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|Arrow arum | |Arrow arum | ||
|{{wp|Peltandra virginica}} | |''{{wp|Peltandra virginica}}'' | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Full sun to partial shade. High wildlife value. Foliage and rootstocks are not eaten by geese or muskrats. Slow grower. pH: 5.0-6.5. | |Full sun to partial shade. High wildlife value. Foliage and rootstocks are not eaten by geese or muskrats. Slow grower. pH: 5.0-6.5. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arrowhead/duck potato | |Arrowhead/duck potato | ||
|{{wp|Saggitaria latifolia}} | |''{{wp|Saggitaria latifolia}}'' | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Aggressive colonizer. Mallards and muskrats can rapidly consume tubers. Loses much water through transpiration. | |Aggressive colonizer. Mallards and muskrats can rapidly consume tubers. Loses much water through transpiration. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Common three-square bulrush | |Common three-square bulrush | ||
|{{wp|Scirpus pungens}} | |''{{wp|Scirpus pungens}}'' | ||
|6 inches | |6 inches | ||
|Fast colonizer. Can tolerate periods of dryness. High metal removal. High waterfowl and songbird value. | |Fast colonizer. Can tolerate periods of dryness. High metal removal. High waterfowl and songbird value. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Softstem bulrush | |Softstem bulrush | ||
|{{wp|Scirpus validus}} | |''{{wp|Scirpus validus}}'' | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Aggressive colonizer. Full sun. High pollutant removal. Provides food and cover for many species. of birds. pH: 6.5-8.5. | |Aggressive colonizer. Full sun. High pollutant removal. Provides food and cover for many species. of birds. pH: 6.5-8.5. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Blue flag iris | |Blue flag iris | ||
|{{wp|Iris versicolor}} | |''{{wp|Iris versicolor}}'' | ||
|3 - 6 inches | |3 - 6 inches | ||
|Attractive flowers. Can tolerate partial shade but requires full sun to flower. Prefers acidic soil. Tolerant of high nutrient levels. | |Attractive flowers. Can tolerate partial shade but requires full sun to flower. Prefers acidic soil. Tolerant of high nutrient levels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Broad-leaved cattail** | |Broad-leaved cattail** | ||
|{{wp|Typha latifolia}} | |''{{wp|Typha latifolia}}'' | ||
|12-18 inches | |12-18 inches | ||
|Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. High pollutant treatment, pH: 3.0-8.5. | |Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. High pollutant treatment, pH: 3.0-8.5. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Narrow-leaved cattail** | |Narrow-leaved cattail** | ||
|{{wp|Typha angustifolio}} | |''{{wp|Typha angustifolio}}'' | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. Tolerates brackish water. pH : 3.7-8.5. | |Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. Tolerates brackish water. pH : 3.7-8.5. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Reed canary grass | |Reed canary grass | ||
|{{wp|Phalaris arundinocea}} | |''{{wp|Phalaris arundinocea}}'' | ||
|6 inches | |6 inches | ||
|Grows on exposed areas and in shallow water. Good ground cover for berms. | |Grows on exposed areas and in shallow water. Good ground cover for berms. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Lizard's tail | |Lizard's tail | ||
|{{wp|Saururus cernuus}} | |''{{wp|Saururus cernuus}}'' | ||
|6 inches | |6 inches | ||
|Rapid grower. Shade tolerant. Low wildlife value except for wood ducks. | |Rapid grower. Shade tolerant. Low wildlife value except for wood ducks. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Pickerelweed | |Pickerelweed | ||
|{{wp| | |''Pontedaria cordata''{{wp sup|Pontederia}} | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Full sun to partial shade. Moderate wildlife value. Nectar for butterflies. pH: 6.0-8.0. | |Full sun to partial shade. Moderate wildlife value. Nectar for butterflies. pH: 6.0-8.0. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Common reed** | |Common reed** | ||
|{{wp|Phragmites australis}} | |''{{wp|Phragmites australis}}'' | ||
|3 inches | |3 inches | ||
|Highly invasive; considered a pest species in many states. Poor wildlife value. pH: 3.7-8.0. | |Highly invasive; considered a pest species in many states. Poor wildlife value. pH: 3.7-8.0. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Soft rush | |Soft rush | ||
|{{wp|Juncus effusus}} | |''{{wp|Juncus effusus}}'' | ||
|3 inches | |3 inches | ||
|Tolerates wet or dry conditions. Food for birds. Often grows in tussocks or hummocks. | |Tolerates wet or dry conditions. Food for birds. Often grows in tussocks or hummocks. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spikerush | |Spikerush | ||
|{{wp|Eleocharis palustris}} | |''{{wp|Eleocharis palustris}}'' | ||
|3 inches | |3 inches | ||
|Tolerates partial shade. | |Tolerates partial shade. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sedges | |Sedges | ||
|{{wp| | |''Carex spp.''{{wp sup|Cyperaceae}} | ||
|3 inches | |3 inches | ||
|Many wetland and several upland species. High wildlife value for waterfowl and songbirds. | |Many wetland and several upland species. High wildlife value for waterfowl and songbirds. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spatterdock | |Spatterdock | ||
|{{wp|Nuphar luteum}} | |''{{wp|Nuphar luteum}}'' | ||
|5 ft, 2 ft minimum | |5 ft, 2 ft minimum | ||
|Tolerant of fluctuating water levels. Moderate food value for wildlife, high cover value. Tolerates acidic water (to pH 5.0). | |Tolerant of fluctuating water levels. Moderate food value for wildlife, high cover value. Tolerates acidic water (to pH 5.0). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sweet flag | |Sweet flag | ||
|{{wp|Acorus calamus}} | |''{{wp|Acorus calamus}}'' | ||
|3 inches | |3 inches | ||
|Produces distinctive flowers. Not a rapid colonizer. Tolerates acidic conditions. Tolerant of dry periods and partial shade. Low wildlife value. | |Produces distinctive flowers. Not a rapid colonizer. Tolerates acidic conditions. Tolerant of dry periods and partial shade. Low wildlife value. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Wild rice | |Wild rice | ||
|{{wp|Zizania aquatica}} | |''{{wp|Zizania aquatica}}'' | ||
|12 inches | |12 inches | ||
|Requires full sun. High wildlife value (seeds, plant parts, and rootstocks are food for birds). Eaten by muskrats. Annual, nonpersistent. Does not reproduce vegetatively. | |Requires full sun. High wildlife value (seeds, plant parts, and rootstocks are food for birds). Eaten by muskrats. Annual, nonpersistent. Does not reproduce vegetatively. | ||
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<nowiki>**</nowiki>Not recommended for stormwater wetlands because they are highly invasive, but can be used in treatment wetlands if approved by regulatory agencies. | <nowiki>**</nowiki>Not recommended for stormwater wetlands because they are highly invasive, but can be used in treatment wetlands if approved by regulatory agencies. | ||
This data adapted from: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/hand.pdf | This data adapted from: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/hand.pdf | ||
Revision as of 09:11, 7 May 2009
Table 1. Emergent plants for constructed wetlands (adapted from Schueler 1992 and Thunhorst 1993).
| Recommended Species | Scientific Name | Maximum Water Depth* | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arrow arum | W | 12 inches | Full sun to partial shade. High wildlife value. Foliage and rootstocks are not eaten by geese or muskrats. Slow grower. pH: 5.0-6.5. |
| Arrowhead/duck potato | W | 12 inches | Aggressive colonizer. Mallards and muskrats can rapidly consume tubers. Loses much water through transpiration. |
| Common three-square bulrush | W | 6 inches | Fast colonizer. Can tolerate periods of dryness. High metal removal. High waterfowl and songbird value. |
| Softstem bulrush | W | 12 inches | Aggressive colonizer. Full sun. High pollutant removal. Provides food and cover for many species. of birds. pH: 6.5-8.5. |
| Blue flag iris | W | 3 - 6 inches | Attractive flowers. Can tolerate partial shade but requires full sun to flower. Prefers acidic soil. Tolerant of high nutrient levels. |
| Broad-leaved cattail** | W | 12-18 inches | Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. High pollutant treatment, pH: 3.0-8.5. |
| Narrow-leaved cattail** | W | 12 inches | Aggressive. Tubers eaten by muskrat and beaver. Tolerates brackish water. pH : 3.7-8.5. |
| Reed canary grass | W | 6 inches | Grows on exposed areas and in shallow water. Good ground cover for berms. |
| Lizard's tail | W | 6 inches | Rapid grower. Shade tolerant. Low wildlife value except for wood ducks. |
| Pickerelweed | Pontedaria cordataW | 12 inches | Full sun to partial shade. Moderate wildlife value. Nectar for butterflies. pH: 6.0-8.0. |
| Common reed** | W | 3 inches | Highly invasive; considered a pest species in many states. Poor wildlife value. pH: 3.7-8.0. |
| Soft rush | W | 3 inches | Tolerates wet or dry conditions. Food for birds. Often grows in tussocks or hummocks. |
| Spikerush | W | 3 inches | Tolerates partial shade. |
| Sedges | Carex spp.W | 3 inches | Many wetland and several upland species. High wildlife value for waterfowl and songbirds. |
| Spatterdock | W | 5 ft, 2 ft minimum | Tolerant of fluctuating water levels. Moderate food value for wildlife, high cover value. Tolerates acidic water (to pH 5.0). |
| Sweet flag | W | 3 inches | Produces distinctive flowers. Not a rapid colonizer. Tolerates acidic conditions. Tolerant of dry periods and partial shade. Low wildlife value. |
| Wild rice | W | 12 inches | Requires full sun. High wildlife value (seeds, plant parts, and rootstocks are food for birds). Eaten by muskrats. Annual, nonpersistent. Does not reproduce vegetatively. |
*These depths can be tolerated, but plant growth and survival may decline under permanent inundation at these depths.
**Not recommended for stormwater wetlands because they are highly invasive, but can be used in treatment wetlands if approved by regulatory agencies.
This data adapted from: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/hand.pdf