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This is a research project in partnership between Engr308 Technology and the Environment and The Sustainability Office and HSU Dining at Humboldt State University during Fall 2016. The project includes analyzing the various impacts of mason jars impacts on campus. Client leads are

  • Morgan King, Sustainability & Waste Coordinator
  • Katie Koscielak, Sustainability Analyst
  • Ron Rudebock, Director of Dining Services

Our object is to analyze the impacts of mason jars on campus and the effects of the new HSU policy and pricing regarding mason jars versus disposables. A secondary goal is work towards a recommendation regarding the policy. Impacts will be focused primarily on $, CO2, and Energy. Final products will include:

  • Quantification of impacts over mason jar life cycle
  • Quantification of impacts over disposable life cycle
  • A spreadsheet for HSU specific impacts with clear instruction, outputs and referenced sources. This spreadsheet will include best estimates of the current disposable versus mason landscape gathered from dining data, surveys, and observations. These numbers will be adjustable by the clients and shared for other schools or communities to adapt.
  • A graph of the number of times a mason jar must be reused before it buys back its energy in comparison to various disposables (and possibly other reusables).

Some background information:

Teams

TEAM 1

TEAM JAR-JAR BINKS

TEAM 3 NAME

FREE MASONS

Jar-Droppers

TEAM Meta

Research

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  • Information. <ref>URL or Title of reference. </ref>

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I will not be too draconian on writing style... but make sure NOT TO PLAGIARIZE![1]

TEAM 1 Research

Embedded Energy, CO2, and Life Cycle Analysis Concepts

In the spring of 2016, Humboldt State University chose to embark in a new on campus program that would not only continue Humboldt State’s commitment to sustainability but also make a significant reduction to our carbon impact as students and a community as a whole. Humboldt State University in its commitment to reduce the carbon footprint on campus chose to be part of the movement in order to fulfill its commitment to its mission chose to begin to execute newer methods to meet its mission. Inspired by the Kill the Cup Campaign ( a national campaign to end the use of disposable coffee cups), WRRAP ( Waste Reduction and Resource Awareness Program), and Zero Waste Humboldt, Humboldt State University’s Dining services started to sell to students mason jars in regards to cut down the use of disposable coffee cups on campus. Disposable cups, also commonly know as coffee cups are used daily by millions of people each day to drink coffee. In 2010 it was estimated that the United States alone consumed around 2.3 billion paper cups ([2]), in order to make a difference and reduction in those numbers, Humboldt State believes that the mason jar is one of the many solutions that could help reduce the numbers. In this literature review, we will go over the overall embedded energy, CO2 and life cycle analysis of the mason jar, the embedded energy and CO2 in the materials, as well the embedded energy in the shipping of the jars, and lastly the overall information of the drinking vessels offered by Humboldt State Dining services.

Embedded Energy and CO2 in materials

Mason jars, & disposable cups are composed of very different sorts of materials.Mason jars are mainly composed of glass, and aluminum tops, and disposable cups are mostly made out of plastic, or paper. The energy, and methods to process all this materials are different, but all create an impact, and take an amount of energy to produce.

  • Embedded energy in different types of glass
  • Embedded CO2 in different types of glass
  • Embedded energy in mason jars
  • Embedded CO2 in mason jars
  • Embedded energy in disposable cups
  • Embedded CO2 in disposable cups

Embedded Energy and CO2 in shipping

After being processed, and manufactured, mason jars & disposable cups have to be shipped for long distances, sometimes from other countries into the US before they can be shipped to California, and then into the HSU campus, and distributed into the different points where the mason jars are obtainable at HSU. This transportation has CO2 impacts, and requires energy to happen.

  • General embedded energy in shipping by sea
  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by sea

10 Kg of CO2 per tonne-km [3]

  • General embedded energy in shipping by land
  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by land

50 Grams of CO2 per tonne-km [4]

HSU drinking vessels

  • Where do HSU mason jars come from?

-Ball Corporation [5] -GET Industries

  • Where do HSU disposable containers come from?

-Karat Premium Disposable Paper & Plastic Foodservice Products [6]

JAR-JAR BINKS Research

Embedded Energy, CO2, and Life Cycle Analysis Concepts

Embodied or embedded energy (EE) is defined as the energy used during the entire lifecycle of a product. For example, the EE of a mason jar or a disposable cup could include extraction and processing of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, distribution, use, reuse, recycling and final disposal. EE calculations are used to conduct life cycle assessments (LCA). LCA is a well-explored concept and has been used as an environmental management tool since the late 1960’s. [7] 

          LCA provides a tool for evaluating the relative environmental impact of various materials and calculates externalities otherwise excluded from pricing. These analyses allow for a comparison of products like the use of mason jars vs. disposable cups. Our LCA will include emissions and the EE of the materials and shipping.  (United States D.O.E.). [8]

Embedded Energy and CO2 in materials

The primary constituent of mason jars is glass, while disposable cups can be made from a number of materials including plastic, paper, and foam.

  • Embedded energy in different types of glass
  • Embedded CO2 in different types of glass

Embedded Energy (MJ/kg) Embedded CO2 (kg/kg) Soda-Lime 11 .8 Float Glass 15.511 1.136 Primary Glass 15.00 .86 Secondary Glass 11.50 .55 Fiberglass 28.00 1.54 Toughened 23.50 1.27 [9] [10]

  • Embedded energy in mason jars
  • Embedded CO2 in mason jars

Weight (g) EE (MJ/kg) Total EE (MJ) Embedded CO2 (kg/kg) Total CO2 (kg/kg) 12 oz. glass wide mouth jar 279 g 15.00 4.185 .86 .240 Stainless steel lid 20 20.19 .4038 1.37 .027 [11] [12]

  • Embedded energy in disposable cups
  • Embedded CO2 in disposable cups

Cup Mass (g/cup) Material Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Embedded Energy (MJ/cup) Material Specific CO2 (kg/kg) Embedded CO2 (kg/kg) Plastic 59 107 6.3 4.1 .2419 Paper 8.3 66 .55 .031 .2573 Foam 1.9 104 .20 .023 .0437

[13] [14] [15]

Embedded Energy and CO2 in shipping

The embedded energy of cups also includes the cost of shipping. Shipping may include both travel by boat and likely travel by land since we are isolated up here on the North Coast of California.

  • General embedded energy in shipping by sea
  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by sea

Shipping container boat=0.08 kWh/ton*km

Total shipped by sea=0.08 kWh/ton*km*50lb.*1 ton/2000 lb *11,140 km

(Calculations derived in class)

Cargo freight boat for 2014= 540 .5 BTU [16]

“A Defra study concludes that 2 tonnes of freight carried for 5,000km by a small container ship creates 150kg of CO2e” [17] CO2 in grams/metric ton of freight/km: 10 to 40 g [18]

  • General embedded energy in shipping by land
  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by land

Fuel consumption of heavy trucks=3,357 BTU per short ton-mile; 2,426 kJ per tonne-kilometer [19] Med-Heavy trucks 2014: Class 3-6=1,332 trillion BTUs; Class 7-8 trucks=4,689 trillion BTUs [20] CO2 in grams/metric ton/km: Truck 60 to 150 g [21] [22]

HSU drinking vessels

  • Where do HSU mason jars come from?

GET Industries

  • Where do HSU disposable containers come from?

Paper cup manufacturer=Karat


Free Masons Research

Embedded Energy, CO2, and Life Cycle Analysis Concepts

Embedded energy is the total amount of energy required to make a product, including the energy necessary to make, manipulate, and transport materials and final products. Embedded CO2 is the total amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted in the atmosphere during the making of a product, including the CO2 emitted to make, manipulate, and transport materials and final products.

[23]

Embedded Energy and CO2 in materials

Mason Jars have become one of HSU’s new alternative and trendy reusable containers. This is opposed to using a disposable container, even though the University has switched over to biodegradable products. Below are the Embedded Energy and CO2 used in the production of mason jars:

  • Embedded energy in different types of glass

Borosilicate: 10^4 MJ/m^3 Soda-lime silicate:10^2 MJ/m^3 Silica:10^5 MJ/m^3 [24] Float-Glass: 15.9 MJ/kg [25] Toughened: 26.2 MJ/kg Laminated:16.3 MJ/kg Tinted:14.9 MJ/kg [26]

  • Embedded CO2 in different types of glass

Embedded CO2 in different types of glass Float Glass- 1.74 kg CO2/kg Toughened- 1.74 kg CO2/kg Laminated- 1.92 kg/CO2/kg [27] Soda-Lime Glass- 1.36kg CO2/0.8kg [28]

  • Embedded Energy in mason jars

14 MJ/kg [29]

  • Embedded CO2 in mason jars

0.38 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. glass bottle [30]

  • Embedded energy in disposable cups

0.55 MJ/cup [31]

  • Embedded CO2 in disposable cups

0.11kg CO2/cup [32]

Embedded Energy and CO2 in shipping

Production of the mason jar is only considering part of the environmental impacts of the mason jar use and consumption. Another significant part of this environmental consideration is that of shipping the product from the warehouse to the store that sells the product. Products such as Mason Jars and paper cups are both manufactured in China and require shipping over sea (via container ship) and land (semi-truck) to reach the store where they are purchased.

  • General embedded energy in shipping by sea

1.4 MJ/TEU/km for a 4000 TEU Container [33]

  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by sea

04 kg/tonne km [34] .003 kg/tonne km [35]

  • General embedded energy in shipping by land

36.63 MJ/vehicle km [36] [37] 67.677m3/truck [38]

  • General embedded CO2 in shipping by land

14 kg/tonne km [39] .08 kg/tonne km [40]

HSU drinking vessels

  • Where do HSU mason jars come from?

“GET Industries.”

  • Where do HSU disposable containers come from?

“United Natural Foods Incorporated.”

References

  1. ↑ Humboldt Plagiarism
  2. ↑ http://www.carryyourcup.org/get-the-facts
  3. ↑ http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/environment/air-emissions/carbon-emissions
  4. ↑ http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_Tech_Brief_RE_for%20Shipping_2015.pdf
  5. ↑ https://www.freshpreserving.com/
  6. ↑ https://karatcup.com/
  7. ↑ Menzies, Gillian F., Seyhan Turan, and Philip FG Banfill. "Life-cycle assessment and embodied energy: a review." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Construction Materials 160.4 (2007): 135-144.
  8. ↑ http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/TableView.aspx?table=Notes
  9. ↑ Ashby, M. (2012). Materials and the Environment - Eco-informed Material Choice.
  10. ↑ http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
  11. ↑ Ashby, M. (2012). Materials and the Environment - Eco-informed Material Choice.
  12. ↑ http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html
  13. ↑ https://www.dartcontainer.com/media/1889/ilea.pdf
  14. ↑ Ashby, M. (2012). Materials and the Environment - Eco-informed Material Choice.
  15. ↑ https://plasticfoodservicefacts.com/life-cycle-inventory-foodservice-products
  16. ↑ http://cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter2.shtml
  17. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/nov/02/environmental-impact-of-shipping-goods
  18. ↑ http://timeforchange.org/co2-emissions-shipping-goods
  19. ↑ Energy Efficiency – Transportation sector (from the United States Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration)
  20. ↑ http://cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter2.shtml
  21. ↑ http://timeforchange.org/co2-emissions-shipping-goods
  22. ↑ http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism-
  23. ↑ http://www.appropedia.org/Embedded_energy
  24. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=59glCO89MFcC&pg=PA612&lpg=PA612&dq=embodied+energy+in+borosilicate+glass&source=bl&ots=j0_eybrt2H&sig=sgygxhEI6YqukhSkXW74VJ_UPfQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjowPCKvo_QAhVE6iYKHY-2B2EQ6AEIIDAB#v=onepage&q=embodied%20energy%20in%20borosilicate%20glass&f=false
  25. ↑ http://www.level.org.nz/fileadmin/downloads/Materials/LevelMGlass.pdf
  26. ↑ http://www.victoria.ac.nz/architecture/centres/cbpr/resources/pdfs/ee-coefficients.pdf
  27. ↑ http://www.branz.co.nz/cms_show_download.php?id=0b8ef9199ec8361f5d6e5e2bb1322697350e824e
  28. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2qghvWIj1YC&pg=PA537&lpg=PA537&dq=embodied+CO2+in+soda-lime+glass&source=bl&ots=MLvp6IT2z2&sig=F8FGRI7toblvEM_hpqq_1xVZf8U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCyKGdmZjQAhWHZCYKHQzkDZ0Q6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=embodied%20CO2%20in%20soda-lime%20glass&f=false
  29. ↑ http://www.energysavingcommunity.co.uk/understanding-embedded-energy.html
  30. ↑ http://www.co2list.org/files/carbon.htm
  31. ↑ https://www.dartcontainer.com/media/1889/ilea.pdf
  32. ↑ http://business.edf.org/files/2014/03/starbucks-report-april2000.pdf
  33. ↑ http://www.sname.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=8fc28849-71a2-4f98-886f-7b5e7b8819a8
  34. ↑ http://www.oecd.org/trade/envtrade/2386636.pdf
  35. ↑ http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/co2
  36. ↑ http://cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter2.shtml
  37. ↑ http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/trucks/quickguide.html
  38. ↑ http://cerasis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015TrailerGuide.pdf
  39. ↑ http://www.oecd.org/trade/envtrade/2386636.pdf
  40. ↑ http://www.ics-shipping.org/docs/co2,
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