Government PV Manufacturing Policy Literature Review
Searches
Google Scholar:
1) government funded PV manufacturing facility policy
2) PV disassembly policy
3) PV recycling policy
4) photovoltaic manufacturing subsidies
5) PV recycling legislation
6) PV disassembly legislation
7) PV/photovoltaic take-back legislation/programs/policy
Queen's University Library:
1) PV manufacturing policy
2) PV/photovoltaic recycling policy/legislation
3) PV/photovoltaic disassembly policy/legislation
Alta Vista Search:
1) PV/photovoltaic recycling policy/legislation
2) EU PV recycling
3) PV manufacturing subsidies
4) PV/photovoltaic disassembly policy/legislation
5) PV/photovoltaic take-back programs
SciFinder:
1) Photovoltaic manufacturing
2) PV manufacturing subsidy(ies)
3) PV/photovoltaic disassembly policy/legislation
4) PV/photovoltaic take-back programs
5) PV/photovoltaic recycling policy/legislation
ScienceDirect:
1) photovoltaic manufacturing
2) photovoltaic manufacturing plant subsidies
3) photovoltaic manufacturing in Germany
4) photovoltaic manufacturing subsidies
5) PV/photovoltaic recycling policy/legislation
6) PV/photovoltaic disassembly policy/legislation
7) PV/photovoltaic take-back legislation/policy
Search Results
PV Manufacturing Policy Results
1. Thomas Surek, "PROGRESS IN U.S. PHOTOVOLTAICS: LOOKING BACK 30 YEARS AND LOOKING AHEAD 20", National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- discusses the MW PV plants that were created in the US
- discusses the trends of PV manufacturing in the US
2. Schramm, G. Kern, E., "Accelerating photovoltaic production through grid connected applications in developing countries'", Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000
Abstract: The Global Environment Facility (GEF) with support from the World Bank Group and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the German government, through the Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau (KfW) is exploring the possibility of stimulating a step change in solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing scale by facilitating development of a market for hundreds of megawatts of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The aim is to use PV as a means to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It is believed that facilitation of such market demand by the GEF will help enable the construction of new 100 plus megawatt per year manufacturing plants that will in turn enable PV technology cost reductions to PV modules at $2 per peak watt and systems at $3 per watt. A key to the concept is operation of PV plants in conjunction with hydropower facilities to give PV a dispatchable firm power capability
3. Vicki Norberg-Bohm, "CREATING INCENTIVES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY ENHANCING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE: LESSONS FROM 30 YEARS OF U.S. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY POLICY", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol 65, 125-148, 2000
- This paper draws lessons on how to effectively design policies to stimulate energy technology innovation, with a focus on the role of policy in the commercialization phase.
- Examines the role of the U.S. government in the development of four electricity generating technologies: gas turbines, coal-fired atmospheric fluidized bed boilers, solar photovoltaics and wind turbines.
- Examines the role of US policies in the development of each of the four technologies.
- Concludes with a comparison of the similarities and differences that government policy played in the development of each of the four technologies.
4. Raymond Dracker, "PROGRESS COMMERCIALIZING SOLAR-ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS", Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol 21, 371-402, 1996
Abstract: The commercial status of the principal solar electric technologies—photovoltaic and solar thermal—is reviewed. Current and near-term market niches are identified, and projected longer-term markets are explored along with the key strategies for achieving them, including technological breakthroughs, manufacturing developments, economies of scale and mass production, and market creation. Market barriers and public policy impacts on commercialization are discussed.
5. Mitchell, R.L. Witt, C.E. King, R. Ruby, D., "PVMaT advances in the photovoltaic industry and the focus of future PV manufacturing R&D", Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002
Abstract: The DOE Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) Project has conducted cost-shared manufacturing R&D with the photovoltaic industry for over 10 years. During this time, research has focused on the project's stated objectives of improving photovoltaic manufacturing processes and products, lowering manufacturing costs, and providing a foundation for the scale-up of US photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing. Progress made by each of the US PV industry participants in this project has resulted in a significant reduction in the industry's direct PV module-manufacturing costs and an impressive scale-up in US PV manufacturing capacity. The majority of the efforts have been module related. Results in terms of automation, yield, and throughput have provided a significant reduction in direct manufacturing costs. Cost reductions and capacity increases resulting from these efforts are discussed.
6. C. Edwin Witt, Richard L. Mitchell, Holly P. Thomas, Martha I. Symko, "MANUFACTURING IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY (PVMAT) PROJECT", National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998
- The Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology Project (PVMaT) is a government/industry research and
development (R&D) partnership between the U.S. federal government and members of the U.S. PV industry.
- The goals of PVMaT are to help the U.S. PV industry improve module manufacturing
processes and equipment; accelerate manufacturing cost reductions for PV modules, balance-of-systems components, and
integrated systems; increase commercial product performance and reliability; and enhance the investment opportunities for
substantial scale-ups of U.S.-based PV manufacturing plant capacities.
- The PVMaT is broken up into 5 phases, Phase 1, 2, 3, 4A/B and 5A.
- This paper discusses companies that have benefited in phases 4A and 5A - and explains the types of funding they were granted and for what purpose.
7. Joel Stronberg, "GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT TO EXPAND PV MARKETS", EXPANDING MARKETS FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS, 2.1-2.39,
- Focuses on the government purchasing PV energy rather than purchasing PV manufacturing facilities - not of very much use for this pproject
- Discusses the bias of the US Government toward the purchase of energy from fossil fuels, rather than PV and revewable sources
- Focuses on the fact that it is not enough for government to focus on the development of new technologies—government must also support the
technologies’ commercial application.
- Defends the benefits of PV and other renewable energy
8. B. . Buran, L. Butler, A. Currano, E. Smith, W. Tung, K. Cleveland, C. Buxton, D. Lam, T. Obler, S. Rais-Bahrami, M. Stryker and K. Herold, "Environmental benefits of implementing alternative energy technologies in developing countries", Applied Energy, Vol 76, 89-100, 2003
Need to read.
9. Michael T. Eckhart, "Financing Solar Energy in the U.S.", Renewable Energy Policy Project, 1999
- This paper is somewhat bias because it is written by the Renewable Energy Policy Project which is in favour of promoting renewable energy in the US.
- It discusses the many aspects involved in solar energy policy in the US. Some of these points include:
- whether the money will be repaid
- Confusion over technical quality, utility interconnection, safety, economic viability, and insurability
10. Staffan Jacobsson and Volkmar Lauber, "The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology", Energy Policy, Vol 34, 256-276, 2006
- This paper discusses the growing solar industry in Germany, reasons for its growth and methods that Germany has used to achieve such successful growth.
- Different policy strategies employed in Germany are also discussed.
11. Joshua M. Pearce, "Industrial symbiosis of very large-scale photovoltaic manufacturing", Renewable Energy, Vol 33, 1101-1108, 2008
Need to read.
12. Analysis of commercial activity in photovoltaics by Peat Marwick Consulting Group.
Need to read.
Summary: The photovoltaic (PV) industry in Canada is highly concentrated with a limited number of players in manufacturing, distribution, installation, R&D and other related areas. This study developed a profile of the commercial activity in PVs and provided a description of key world trends on research, market opportunities and public policy. The study included a planning phase using expert opinion; a commercial activity survey mailed out to 22 respondents; a qualitative survey administered to a sub-set of 22 respondents; and a review of recent and key literature. The commercial activity survey was only answered by 11 of the 22 respondents, leading to a possible bias.
13. The Emerging photovoltaic industry : an analysis of literature on international markets and trends by Peat Marwick Consulting Group
Need to read.
Summary: Today, at least 500 companies in the world are engaged in some activity related to photovoltaic (PV) research, manufacturing, system integration and marketing. This report presents a brief review of the relevant and recent literature technology and price on the international PV market; market developments and size; and public sector policy.Since the bulk of the literature reviewed originated in the U.S. (most non-U.S. literature is either unavailable or not in English), the trends reported primarily reflect the thinking of U.S. specialists on the worldwide PV markets.
14. Germany Trade and Invest, "The Photovoltaic Industry in Germany – The World’s Strongest PV Cluster", 1999
- This report touches on many relevant points for my research.
- The report discusses the Joint Task initiative in Germany which was created by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology to help subsidize and fund PV manufacturing facilities in Germany.
- The main goals of the Joint Task Initiative are "to improve the overall structure of economically weak regions" and "to create and secure competitive, skilled permanent jobs".
15. US department of Energy, "Advanced Energy Manufacturing Tax Credit", 2009
- This paper is very relevant to my research
- Discusses the details of the new tax credit for renewable energy manufacturers.
- The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA) authorizes the Department of Treasury to award $2.3 billion in tax credits for qualified investments in advanced energy projects, to support new, expanded, or re-equipped domestic manufacturing facilities.
16. W J Baumol, "Environmental Industries with Substantial Start-Up Costs as Contributors to Trade Competitiveness", Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol 20, 71-81, 1995
Need to read.
17. Daniel Richa and J. David Roessnerb, "Tax credits and US solar commercialization policy", Energy Policy, Vol 18, 186-198, 1990
- The main focus of this article is to develop the idea of tax credits in the US to promote solar commercialization.
- One key point that the paper touches on is that no matter the incentives, tax credits, etc...if a technology is not well researched or developed it will not succeed in the market. This will be important to consider in my research - any PV industry that is new to Canada must be sustained by the resources available in Canada.
18. Andrea Sarzynski, "STATE POLICY EXPERIMENTATION WITH FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR SOLAR ENERGY", George Washington Institute of Public Policy, 2009
Need to read the paper.
- Appendix 2 lists subsidies, grants, loan programs by state in the US - specific ones of importance are those in Virginia, Massachusetts
19. Dianne Rahm, "US public policy and emerging technologies : The case of solar energy", Energy Policy, Vol 21, 374-384, 1993
- This article explores the how public policy in the US has affected the rate at which solar technology has developed in the US.
- It also discusses some of the policies in the US for R&D and manufacturing.
20. M. Oliver and T. Jackson, "The market for solar photovoltaics", Energy PolicyVol 27, 371-385, 1999
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21. Frank Kreith, Barbara Foster and Matthew Brown, "Incentives for renewable energy generation in the United States", Renewable Energy, Vol 9', 1081-1085, 1996
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22. Björn A. Sandén, "The economic and institutional rationale of PV subsidies", Solar Energy, Vol 78, 137-146 , 2005
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23. Claus-Ulrich Mai, "Meeting the gigawatt challenge", Renewable Energy Focus, Vol 9, 38-40, 2008
- This article discusses different methods that we can create Gigawatt Manufacturing Facilities
- It also briefly discusses thin-film technology
24. Mischa Bechbergera, and Danyel Reiche, "Renewable energy policy in Germany: pioneering and exemplary regulations", Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 8, 47-57, 2004
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25. Janet Wood, "Solar energy in Germany: A Market Review", Refocus, Vol 7, 24-30, 2006
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26. "RoHS Compliance FAQ", RoHS Guide, 2009
- A basic explanation of RoHS in Europe as well as a basic explanation of WEEE. This website also explains how the two are related.
27. [http://www.solarbuzz.com/FastFactsJapan.htm "FAST SOLAR ENERGY FACTS", SolarBuzz, 2009
- Includes a "quick list" of facts about the solar industry in Japan.
28. Masafumi Yamaguchi, "Present status and prospects of photovoltaic technologies in Japan", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 5, 113-135, 2001
Need to read.
This paper reviews the present status of research, development and manufacturing for photovoltaics (PV) in Japan based on the Japanese New Sunshine Program conducted by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). In particular, the status of research and development on high-efficiency and low-cost crystalline silicon, thin-film silicon and Group II–VI compound solar cells and modules, and super high-efficiency Group III–V compound solar cells, is presented. In addition, Japanese government programs to promote solar houses, wherein 18,000 PV systems were installed on Japanese houses in 1999, are also demonstrated. Future prospects for PV technologies, such as silicon material, thin-film and module technologies, concentrator systems and new application fields, are discussed.
29. Ian H. Rowlands, "Envisaging feed-in tariffs for solar photovoltaic electricity: European lessons for Canada", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 9, 1-68, 2005
Need to read.
While it is widely agreed that support schemes need to be put in place to promote the use of renewable electricity, there is less consensus as to what are the best kinds of strategies to use. What is attracting increasing attention in Canada is a system of renewable portfolio standards. In this, all power suppliers are under an obligation to ensure that a certain percentage of the electricity they generate is from renewable resources. They can either generate that electricity themselves or purchase ‘green certificates’ from those who have used renewables to generate electricity. Recent experience from Europe, however, suggests that a whole-hearted commitment to this single strategy could be premature and potentially damaging for the development of all kinds of renewable electricity in Canada, solar photovoltaics included. On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, the use of so-called ‘feed-in tariffs’ (that is, an obligation for utilities to purchase, at a set price, the electricity generated by any renewable energy resource) is widely credited with accelerating the development of renewable electricity in many countries.
The purpose of this article is to reflect upon this European experience with feed-in tariffs, to stimulate discussions regarding what promise they might hold for the development of solar photovoltaic electricity in Canada. The article is divided into three main sections. In the first section, policies to promote renewable electricity, presently in place in different parts of Canada, are reviewed. Attention is then focused, more specifically, in the second section of this article, upon ‘feed-in tariffs’. After defining and describing this alternative system, experiences in the countries of the European Union are reviewed. The main strengths and weaknesses of feed-in tariffs—in the European experience—are also examined. The focus then moves back to Canada in the third section of the article. In this, a system of feed-in tariffs is proposed for the province of Ontario in order to provide just one example of the kind of support that could be forthcoming.
30.Paul Parke, "Residential solar photovoltaic market stimulation: Japanese and Australian lessons for Canada", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol 12, 1944-1958, 2008
Need to read.
Canada is a leading electricity consumer, yet lags behind other industrial countries (14th out of 20 reporting IEA countries) in the installation of solar photovoltaic systems. The factors (environmental benefits, health benefits, network benefits, need for new production capacity, etc.) promoting solar or other renewable sources of electricity in other countries are also present in Canada, but effective policy mechanisms to stimulate Canada's photovoltaic industry are only starting to appear. Discussions of policy options focused initially on renewable portfolio standards and then on feed-in tariffs. This paper reviews the Japanese and Australian experience with capital incentives to stimulate the residential market for photovoltaics. It demonstrates the ability of a market-sensitive program to stimulate industrial growth, achieve unit cost reductions and shift the market to include a large grid-tied share. Residential respondents to surveys report high costs as their primary barrier to installing photovoltaic systems and state a strong preference for capital incentives to reduce their investment costs. The Canadian government needs a market stimulation policy if it is to join those countries where a decentralized photovoltaic generation system strengthens the electricity supply system. A balanced solar energy market stimulation program is proposed that combines a feed-in tariff with a declining capital incentive.
31. "What is the Feed-in Tariff Program?", Ontario Power Authority, 2009
- Description of the new Feed-in-Tarriffs in Ontario
32. "Solar Financing, Subsidies And Incentives", The Solar Guide
- Shows a list of subsidies for photovoltaics in the United States.
- First Solar is a well recognized American photovoltaic manufacturer in the United States.
- They have now expanded to parts of Europe. They not only focus on the manufacturing of photovoltaics, but have also recently undertaken recycling initiatives for their solar panels.
- Browsing their website provides a breadth of information on their policies and initiatives.
34. "Deutsche Solar AG Website"
- Deutsche Solar AG is a manufacturing company based out of Germany, however it has expanded to other parts of Europe as well.
- The company has created a spin-off company, SolarMaterial, which focuses on recycling used solar cells.
- It does not limit the recycling to modules created by Deutsche Solar AG, but rather provides anyone with a means of returning a module for recycling.
- The website has a lot of information on the recycling program and well as other useful resources.
35. [http://www.arisetech.com/images/stories/documents/press/fit%209%2024%2009%20final.pdf "ARISE Technologies Says Ontario’s FIT Program Will Launch Surge of
Clean-Energy Projects"], ARISE Technologies Media Release, September 24, 2009
- ARISE is the leading photovoltaic manufacturer in Canada. The media release discusses the new FIT in Ontario and how this will affect ARISE.
PV Recycling/Disassembly Policy
1. Vasilis M. Fthenakis, "End-of-life management and recycling of PV modules", Energy Policy, Vol 28, 1051-1058, 2000
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2. Tim Jackson and Mark Oliver, "The viability of solar photovoltaics", Energy Policy, Vol 28, 983-988, 2000
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3. Karsten Wambach, Sylke Schlenker, Ingo Röver, Anja Müller, "Recycling Of Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Modules", Deutsche Solar AG - SolarMaterial
- Discusses the advantages of PV recycling and how it can be done. Also mentions some policy surrounding PV recyclability.
4. K. Wambach1, S. Schlenker1, A. Jäger-Waldau, "A VOLUNTARY TAKE BACK SYSTEM FOR PV MODULES IN EUROPE", 20th European Photovoltaic Sol ar Energy Conference, 2005
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5. "IMPLICATIONS OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS", M.J. de Wild-Scholten, K. Wambach, E.A. Alsema, and A. Jäger-Waldau, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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6. David Appleyard, "Light Cycle: Recycling PV Materials", Renewable Energy World Magazine, 2009
- This article discusses the growing PV market in Europe, especially in Germany. - Discusses how this will affect the waste that will be created from used PV systems. - It also discusses ways that Germany and other parts of Europe plan to reduce the waste associated with PV through recycling and disassembly.
7. "Foundation PV CYCLE – European photovoltaic industry initiative for solar module take back and recycling", Gunther Portfolio - Photovoltaics, Solar Energy and Energy Policy
- This article discusses the PV CYCLE program in Europe.
8. "Toward a Just and Sustainable Solar Energy Industry", A Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, 2009
- Discusses the expanding sector of PV technology - Talks about the potential waste of PV technology at the end-of-life - Discusses possible ways to deal with the end-of-life waste of PV technology
9. Siân Harris, "German legislation generates photovoltaic leadership", Solar & Alternative Energy, 2007
- First Solar's Sohn says that his company was able to source more than half of its equipment from suppliers within Germany. - First Solar also has helped a Canadian company invest in a new processing facility in Brandenburg that will operate part of First Solar's collection and recycling process. - This program means that that every module made in First Solar's Frankfurt (Oder) factory can be recycled.
10. Kari Larsen, "End-of-life PV: then what? - Recycling solar PV panels", Renewable Energy Focus, Vol 10, 48-53, 2009
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11. "Canadian Solar joins ranks of PV Cycle", Renewable Energy Focus, 2009
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12. Eberspacher, C. Gay, C.F. and Moskowitz, P.D., "Strategies for recycling CdTe photovoltaic modules", Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 1994
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13. Anja Muller, Karsten Wambach and Erik Alsema, "Life Cycle Analysis of a Solar Module Recycling Process", 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2005
- Discusses the process of recycling a solar module - The process is described for
14. Parikhit Sinha, a, , Christopher J. Kriegnera, William A. Schewa, Swiatoslav W. Kaczmara, Matthew Traistera and David J. Wilsona, "Regulatory policy governing cadmium-telluride photovoltaics: A case study contrasting life cycle management with the precautionary principle", Energy Policy, Vol 3, 381-387, 2008
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15. Photovoltaic solar cells: An overview of state-of-the-art cell development and environmental issues by R.W. Miles, , K.M. Hynes and I. Forbes
This paper gives an overview of the materials and methods used for fabricating photovoltaic solar cell devices. The technologies discussed include those based on the use of silicon (in the crystalline, multicrystalline, amorphous and micro-crystalline forms), the III–V compounds (e.g. gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and gallium antimonide), the polycrystalline compounds (e.g. cadmium telluride, copper gallium indium diselenide and copper indium disulphide), and organic materials (e.g. dyes, polymers and fullerenes). The paper also discusses the important environmental and energy issues with regard to the manufacture, use and disposal of the solar cells and modules.
16. Policy implications of green product design by Eyring, G.
The author explores how policymakers can shape environmental policies that encourage, rather than inhibit, green design practices. He notes that policies for encouraging green design should have three characteristics: the problem to be addressed should be clearly defined; regulations should provide maximum flexibility to the designer; and regulations should promote a systems approach to design. He explores these criteria further and illustrates them with current examples.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=302817
17. Recycling strategies to enhance the commercial viability of CIS photovoltaics by V. M. Fthenakis, C. Eberspacher and P. D. Moskowitz
Recycling of photovoltaic (PV) modules at the end of their useful life is important for the success of commercializing PV technologies. There are economic, regulatory and technical issues related to recycling; these are addressed here in a case study o f recycling CuInSe2 (CIS) PV modules, which is focused on: economics of the use and re-use of materials; regulations on environmental disposal and waste handling; logistics and economics of recycling and disposing of products by industries face d with comparable environmental issues; and a workable program of the PV industry of the future. The main conclusions are that there are potential regulatory hurdles but these can be overcome by paying attention to module design elements. In the case of l arge installations, collection of decommissioned PV modules is feasible with current infrastructure, whereas collection from small remote installations is problematic. Collecting and consolidating used PV modules will be simplified if modules are returned to the manufacturer or to a contracted recycling center as products destined for refurbishment and/or re-use. The projected cost of recycling CIS PV modules ranges from 0 to 0.08 US$ W-1, depending on the specific methods, participants and regulations of recycling.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/15000940/PDFSTART
18. Regulations on Photovoltaic Module Disposal and Recycling by Vasilis Fthenakis
Environmental regulations can have a significant impact on product use, disposal, and recycling. This report summarizes the basic aspects of current federal, state and international regulations which apply to end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules and PV manufacturing scrap destined for disposal or recycling. It also discusses proposed regulations for electronics that may set the ground of what is to be expected in this area in the near future. In the United States, several states have started programs to support the recycling of electronic equipment, and materials destined for recycling often are excepted from solid waste regulations during the collection, transfer, storage and processing stages. California regulations are described separately because they are different from those of most other states.
http://www.bnl.gov/pv/abs/abs_153.asp
19. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Stopping the Solar Photovoltaic Waste Stream Before It Starts
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is evolving rapidly to address today’s global climate and energy challenges. The industry’s dramatic expansion and its use of new and increasingly complex materials raise serious health and environmental issues, both in product manufacturing and throughout product lifecycles. A major concern is the fate of millions of PV panels currently in use....
http://www.txses.org/solar/content/solar-photovoltaic-end-life
20. The environmental impact of photovoltaic technology by Miquel A. Aguado-Monsonet
Has a section on PV recycling and disassembly.
http://www.gbltrends.com/doc/Environmental%20impact%20of%20PV%20tech.pdf
21. ENVIROGY of a 3 kW CdTe solar photovoltaic cell by: Techato, Kua-anan; Watts, Daniel J.; Chaiprapat, Sumate
NVIROGY is the net internal and external costs or benefits per lifetime of energy consuming or generating equipment. ENVIROGY includes energy consumption, energy generation, energy saving, net waste recycling cost, environmental and human impact from hazardous waste or its disposal cost, investment for implementation, monetized risk, impact from operating over lifetime, subsidy from intervention by government, and yield or benefit from the trading of carbon credit in Clean Development Mechanism. The result of ENVIROGY assessment for the installation of 3 kW CdTe solar photovoltaic (PV or solar cell) power prodn. is 585,233 Baht/30 years (42 Baht/USD with 80% investment subsidy). ENVIROGY was proposed as an addnl. criterion in order to consider not only the financial aspect but also the impact from hazardous waste happen from the life cycle of using solar photovoltaic cell. Energy generation, investment cost, and the government intervention in this case seems to be main contributing factor to ENVIROGY whereas the disposal cost of hazardous waste, cost of recycling, operating impact, and the yield from Clean Development Mechanism are minor. For the user, awareness is really important to improve the decision making in the installation of solar cells because the external cost has a low contribution to ENVIROGY. For policy makers, consideration of majority and minority in ENVIROGY should be sepd., as its importance in money value cannot be compared.
22. PV Module Recycling in the US by Ken Zweibel
http://www.nrel.gov/pv/thin_film/docs/pv_module_recycling_in_the_us.pdf
Other Relevant Literature Reviews
Past literature review pertaining to this subject can be found below.
http://www.appropedia.org/Government_Investment_and_PV_Manufacturing_-_Lit._Review