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{{topic header| Concertgen7.jpg |Human power}}
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==Need==
 
The conversation surrounding energy consumption in the United States often hones in on dependency on foreign oil, the extent to which fossil fuel consumption contributes to global climate change, etc. Certainly, these are very pressing problems that will need to be addressed soon, but there is a second energy crisis that often is overlooked. While developed nations consume fossil fuels at an alarming rate, nearly 2 billion of the world's population is without electricity and is still heavily reliant on traditional fuels such as dung, wood, and other forms of biomass. <ref>Barnes, D.F. and W.M. Floor, RURAL ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A Challenge for Economic Development1. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1996. 21(1): p. 497-530.</ref> Thus far, efforts to reverse this trend have focused on a two-pronged approach: one, increase access to "modern" form of energy in an inexpensive, responsible way; and second, to make the current use of biofuels safer and more sustainable. While this is a worthwhile approach, it is not comprehensive.
[[File:Concertgen7.jpg|thumb]]
 
The conversation surrounding energy consumption in the United States often hones in on dependency on foreign oil, the extent to which fossil fuel consumption contributes to global climate change, etc. Certainly, these are very pressing problems that will need to be addressed soon, but there is a second energy crisis that often is overlooked. While developed nations consume fossil fuels at an alarming rate, nearly 2 billion of the world's population is without electricity and is still heavily reliant on traditional fuels such as dung, wood, and other forms of biomass.<ref>Barnes, D.F. and W.M. Floor, RURAL ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A Challenge for Economic Development1. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1996. 21(1): p. 497-530.</ref> Thus far, efforts to reverse this trend have focused on a two-pronged approach: one, increase access to "modern" form of energy in an inexpensive, responsible way; and second, to make the current use of biofuels safer and more sustainable. While this is a worthwhile approach, it is not comprehensive.


For centuries, human and animal power have been utilized, and their importance in the portfolio of a comprehensive strategy for addressing the energy crisis in developing countries should not be ignored. An estimated 1200 petajoules were produced by humans without electricity for the purpose of work in the year 2008. This is over 1.5 times that of wind energy produced in the same year!<ref>Fuller, R.J. and L. Aye, Human and animal power – The forgotten renewables. Renewable Energy, 2012. 48(0): p. 326-332.</ref> Much of this effort was expended in menial, repetitive tasks that can be made more efficient with human powered machines.
For centuries, human and animal power have been utilized, and their importance in the portfolio of a comprehensive strategy for addressing the energy crisis in developing countries should not be ignored. An estimated 1200 petajoules were produced by humans without electricity for the purpose of work in the year 2008. This is over 1.5 times that of wind energy produced in the same year!<ref>Fuller, R.J. and L. Aye, Human and animal power – The forgotten renewables. Renewable Energy, 2012. 48(0): p. 326-332.</ref> Much of this effort was expended in menial, repetitive tasks that can be made more efficient with human powered machines.


==History==
== History ==
 
The use of tools as an extension of human power is much older than recorded history. The earliest known encyclopedia of games in Europe, Libro de Juegos (Book of Games), commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castille in 1283, depicts a bow lathe being used to turn backgammon pieces. This type of device is still in use today by artisans in Morocco.
 
[[File:Games.PNG|thumb|Fig.1 Early depiction of a bow lathe<ref>http://thomasguild.blogspot.com/2012/06/woodworking-tools-in-libro-de-los.html</ref>]]
 
From the Middle Ages and onward, labor-saving devices were improved upon for use in the home and on an industrial scale. Perhaps the most important of such machines was the cotton gin. Eli Whitney's simple mechanical solution to the painstaking chore of processing cotton increased productivity by fifty times.<ref>Woods, Robert. "A Turn of the Crank Started the Civil War." Mechanical Engineering.</ref> Rather than decrease the need for slave labor in the American South, the cotton gin reaffirmed the demand for slaves. Thus, the human-powered cotton gin inadvertently changed the course of the history.
 
The late 19th century saw the development of the bicycle. Over the following decades, it would evolve from little more than a plank with two wheels to the familiar diamond frame we see today. Countless improvements, including multiple speeds, have made the bicycle the most efficient means of human-powered transportation. In the developing world in particular, the cost of fossil fuels has necessitated the need of unique bicycle derivatives that match efficiency with workload.<ref>Cyders, T.J., Design of a Human-Powered Utility Vehicle for Developing Communities, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2008, Ohio University: Athens, OH.</ref> Because of its prominence in the history of human power, bicycle technology has been launching point for many endeavors to capitalize on excess human energy. In the developed world, gyms are beginning to harness the power expended on stationary bikes for their electrical needs.<ref>Benkatraman, V. An electric workout through pedal power. The Christian Science Monitor, 2008.</ref>
 
In last twenty years, attention has been increasingly paid to harvesting human energy in more unconventional ways. For instance, piezoelectric crystals, which produce electricity under tension or compression, are becoming cheaper and less fragile. Although their electrical production is very small, it is hoped that an array of such devices could be integrated into clothing to obtain the vibrational energy of a person, for the purpose of powering mobile electronics.<ref>Starner, T. and J.A. Paradiso, Human Generated Power for Mobile Electronics. Low Power Electronics Design, 2004.</ref><ref>Gonzalez, J.L., A. Rubio, and F. Moll, Human Powered Piezoelectric Batteries to Supply Power to Wearable Electronic Devices. International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources, 2002. 10(1).</ref> Another application of such technologies would be the integration of miniature generators located at the joints of the knees, for harvesting excess energy<ref>Donelan, J.M., et al., Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort. Science, 2008. 319(5864): p. 807-810.</ref> While such innovations are certainly promising, they are prohibitively expensive for even the developed world at this point.
 
== Types ==
 
=== Pedal power ===
 
{{Excerpt|Pedal power}}
 
=== Crank power ===


In last twenty years, more attention has been paid to harvesting human energy in more unconventional ways. For instance, piezoelectric crystals, which produce electricity under tension or compression, are becoming cheaper and less fragile. Although their electrical production is very small, it is hoped that an array of such devices could be integrated into clothing to obtain the vibrational energy of a person, for the purpose of powering mobile electronics. <ref>
{{Excerpt|Crank power}}
Starner, T. and J.A. Paradiso, Human Generated Power for Mobile Electronics. Low Power Electronics Design, 2004.
</ref>
<ref>
Donelan, J.M., et al., Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort. Science, 2008. 319(5864): p. 807-810.
</ref>


<ref>
== Design Considerations ==
Gonzalez, J.L., A. Rubio, and F. Moll, Human Powered Piezoelectric Batteries to Supply Power to Wearable Electronic Devices. International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources, 2002. 10(1).
</ref>


Pedal Power in the United States
=== Culture ===
<ref>
Benkatraman, V. An electric workout through pedal power. The Christian Science Monitor, 2008.
</ref>


Old man
[[File:Punch1895.jpg|thumb|Fig 2. An cartoon from Punch magazine, 1895, which demonstrates changing cultural norms regarding women and bicycles<ref>Punch1895: London, United Kingdom.</ref>]]
<ref>
Czap, N., Stationary bike designed to create electricity, in San Francisco Gate2008: San Francisco, CA.
</ref>


==Design Considerations==
The cartoon to the right appeared in 1895 periodical called Punch. At this time in European and U.S. history, the emerging culture of cycling brought with it cultural changes, such as the gradual acceptance of women wearing pants. In the cartoon, parallels are drawn between the domestic use of treadle sewing machines and bicycles, to illustrate the sense of empowerment that cycling culture gave women in turn of the century Great Britain.
===Culture===
[[image:Punch1895.jpg|thumb|Fig 1. An cartoon from Punch magazine, 1895, which demonstrates changing cultural norms regarding women and bicycles<ref>
Punch1895: London, United Kingdom.
</ref>]]
===Logistics===


===Application===
In the modern era, there may be similar cultural obstacles to the social acceptability of a pedal-powered machine. For instance, women may discouraged from straddling the seat of a bicycle. In such cases, it would be necessary to redesign the machine for a recumbent or reclined orientation. If the labor requirement of the job is not too much, a hand crank may be substituted for pedal power, like that of a pull-start motor.<ref>Chandler, L., Redesign of a Human Powered Battery Charger for Use in Mali, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA. p. 29.</ref>
[[image:PowerReq.jpg|thumb|Fig 1. Power requirements for common electrical applications <ref>
Mechtenberg, A.R., et al., Human power (HP) as a viable electricity portfolio option below 20&#xa0;W/Capita. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2012. 16(2): p. 125-145.
</ref>]]


Candidates for human power
As a case of unanticipated cultural issues with a technology, the Universal Nut Sheller found great success in Malian communities for peanut shelling. This success was not duplicated in Ghanaian communities, however, who shelled shea nuts as a community activity.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20160420070044/http://www.thefullbellyproject.org/Products/UniversalNutSheller.aspx</ref>
<ref>
Modak, J.P., Human-Powered Flywheel Motor Concept, Design, Dynamics and Applications, 2007.
</ref>


[[image:PedalPump.png|thumb|Fig 1. Proposed coupling of a hand pump for pedal power <ref>
=== Logistics ===
Pedal Power, in Supplement to Energy for Rural Development1981, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.
</ref>]]


Power generation for lights
Another consideration before the implementation of a human-powered machine is ability of the community to secure the parts and technical expertise to both construct the machine and keep it in operation. One general guideline for the potential for human-powered machinery is the use of bicycles. If these are in wide use, if parts are reasonably easy to obtain, and if repair of bicycles occurs locally, then other applications of pedal power may be feasible.<ref>Weightman, D., The Use of Pedal Power for Agriculture and Transport in Developing Countries1976, Coventry, United Kingdom: Lanchester Polytechnic, Industrial Design Department.</ref>


Fuel based replacer
In addition to local support of bicycle infrastructure, it would be beneficial to have local access to either carpentry or metalworking skills, for the construction of the frame of the machine.
<ref>
Bhusal, P., A. Zahnd, and M. Eloholma, Replacing Fuel Based Lighting with Light Emitting Diodes in Developing Countries: Energy and Lighting in Rural Nepali Homes. Leukos, 2007. 3(4): p. 277-291.
</ref>


Rowing machine
=== Application ===
<ref>
Chandler, L., Redesign of a Human Powered Battery Charger for Use in Mali, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA. p. 29.
</ref>


high capacity vehicle
The figure below shows the relationship between the Human Development Index and Base Power Consumption. The solid black line designates those countries which will benefit from electrical power generation using a human-powered device. The countries between the dotted and solid lines have an unreliable electrical grid or limited electrical access, but may also receive a benefit from human-powered electricity. This principle may be broadened to include other modes of utilizing human power.<ref name="portfolio">Mechtenberg, A.R., et al., Human power (HP) as a viable electricity portfolio option below 20&#xa0;W/Capita. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2012. 16(2): p. 125-145.</ref>
<ref>
<br>[[File:BasePower.jpg]]
Cyders, T.J., Design of a Human-Powered Utility Vehicle for Developing Communities, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2008, Ohio University: Athens, OH.
</ref>


Washing Machine
[[File:PowerReq.jpg|thumb|Fig 3. Power requirements for common electrical applications
<ref>
<ref name="portfolio" />]]
Raduta, R. and J. Vechakul, Bicilavadora, 2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA.
</ref>


Human physiology
Candidates for human power are jobs that have an element of oscillatory or repetitive motion. As such, many of principles that inform the construction of human-powered devices have been applied to many areas of need, including a washing machine,<ref>Raduta, R. and J. Vechakul, Bicilavadora, 2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA.</ref> a veritable human-powered factory for brick production,<ref>Modak, J.P., Human-Powered Flywheel Motor Concept, Design, Dynamics and Applications, 2007.</ref> and adaptations to existing infrastructure, such as in Figure 4.
<ref>
Tiwari, P.S., et al., Pedal power for occupational activities: Effect of power output and pedalling rate on physiological responses. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2011. 41(3): p. 261-267.
</ref>


==Theory==
While electrical power generation has been advocated for by many in the developed world,<ref>Bhusal, P., A. Zahnd, and M. Eloholma, Replacing Fuel Based Lighting with Light Emitting Diodes in Developing Countries: Energy and Lighting in Rural Nepali Homes. Leukos, 2007. 3(4): p. 277-291.</ref> the grassroots development of such technologies has been limited, for many of the reasons listed in the "Logistics" section. For instance, the rare earth magnets and LEDs that are often bundled with electrical power generators in developing countries are not locally available, are expensive, and have a low chance of repair.<ref>Decker, K.D. Bike powered generators are not sustainable. Low-tech Magazine, 2011.</ref>
The natural action of pedaling a bicycle, essentially transforming linear motion into circular motion, creates an oscillatory power function as seen in Figure 2. [[image:PowerCurve.png|thumb|Fig 2. Relative power outputs throughout the crank cycle <ref>
 
Dean, T., The Human-Powered Home2008, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers.
[[File:PedalPump.png|thumb|Fig 4. Proposed coupling of a hand pump for pedal power<ref>Pedal Power, in Supplement to Energy for Rural Development1981, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.</ref>]]
</ref>]]In the case of a mobile bicycle, this effect is masked by three factors: inertia provided by the weight of the rider; frictional losses from equipment; and drag forces from the air. For stationary riders (people operating human-powered machines), however, this phenomenon comes becomes an important consideration in power delivery. For instance, for the milling of grains, it would be favorable to provide a more or less constant power to mill, to facilitate a consistent feed rate through the machine. For this reason, it is often prudent to introduce a means of “smoothing” the power output from the driven gear. The most common way of this is through a flywheel. A flywheel is a rotating mass used in mechanical systems for energy storage. It will substitute for the inertial mass that the rider's weight provides in the mobile example.
 
== Theory ==
 
The natural action of pedaling a bicycle, essentially transforming linear motion into circular motion, creates an oscillatory power function as seen in Figure 2. [[File:PowerCurve.png|thumb|Fig 5. Relative power outputs throughout the crank cycle<ref>Dean, T., The Human-Powered Home2008, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers.</ref>]]In the case of a mobile bicycle, this effect is masked by three factors: inertia provided by the weight of the rider; frictional losses from equipment; and drag forces from the air. For stationary riders (people operating human-powered machines), however, this phenomenon comes becomes an important consideration in power delivery. For instance, for the milling of grains, it would be favorable to provide a more or less constant power to mill, to facilitate a consistent feed rate through the machine. For this reason, it is often prudent to introduce a means of "smoothing" the power output from the driven gear. The most common way of this is through a flywheel. A flywheel is a rotating mass used in mechanical systems for energy storage. It will substitute for the inertial mass that the rider's weight provides in the mobile example.


For a circular hoop (imagine a bicycle wheel) of radius 'r' and mass 'm', moment of inertia I, is defined by <math>I_z = m r^2\!</math>
For a circular hoop (imagine a bicycle wheel) of radius 'r' and mass 'm', moment of inertia I, is defined by <math>I_z = m r^2\!</math>
Line 86: Line 70:
<math>I_z = \frac{m r^2}{2}\,\!</math>
<math>I_z = \frac{m r^2}{2}\,\!</math>


Additionally, the kinetic energy of a flywheel is given by <math>E = \frac{I \omega^2}{2}\,\!</math> where <math>\omega</math> is the angular velocity of the flywheel.
Additionally, the kinetic energy of a flywheel is given by <math>E = \frac{I \omega^2}{2}\,\!</math> where <math>\omega</math> is the angular velocity of the flywheel.


From initial inspection, we can see that for the same mass, the hoop has a higher moment of inertia, by a factor of 2. From an energy perspective, as compared to a solid cylinder, the hoop takes twice as long to reach a steady speed, but takes twice as long to slow down, all things held equal. The primary advantage of a solid-disk flywheel, however, is ease of manufacture.
From initial inspection, we can see that for the same mass, the hoop has a higher moment of inertia, by a factor of 2. From an energy perspective, as compared to a solid cylinder, the hoop takes twice as long to reach a steady speed, but takes twice as long to slow down, all things held equal. The primary advantage of a solid-disk flywheel, however, is ease of manufacture.


There have been several proposed designs for a method of power smoothing that does not require a spinning mass. In particular, a reciprocating spring system and an electrical circuit employing a large capacitor have been suggested. <ref>Allen, J.S., In search of the massless flywheel. Human Power, 1991. 9(3).</ref> Such systems seek to the portability of human-powered machines. While the massless mechanical system has not seen wide distribution, the later has found use in electrical power generation, in applications that require steady voltage input.<ref>
There have been several proposed designs for a method of power smoothing that does not require a spinning mass. In particular, a reciprocating spring system and an electrical circuit employing a large capacitor have been suggested.<ref>Allen, J.S., In search of the massless flywheel. Human Power, 1991. 9(3).</ref> Such systems seek to the portability of human-powered machines. While the massless mechanical system has not seen wide distribution, the later has found use in electrical power generation, in applications that require steady voltage input.<ref>Butcher, D. Pedal Power Generator - Electricity from Exercise. 2012 12/16/2012 12/17/2012]; Available from: http://www.los-gatos.ca.us/davidbu/pedgen.html.</ref><ref>Czap, N., Stationary bike designed to create electricity, in San Francisco Gate2008: San Francisco, CA.</ref>
Butcher, D. Pedal Power Generator - Electricity from Exercise. 2012 12/16/2012 12/17/2012]; Available from: http://www.los-gatos.ca.us/davidbu/pedgen.html.
 
</ref>
To reduce the fatigue of the rider, the moment of inertia of the flywheel should be about 150 kg m^2 sec^-2, as determined empirically by Wilson and Bloop.<ref>Wilson, D.G., Understanding Pedal Power, 1986, Volunteers in Technical Assistance: Arlington, Virginia.</ref><ref>Tiwari, P.S., et al., Pedal power for occupational activities: Effect of power output and pedalling rate on physiological responses. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2011. 41(3): p. 261-267.</ref>
 
== Construction ==


==Construction==
[[File:Dynapod.png|thumb|Fig 6. Example of a two-man dynapod<ref>Weir, A., The Dynapod: A Pedal Power Unit, 1980, Volunteers in Technical Assistance: Mt. Rainier.</ref>]]
[[image:Dynapod.png|thumb|Fig 3. Example of a two-man dynapod <ref>
Weir, A., The Dynapod: A Pedal Power Unit, 1980, Volunteers in Technical Assistance: Mt. Rainier.
</ref>]]


[[image:DynapodUganda.jpg|thumb|Fig 4. Realization of a one-man dynapod for threshing grain in Uganda <ref>
[[File:DynapodUganda.jpg|thumb|Fig 7. Realization of a one-man dynapod for threshing grain in Uganda<ref>One man dynapod, Uganda 1972, 1972, Alex Weir.</ref>]]
One man dynapod, Uganda 1972, 1972, Alex Weir.
</ref>]]


drawbacks of bike-based generators
Construction of a human-powered machine can be done from the ground up, or through the modification of existing parts, like bicycle frames. Because designs are multiple, depending on the local availability of supplies, such as wood or metal, considerations in application, etc. Two examples of pedal-powered machines, a proposed tandem machine, and an in-field, one-man pedal-power device are shown.
<ref>
Decker, K.D. Bike powered generators are not sustainable. Low-tech Magazine, 2011.
</ref>


==Evaluation==
== Dissemination ==
In the realm of electrical power generation, a notable participant in harnessing human energy is NURU Energy.<ref>
NURU: Energy to Empower. POWERCycle 2012 [cited 2012 11/26/12]; Available from: http://nuruenergy.com/nuru-africa/the-solution/powercycle/.
</ref>
==Impact==


While the overall climate for human-powered machinery seems to revolve around bringing power to the developed world, there is domestic interest to resurrect some of this "antiquated" technologies for domestic use. For example, Fender Blender offers a pedal-powered base, inspired by cruiser bicycle aesthetics, for use with a standard blender. Additionally, all of the plastic parts of the machine are made from recycled plastics.<ref>Fender Blender. [cited 2012 12/12/12]; Available from: http://www.rockthebike.com/fender-blender-pro/.</ref>


==Dissemination==
One success story of the implementation of human power, outside of the realm of pedal power is the treadle pump. This type of pump uses the weight of the user combined with leg power to leverage a suction pump with two chambers, one for each leg. Its low cost, high social acceptance, and better irrigation flow rates with lower user fatigue make it the standard by which human-powered designs are compared.<ref>The Treadle Pump, 1991, Development Technology Unit, University of Warwick, Department of Engineering: Conventry, UK.</ref><ref>Clarke, P., Education for Sustainability: Becoming Naturally Smart2012, New York, NY: Routledge. 140.</ref>
While the overall climate for human-powered machinery seems to revolve around bringing power to the developed world, there is domestic interest to resurrect some of this "antiquated" technologies for domestic use. For example, Fender Blender offers a pedal-powered base, inspired by cruiser bicycle aesthetics, for use with a standard blender. Additionally, all of the plastic parts of the machine are made from recycled plastics. <ref>
Fender Blender. [cited 2012 12/12/12]; Available from: http://www.rockthebike.com/fender-blender-pro/.
</ref>


One success story of the implementation of human power, outside of the realm of pedal power is the treadle pump.
== See also ==
<ref>
The Treadle Pump, 1991, Development Technology Unit, University of Warwick, Department of Engineering: Conventry, UK.
</ref>


Education for Sustain
* [[Animal-powered electricity|Animal-powered devices]]
<ref>
* [[Washing and drying clothes]]
Clarke, P., Education for Sustainability: Becoming Naturally Smart2012, New York, NY: Routledge. 140.
* Bicycle sharing station providing power back to the mains electricity grid<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-07/biking-could-help-power-bus-gives-you-ride-home Chiyu Chen's Hybrid2 concept]</ref>
</ref>


==See also ==
== External links ==
{{reflist}}
*[[Animal-powered electricity|Animal-powered devices]]
*[[Washing and drying clothes]]
*[[Bicycle sharing]] station providing power [[Vehicle-to-grid|back to the mains electricity grid]]<ref>[http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-07/biking-could-help-power-bus-gives-you-ride-home Chiyu Chen's Hybrid2 concept]</ref>


==External links==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100709233138/http://www.humboldt.edu:80/~ccat/pedalpower/ Pedal Power] at [[CCAT]]
*[http://www.humboldt.edu/~ccat/pedalpower/ Pedal Power] at [[CCAT]]
* [http://www.bikeforums.net/archive/index.php/t-51183.html Human Powered Appliances] discussion at bikeforums.net
*[http://www.bikeforums.net/archive/index.php/t-51183.html Human Powered Appliances] discussion at bikeforums.net
* [http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/portlands-green-microgym-channels-human-exercise-power-into-electricity.html Green MicroGym: contains Human Dynamo, and SportsArt EcoPowr treadmills]
*[http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/portlands-green-microgym-channels-human-exercise-power-into-electricity.html Green MicroGym: contains Human Dynamo, and SportsArt EcoPowr treadmills]
* [http://pedalpowergenerator.com/buy-bicycle-generator-assembled-pm-motor-pedal-power.htm MNM Power, another company making peda power products]
*[http://pedalpowergenerator.com/buy-bicycle-generator-assembled-pm-motor-pedal-power.htm MNM Power, another company making peda power products]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20201202040833/https://www.motorwavegroup.com/Motorgym/index.html Lucien Gambarota's MotorGym Co Ltd's devices, used by the California Fitness company in Hongkong]
*[http://www.motorwavegroup.com/Motorgym/index.html Lucien Gambarota's MotorGym Co Ltd's devices, used by the California Fitness company in Hongkong]
* [http://ecohearth.com/eco-zine/travel-and-leisure/930-human-powered-gyms-one-workout-at-a-time.html Woodway EcoMill]
*[http://ecohearth.com/eco-zine/travel-and-leisure/930-human-powered-gyms-one-workout-at-a-time.html Woodway EcoMill]
* [http://www.econvergence.net/electro.htm Pedal-A-Watt, device for use on bikes]
*[http://www.econvergence.net/electro.htm Pedal-A-Watt, device for use on bikes]


== References ==
<references />
{{Page data
| keywords = Energy, Renewable energy
| sdg = SDG07 Affordable and clean energy
}}
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 23:05, 13 April 2024

This is a topic page.Appropedia's focus is on original research, but this page provides useful context and helps navigate the site. You can help Appropedia by improving this page.Read more...
Concertgen7.jpg

The conversation surrounding energy consumption in the United States often hones in on dependency on foreign oil, the extent to which fossil fuel consumption contributes to global climate change, etc. Certainly, these are very pressing problems that will need to be addressed soon, but there is a second energy crisis that often is overlooked. While developed nations consume fossil fuels at an alarming rate, nearly 2 billion of the world's population is without electricity and is still heavily reliant on traditional fuels such as dung, wood, and other forms of biomass.[1] Thus far, efforts to reverse this trend have focused on a two-pronged approach: one, increase access to "modern" form of energy in an inexpensive, responsible way; and second, to make the current use of biofuels safer and more sustainable. While this is a worthwhile approach, it is not comprehensive.

For centuries, human and animal power have been utilized, and their importance in the portfolio of a comprehensive strategy for addressing the energy crisis in developing countries should not be ignored. An estimated 1200 petajoules were produced by humans without electricity for the purpose of work in the year 2008. This is over 1.5 times that of wind energy produced in the same year![2] Much of this effort was expended in menial, repetitive tasks that can be made more efficient with human powered machines.

History[edit | edit source]

The use of tools as an extension of human power is much older than recorded history. The earliest known encyclopedia of games in Europe, Libro de Juegos (Book of Games), commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castille in 1283, depicts a bow lathe being used to turn backgammon pieces. This type of device is still in use today by artisans in Morocco.

Fig.1 Early depiction of a bow lathe[3]

From the Middle Ages and onward, labor-saving devices were improved upon for use in the home and on an industrial scale. Perhaps the most important of such machines was the cotton gin. Eli Whitney's simple mechanical solution to the painstaking chore of processing cotton increased productivity by fifty times.[4] Rather than decrease the need for slave labor in the American South, the cotton gin reaffirmed the demand for slaves. Thus, the human-powered cotton gin inadvertently changed the course of the history.

The late 19th century saw the development of the bicycle. Over the following decades, it would evolve from little more than a plank with two wheels to the familiar diamond frame we see today. Countless improvements, including multiple speeds, have made the bicycle the most efficient means of human-powered transportation. In the developing world in particular, the cost of fossil fuels has necessitated the need of unique bicycle derivatives that match efficiency with workload.[5] Because of its prominence in the history of human power, bicycle technology has been launching point for many endeavors to capitalize on excess human energy. In the developed world, gyms are beginning to harness the power expended on stationary bikes for their electrical needs.[6]

In last twenty years, attention has been increasingly paid to harvesting human energy in more unconventional ways. For instance, piezoelectric crystals, which produce electricity under tension or compression, are becoming cheaper and less fragile. Although their electrical production is very small, it is hoped that an array of such devices could be integrated into clothing to obtain the vibrational energy of a person, for the purpose of powering mobile electronics.[7][8] Another application of such technologies would be the integration of miniature generators located at the joints of the knees, for harvesting excess energy[9] While such innovations are certainly promising, they are prohibitively expensive for even the developed world at this point.

Types[edit | edit source]

Pedal power[edit | edit source]

Octicons puzzle-piece.svg
From Pedal power
Concertgen7.jpg

Pedal power is the use of human power by pedalling to power a device. This can be done directly through a mechanical connection or by generating electricity that will be used to power it.

Crank power[edit | edit source]

Octicons puzzle-piece.svg
From Crank power

The crankW is one of the oldest methods of converting human power to mechanical power. Since the invention of the electric generator, cranks are also used for small-scale electricity generation.

Cranks are normally hand-operated. It is important to note that operating a crank can rapidly become tiring. For many applications pedal power (which uses the larger leg muscles) may be a better option.

Hand-cranks are still often a good choice for small-scale mechanical grinders (e.g. coffee grinder), millers, rollers (e.g. pasta machine), shellers, and the like.

Some small-scale water pumps are also hand-cranked.

Hand cranked and (foot powered) electoronic machinery is making a small come back.

The word "crank" is also used for mechanical linkages that convert reciprocating linear motion into rotary motion or vice-versa.

Design Considerations[edit | edit source]

Culture[edit | edit source]

Fig 2. An cartoon from Punch magazine, 1895, which demonstrates changing cultural norms regarding women and bicycles[10]

The cartoon to the right appeared in 1895 periodical called Punch. At this time in European and U.S. history, the emerging culture of cycling brought with it cultural changes, such as the gradual acceptance of women wearing pants. In the cartoon, parallels are drawn between the domestic use of treadle sewing machines and bicycles, to illustrate the sense of empowerment that cycling culture gave women in turn of the century Great Britain.

In the modern era, there may be similar cultural obstacles to the social acceptability of a pedal-powered machine. For instance, women may discouraged from straddling the seat of a bicycle. In such cases, it would be necessary to redesign the machine for a recumbent or reclined orientation. If the labor requirement of the job is not too much, a hand crank may be substituted for pedal power, like that of a pull-start motor.[11]

As a case of unanticipated cultural issues with a technology, the Universal Nut Sheller found great success in Malian communities for peanut shelling. This success was not duplicated in Ghanaian communities, however, who shelled shea nuts as a community activity.[12]

Logistics[edit | edit source]

Another consideration before the implementation of a human-powered machine is ability of the community to secure the parts and technical expertise to both construct the machine and keep it in operation. One general guideline for the potential for human-powered machinery is the use of bicycles. If these are in wide use, if parts are reasonably easy to obtain, and if repair of bicycles occurs locally, then other applications of pedal power may be feasible.[13]

In addition to local support of bicycle infrastructure, it would be beneficial to have local access to either carpentry or metalworking skills, for the construction of the frame of the machine.

Application[edit | edit source]

The figure below shows the relationship between the Human Development Index and Base Power Consumption. The solid black line designates those countries which will benefit from electrical power generation using a human-powered device. The countries between the dotted and solid lines have an unreliable electrical grid or limited electrical access, but may also receive a benefit from human-powered electricity. This principle may be broadened to include other modes of utilizing human power.[14]
BasePower.jpg

Fig 3. Power requirements for common electrical applications [14]

Candidates for human power are jobs that have an element of oscillatory or repetitive motion. As such, many of principles that inform the construction of human-powered devices have been applied to many areas of need, including a washing machine,[15] a veritable human-powered factory for brick production,[16] and adaptations to existing infrastructure, such as in Figure 4.

While electrical power generation has been advocated for by many in the developed world,[17] the grassroots development of such technologies has been limited, for many of the reasons listed in the "Logistics" section. For instance, the rare earth magnets and LEDs that are often bundled with electrical power generators in developing countries are not locally available, are expensive, and have a low chance of repair.[18]

Fig 4. Proposed coupling of a hand pump for pedal power[19]

Theory[edit | edit source]

The natural action of pedaling a bicycle, essentially transforming linear motion into circular motion, creates an oscillatory power function as seen in Figure 2.

Fig 5. Relative power outputs throughout the crank cycle[20]

In the case of a mobile bicycle, this effect is masked by three factors: inertia provided by the weight of the rider; frictional losses from equipment; and drag forces from the air. For stationary riders (people operating human-powered machines), however, this phenomenon comes becomes an important consideration in power delivery. For instance, for the milling of grains, it would be favorable to provide a more or less constant power to mill, to facilitate a consistent feed rate through the machine. For this reason, it is often prudent to introduce a means of "smoothing" the power output from the driven gear. The most common way of this is through a flywheel. A flywheel is a rotating mass used in mechanical systems for energy storage. It will substitute for the inertial mass that the rider's weight provides in the mobile example.

For a circular hoop (imagine a bicycle wheel) of radius 'r' and mass 'm', moment of inertia I, is defined by

For a solid disk or cylinder of radius 'r' and mass 'm', the moment of inertia I is given by

Additionally, the kinetic energy of a flywheel is given by where is the angular velocity of the flywheel.

From initial inspection, we can see that for the same mass, the hoop has a higher moment of inertia, by a factor of 2. From an energy perspective, as compared to a solid cylinder, the hoop takes twice as long to reach a steady speed, but takes twice as long to slow down, all things held equal. The primary advantage of a solid-disk flywheel, however, is ease of manufacture.

There have been several proposed designs for a method of power smoothing that does not require a spinning mass. In particular, a reciprocating spring system and an electrical circuit employing a large capacitor have been suggested.[21] Such systems seek to the portability of human-powered machines. While the massless mechanical system has not seen wide distribution, the later has found use in electrical power generation, in applications that require steady voltage input.[22][23]

To reduce the fatigue of the rider, the moment of inertia of the flywheel should be about 150 kg m^2 sec^-2, as determined empirically by Wilson and Bloop.[24][25]

Construction[edit | edit source]

Fig 6. Example of a two-man dynapod[26]
Fig 7. Realization of a one-man dynapod for threshing grain in Uganda[27]

Construction of a human-powered machine can be done from the ground up, or through the modification of existing parts, like bicycle frames. Because designs are multiple, depending on the local availability of supplies, such as wood or metal, considerations in application, etc. Two examples of pedal-powered machines, a proposed tandem machine, and an in-field, one-man pedal-power device are shown.

Dissemination[edit | edit source]

While the overall climate for human-powered machinery seems to revolve around bringing power to the developed world, there is domestic interest to resurrect some of this "antiquated" technologies for domestic use. For example, Fender Blender offers a pedal-powered base, inspired by cruiser bicycle aesthetics, for use with a standard blender. Additionally, all of the plastic parts of the machine are made from recycled plastics.[28]

One success story of the implementation of human power, outside of the realm of pedal power is the treadle pump. This type of pump uses the weight of the user combined with leg power to leverage a suction pump with two chambers, one for each leg. Its low cost, high social acceptance, and better irrigation flow rates with lower user fatigue make it the standard by which human-powered designs are compared.[29][30]

See also[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Barnes, D.F. and W.M. Floor, RURAL ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A Challenge for Economic Development1. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1996. 21(1): p. 497-530.
  2. ↑ Fuller, R.J. and L. Aye, Human and animal power – The forgotten renewables. Renewable Energy, 2012. 48(0): p. 326-332.
  3. ↑ http://thomasguild.blogspot.com/2012/06/woodworking-tools-in-libro-de-los.html
  4. ↑ Woods, Robert. "A Turn of the Crank Started the Civil War." Mechanical Engineering.
  5. ↑ Cyders, T.J., Design of a Human-Powered Utility Vehicle for Developing Communities, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2008, Ohio University: Athens, OH.
  6. ↑ Benkatraman, V. An electric workout through pedal power. The Christian Science Monitor, 2008.
  7. ↑ Starner, T. and J.A. Paradiso, Human Generated Power for Mobile Electronics. Low Power Electronics Design, 2004.
  8. ↑ Gonzalez, J.L., A. Rubio, and F. Moll, Human Powered Piezoelectric Batteries to Supply Power to Wearable Electronic Devices. International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources, 2002. 10(1).
  9. ↑ Donelan, J.M., et al., Biomechanical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking with Minimal User Effort. Science, 2008. 319(5864): p. 807-810.
  10. ↑ Punch1895: London, United Kingdom.
  11. ↑ Chandler, L., Redesign of a Human Powered Battery Charger for Use in Mali, in Department of Mechanical Engineering2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA. p. 29.
  12. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20160420070044/http://www.thefullbellyproject.org/Products/UniversalNutSheller.aspx
  13. ↑ Weightman, D., The Use of Pedal Power for Agriculture and Transport in Developing Countries1976, Coventry, United Kingdom: Lanchester Polytechnic, Industrial Design Department.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mechtenberg, A.R., et al., Human power (HP) as a viable electricity portfolio option below 20 W/Capita. Energy for Sustainable Development, 2012. 16(2): p. 125-145.
  15. ↑ Raduta, R. and J. Vechakul, Bicilavadora, 2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA.
  16. ↑ Modak, J.P., Human-Powered Flywheel Motor Concept, Design, Dynamics and Applications, 2007.
  17. ↑ Bhusal, P., A. Zahnd, and M. Eloholma, Replacing Fuel Based Lighting with Light Emitting Diodes in Developing Countries: Energy and Lighting in Rural Nepali Homes. Leukos, 2007. 3(4): p. 277-291.
  18. ↑ Decker, K.D. Bike powered generators are not sustainable. Low-tech Magazine, 2011.
  19. ↑ Pedal Power, in Supplement to Energy for Rural Development1981, National Academy Press: Washington, D.C.
  20. ↑ Dean, T., The Human-Powered Home2008, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers.
  21. ↑ Allen, J.S., In search of the massless flywheel. Human Power, 1991. 9(3).
  22. ↑ Butcher, D. Pedal Power Generator - Electricity from Exercise. 2012 12/16/2012 12/17/2012]; Available from: http://www.los-gatos.ca.us/davidbu/pedgen.html.
  23. ↑ Czap, N., Stationary bike designed to create electricity, in San Francisco Gate2008: San Francisco, CA.
  24. ↑ Wilson, D.G., Understanding Pedal Power, 1986, Volunteers in Technical Assistance: Arlington, Virginia.
  25. ↑ Tiwari, P.S., et al., Pedal power for occupational activities: Effect of power output and pedalling rate on physiological responses. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2011. 41(3): p. 261-267.
  26. ↑ Weir, A., The Dynapod: A Pedal Power Unit, 1980, Volunteers in Technical Assistance: Mt. Rainier.
  27. ↑ One man dynapod, Uganda 1972, 1972, Alex Weir.
  28. ↑ Fender Blender. [cited 2012 12/12/12]; Available from: http://www.rockthebike.com/fender-blender-pro/.
  29. ↑ The Treadle Pump, 1991, Development Technology Unit, University of Warwick, Department of Engineering: Conventry, UK.
  30. ↑ Clarke, P., Education for Sustainability: Becoming Naturally Smart2012, New York, NY: Routledge. 140.
  31. ↑ Chiyu Chen's Hybrid2 concept
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Keywords energy, renewable energy
SDG SDG07 Affordable and clean energy
Authors Rahayes, Aaron Antrim, KVDP
License CC-BY-SA-3.0
Language English (en)
Translations Chinese
Related 1 subpages, 15 pages link here
Aliases Human-powered devices, Human-powered technology, Human-powered device, Human powered devices, Human powered device, Muscle energy, Muscle power
Impact 2,152 page views
Created November 12, 2006 by Chris Watkins
Modified April 13, 2024 by Kathy Nativi
Cite as Rahayes, Aaron Antrim, KVDP (2006–2024). "Human power". Appropedia. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
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