size and shape of the structure being built. When building on un-even slopped, or poor quality soil, a deep founation should be built 3 or more feet below the soil. This foundation may also vary in depths throughout. When building on even ground and in higher quality soil, a shallower foundation can be built. [2] In the United States the minimum stregnth requirment for a residnetial concrete foundation is 2500 pounds per square inch (psi)[3]. Appearantly the building codes in Santo Domingo are the same as those in the Uited States [4] so this number could also be applied here since our structure is relatively small. before excavating for a foundation, a survey must be taken to determine the depth etc. once this is done the trenches can be dug, ad footing can be poured, if need be. These are cament layers, which are meant to distrubute the laod of the foundation walls, which will be pored on top. foundation walls can be made by pouring concrete in to forms, usually wooden. the forms shouls be spaced at least a few inches from the walls of the trenches. when the concrete drys the forms can be removed, and construction fill, typically made from agregate soil can be filled in around the edged of the foundation treches [5].

Soil and Building

When considering soil in terms of a building project, the four main properties of inorganic soil should be considered. These properties are: mineral matter, organic matter, water and air. Soil texture can be describes as "the range of individual mineral particles such as sand silt and clay," which are present in soil [6]. however for smaller projects, there doenst have to be very extensive investigation of the soil [7]. coarse textured soils (soils which are sandy or contain coarser aggregates) are better for building because water moves easily through them, and they are easy to dig in. aside from this they have a higher load bearing capacity, and arte less likely top sink uner the weight of the structure then clay or silty soils [8]. 55% of soils in the Dominican republic have a shallow top layer, and are aggregated, so there is a strong possibility that the police station will be in soil suitable for building [9]. Soils with a finer texture tend to expand and contract according to moisture content, and this can serve to damage foundations. [10].

Concrete

concrete is essentailly a mixture of aggregates and of paste which is usually made from cement and water. Through a chemical process called hydration, the cement paste will dry into the particularly hard mass known as cement. The key to getting high quality concrete is by attaining the right ratio between the ingredients. Typically cement will consist of 8%water, 80%aggregates, and 12%cement [11]. The lower the water-cement ratio, the higher quality the concrete will be. The trade of to this however lies in in the workeability of the concrete while wet. while a lower water-cement ratio will producer better concrete, it will be much harder to work with [12]. One of the advantages of building with concrete is that is is fairly earthquack resistant, and in the case of the domincan republic; provides a solid defense against hurricanes, as well as serves to keep out the heat. Concrete is one of the most common building materials in Santo Domingo [13] One of the other major advantages of concrete is that it is vary available, and can be sourced from almnost anywhere in the wortld. aside from that it is highly recyclable [14]. IOne of the draw backs to working with concrete is that it has a lot of embedded energy. Millions of tons of watter have to be aquired, as well as miilions of tons of aggregsates mined. on top of this, all these materials have to be shipped to variouise locations. adding all of these things together, concrete is actually responsible for 5% of C02 emmisions globally [15].


Building into a hillside or un-even ground

Retaining Walls

Building Codes in Santo Domingo

Requirements for a Police Station In Santo Domingo

Types of materials used

Short introduction to types of composting. [16]


Rebar

Rebar is common steel used in the form of steel bars or a grouping of steel wires that are used to increase the tensile strength of concrete. Adding rebar, which has incredible tensile strength to concrete, which has very high compression strength but low tensile strength, creates reinforced concrete [17]. The addition of rebar allows for the concrete to endure much higher weights.

Imperial sizes and bar traits of rebar[18].
Imperial Bar Size Weight Per Unit length (lb/ft) Nominal Diameter (in) Nominal Area (in2)
#3 0.376 0.375 0.11
#4 0.668 0.500 0.20
#5 1.043 0.625 0.31
#6 1.502 0.750 0.44
#7 2.044 0.875 0.60
#8 2.670 1.000 0.79

Cement

Cement is a substance used to bind various aggregates together. It sets independently and binds material together once it is hardened. “Cement refers to the commodities that are produced by burning mixtures of limestone and other minerals or additives at high temperature in a rotary kiln, followed by cooling, finish mixing, and grinding” [19]. Cement can be categorized into two types: hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Cement is categorized based on whether or not it can be used in water [20]. Hydraulic cement contains hydraulic calcium silicates. It is able to set and harden under water while providing structural integrity [21]. The main chemical composition of cement consists of calcium oxide (lime), silicon dioxide (silica), aluminum oxide (alumina), iron oxide, water, and sulfate [22]. One of the benefits of working with cement is that it is highly versatile. By altering one or more of the chemical components, the structure and form of the cement can vary greatly. The chemical makeup can be altered for a shorter hardening time, increased strength at early or late hardening stages, and increased durability [23]. One of the disadvantages of cement is that the production requires a very large amount of energy. The cement industry alone accounts for 5% of global CO2 emissions [24]. This is largely due to the massive amount of cement production and its widespread use across the world.

Designing interpretive materials

According to ______ interpretive materials for composting should include....

References

Template:Reflist

  1. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/BSSC/FEMA232_Chapter3final.pdf
  2. http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Concrete-Foundation
  3. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/BSSC/FEMA232_Chapter3final.pdf
  4. http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:232910/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  5. http://www.diynetwork.com/remodeling/basic-steps-of-building-a-foundation/index.html
  6. http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/evaluating-soil-texture-for-a-house-site/index.html
  7. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/S1250E0i.htm#Concrete foundations
  8. http://buildingadvisor.com/buying-land/site-characteristics/slope-soils-water-vegetation
  9. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadc949.pdf
  10. http://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/housing-technology/moisture-management/evaluating-soil-texture-for-a-house-site/index.html
  11. http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~paulmont/CE60New/Concrete%20and%20the%20Environment.pdf
  12. http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/how-concrete-is-made
  13. http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:232910/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  14. http://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/concrete.aspx
  15. http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~paulmont/CE60New/Concrete%20and%20the%20Environment.pdf
  16. This is an example of a named reference. You can use these named references to repeat citation content throughout the document.
  17. http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/eng99/eng99531.htm
  18. http://www.jckgroup.net/rebar.html
  19. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/industrial/special/ckd/rtc/chap-2.pdf
  20. https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Cement.html
  21. http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~paulmont/165/cement.pdf
  22. http://cescientist.com/chemical-composition-of-cement-and-functions-of-ingredients/
  23. http://books.google.com.do/books?id=1BOETtwi7mMC&lpg=PA1&ots=6Yr8NC4RzA&dq=cement%20chemistry&lr&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false
  24. http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/
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