A regular earthship

An earthship refers to a earth-sheltered, passive solar house that is designed to work autonomously. Earthships are made using either earth-filled tires or sand bags.

History

The earthship was designed in the 1970s by Mike Reynolds. Earthships were primarily designed to be buildings that could be created by any average person (without any construction skills). Secondly, it would be made predominantly from natural/recycled and cheap building materials. Finally, it would be operated on natural energy sources and be independent from the mains electricity grid, water supply network and sewage system.

Reynolds' vision in the 1970's eventually took the form of U-shaped earth-filled tire house. As a concept, the Earthship was initially not limited to tires - any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship. However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship was preferred by Reynolds, mostly due to their wide availability and very low cost.

After designing the concept, Reynolds headed off to found Solar Survival Architecture (now Earthship Biotecture) to sell his services on building earthships.

Types

Since its start-up, Earthship Biotecture has been building and inventing new types of earthships, so that at present, 3 types can be distinguished (all of which can be still bought today).

Packaged Earthship

The most versatile and economical Earthship in terms of construction and building is the packaged earthship. This earthship comes in (partially) prefabricated construction packages and with pre-designed drawings. This "Off-the-rack" aspect makes it a fairly easy to construct the building. Sizes begin at a 607 square foot ("Nest" studio) and go up to a 3 bed, 2 bath Earthship and larger.

Modular Earthship

Modular Earthships provide as the name implies, the ability for the buyer to compose his earthship entirely to his liking. A greater variety of spaces than packaged Earthships and more sculptural rooms are available herefore. Because all the rooms are equipped with thermal mass insulation, the earthship will still provide in its thermal stability it is famous for.

Hybrid/Nautilus Earthship

The Nautilus Earthship is a unique spiral design earthship based on a sea shell. The idea around this is that Earthships need to interact with this planet's natural phenomena; thus the sun, the wind, the thermal mass of the earth, the rain, and even the spiral pattern in all life. [1]

Systems

Water supply and excreta disposal

Earthship water system

As mentioned earlier, earthships do not connect to a water supply network. Instead, earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment. This is generally done by gathering water (as rain or snow) using a rainwater harvesting system. As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravity feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and makes it suitable for drinking. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure. The water is then used for bathtub/shower, sink/dishwasher and finally flush toilet (if present).

It should be noted that, in theory, it is possible to run the the clean water to bathtub or shower, and then (at this point the water is allready greywater) to sink or dishwasher. However, the sink or dishwasher is then best connected to 3 waterlines (hot greywater line, cold clean water line and cold greywater line). This wasy, cold clean water can be used at the end of washing the hands or dishes, making it more hygienic to work with. [2]

In most early earthships though, gradual polluting of the water (as mentioned above) was not practiced. Instead the early earthships opted for the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures (called "planters") to regain the nutrients lost (from the soaps, ...) and water from the greywater. This was possible as any greywater made was only "polluted" with just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen, bathroom sinks and even showers, washing and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain fields are used instead of a mere placing before a outlet. [3][4]

In the early earthships, blackwater (water that has been used in a toilet), was not created as the use of conventional flush toilets was discouraged. [5] Instead, composting toilets were advocated, which use no water at all.

However, with the new designs created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".[6][7] Now, the created blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank that is often called the “incubator”. The solar enhanced septic tank stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, which is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior botanical cell.

With the new designs, besides the inclusion of flush toilets and a exterior botanical cell, a interior botanical cell is now also used. The interior botanical cell is used to clean the greywater (so just after it has been used by either the bathtub, shower, sink or dishwasher) before it is used in the toilet.

The greywater treatment works as follows: first it is channeled through a grease and partical filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber lined botanical cell, a miniature living machine, within the Earthship. Oxygenation, filtration, transpiration and bacteria encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plant roots add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen as it is filtered. The plants also take up water trough their roots and transpire it via their leaves, which then helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a grey water board (see earthship.net) and used to flush conventional toilets.

Electricity

Earthships do not connect to a mains electricity grid. Instead, they are designed to collect their own energy from a variety of sources. In przctice, the majority of the required electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. Photovoltaic panels and wind turbines are placed on or near the Earthship and generate DC energy which is then stored in deep cycle batteries. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from fuel-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module (POM) is used to take stored energy from batteries and invert it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house hold appliance including: Washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. None of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling[8].

Heating and cooling

The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated - often with earth or adobe - for added energy efficiency.

In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable "bricks", the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.

All tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.

Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.

The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.


the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize southern (or nothern in the southern hemisphere) sunlight and warmth in the colder months. Likewise, the thick, dense outer walls provide effective insulation against summer heat.

The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are trombe walls and other technologies as skylights.

The load bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from steel belted tires rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day. Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a "honey comb" of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly plastered with adobe or stucco.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth sheltered. The benefits of earth sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship (in the northern hemisphere) is positioned so that its southern wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly south. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the southern wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the southern wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

Natural ventilation

The natural ventilation system used in earthships

The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the eartship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

Heating Problems

Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling, because of a failure to adjust for local conditions.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler and wetter climates where some are now being built. Malcolm Wells, an architect and authority on earth sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value.

According to the Kansas State University Extension Service the R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.

Potential advantages

  • Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.
  • Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.
  • Having a combination of photovoltaic cells and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.
  • Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.
  • On-site processing of runoff water, grey water and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.
  • Rubber tires make a wind and puncture resistant wall. They may be safe from outgassing when plastered semi airtight.
  • Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.

Potential disadvantages

  • The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.
  • Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.
  • Rubber tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.
  • The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.
  • The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.
  • Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor intensive process.
  • Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact. However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climates.
  • Free or cheap tires would not be available in a society which managed its resources sustainably --- they would have an economic value. The most sustainable material is presumably stone.
  • Earthships built with concrete, sand bags or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better and are less environmentally damaging. Due to the environmentally unfriendly nature of tyres, it is even illegal to use tyres in certain countries (ie Belgium)[9]. Earthship Belgium hence uses sandbags to built their earthships instead.

Earthships around the world

Most of the eartships are still located in New Mexico (especially around Taos). However, the first official Earthship home in Europe has now been built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. www.earthship-france.com or www.earthship.net

Earthship biotecture has now also finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the Brighton Marina in the U.K. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the U.K. Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes, which is definitely a small but progressive step for the earth's environmental health considering the fact that the U.K. burns approximately 40 million tires each year. The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for lizards that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project, The Lizard. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in Brighton may help to pave the way for similar projects around the U.K. and other places. [1]

In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at Kinghorn Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in Stanmer Park, Brighton.

The worldwide earthship community

At present, Michael Reynolds is building a worldwide network of communities, focused on spreading the technique of building earthships and doubling as a presentation. The communities consist of housing developments in Taos, New Mexico, uniquely constructed of earthships. Communities include REACH and STAR. [10] Also, another organisation has been set up, called The Greater World and is also focused on helping people on building earthships. This organisation however is more focused on helping out with building codes (which are often problematic for earthships, given that they require other plumbing, ...). [11] The Greater World became a legal subdivision in 1998, and is now phasing its development so that building can continue in certain sections of the development. The project was designed to create an ideal condition from which a sustainable community can grow and flourish. This whole community produces their own energy, harvests their own water, contains and treats their own sewage, manufactures bio-diesel, and grows a great deal of their own food. The buildings also heat and cool themselves all the while utilizing the discarded materials of our society. This community attempts to lead a non-destructive existence that removes stress from the lives of people and the planet. [2]

See also

Applications:

References

Reynolds, Mike. (2000). Comfort In Any Climate, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

Interwiki links


External links

   * Step-by-step construction techniques, Earthship tours
   * Earthship Biotecture
   * Sustainable Communities Initiatives - UK Earthship visitor centre
   * Info on earthships in the UK
   * Touch the Earth Earthship
   * Very detailed construction information/photos and good links
   * Passive solar, high thermal mass construction
   * Homepage von Earthship Austria in Deutsch
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