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{{MECH370}}
by Balpreet S. Kukreja{{MECH370}}
This page is ''still'' under construction.
This page is ''still'' under construction.


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==Energy Savings==
==Energy Savings==


It is difficult to accurately quantify exact energy savings from switching to a lighter, composite based aircraft. This is because fuel consumption depends on several variables; dry aircraft weight, payload weight, age of aircraft, quality of fuel, air speed, weather, among other things. The weight of an aircraft is reduced by approximately 20% with the use of composite materials, such as in the case of the 787 Dreamliner.<ref name="E"></ref> In a greatly simplified view of the situation, where weight of an aircraft was directly proportional to amount of fuel consumed, a 20% weight reduction would correlate to a 20% saving in fuel.  
It is difficult to accurately quantify exact energy savings from switching to a lighter, composite based aircraft. This is because fuel consumption depends on several variables; dry aircraft weight, payload weight, age of aircraft, quality of fuel, air speed, weather, among other things. The weight of an aircraft is reduced by approximately 20% with the use of composite materials, such as in the case of the 787 Dreamliner.<ref name="E"></ref> In a greatly simplified view of the situation, where weight of an aircraft was directly proportional to amount of fuel consumed, a 20% weight reduction would correlate to a 20% saving in fuel costs.  


As the 787 Dreamliner has not entered production yet, it is not possible to quantify its fuel consumption. Past aircrafts from Boeing such as the Boeing 747 consume approximately 150,000 litres of fuel during the course of a 10 hour flight.<ref name="G">How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip? - HowStuffWorks.com - Retrieved at http://www.howstuffworks.com/question192.htm</ref> Taking an average cost of $1 (Canadian) per litre of fuel, a 20% reduction in fuel consumption would net a $30,000 saving in fuel costs ''per'' 10 hour flight for a reduced weight Boeing 747. Given the number of flights occurring on a daily basis, it is obvious that a significant amount of money would be saved if all aircraft were to have a reduced weight.
As the 787 Dreamliner has not entered production yet, it is not possible to quantify its fuel consumption. Past aircrafts from Boeing such as the Boeing 747 consume approximately 150,000 litres of fuel during the course of a 10 hour flight.<ref name="G">How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip? - HowStuffWorks.com - Retrieved at http://www.howstuffworks.com/question192.htm</ref> Taking an average cost of $1 (Canadian) per litre of fuel, a 20% reduction in fuel consumption would net a $30,000 saving in fuel costs ''per'' 10 hour flight for a reduced weight Boeing 747. Given the number of flights occurring on a daily basis, it is obvious that a significant amount of money would be saved if all aircraft were to have a reduced weight.

Revision as of 02:47, 4 December 2009

by Balpreet S. KukrejaTemplate:MECH370 This page is still under construction.

Come back within the next few days for the completed piece!


Introduction

Composite materials are widely used in the Aircraft Industry to create hybrid materials that together fulfil a purpose that would otherwise not be possible if the materials were to be used separately. The development of light-weight, high-temperature resistant composite materials will allow the next generation of high-performance, economical aircraft designs to materialize. Development of such materials will reduce fuel consumption, improve efficiency and reduce direct operating costs of aircraft.

Synthesis of Basic Composites

Example of a basic composite material.

In a basic composite, one material acts as a supporting matrix, while another material builds on this base scaffolding and reinforces the entire material. An example of such a material is a Fibre-reinforced plastic, which consists of numerous glass fibres embedded in a resin or epoxy matrix.

Formation of a composite material can be an expensive and complex process. In essence, a base composite material is laid out in a mould under high temperature and pressure. An epoxy or resin matrix is then poured over the base composite material, creating a strong material when heat is removed and solidification occurs.

Aviation and Composites

Composite materials are important to the Aviation Industry because they provide structural strength comparable to metallic alloys, but at a lighter weight. This leads to improved fuel efficiency and performance from an aircraft. [1][2]

Boeing's 787 Dreamliner will be the first commercial aircraft in which major structural elements are made of composite materials rather than aluminum alloys.[3] Problems have been encountered with the Dreamliner's wing box, which have been attributed to insufficient stiffness in the composite materials used to build the part. This has lead to delays in the initial delivery dates of the aircraft.[3] In order to resolve these problems, Boeing is stiffening the wing boxes by adding new brackets to wing boxes already built, while modifying wing boxes that are yet to be built.[3] It has been found difficult to accurately model the performance of a part made of composites due to the complex nature of the material. Composites are often layered on top of each other for added strength, but this complicates the pre-manufacture computer simulation phase, as the layers are oriented in different directions, making it difficult to predict how they will behave when tested.[3]


Energy Savings

It is difficult to accurately quantify exact energy savings from switching to a lighter, composite based aircraft. This is because fuel consumption depends on several variables; dry aircraft weight, payload weight, age of aircraft, quality of fuel, air speed, weather, among other things. The weight of an aircraft is reduced by approximately 20% with the use of composite materials, such as in the case of the 787 Dreamliner.[2] In a greatly simplified view of the situation, where weight of an aircraft was directly proportional to amount of fuel consumed, a 20% weight reduction would correlate to a 20% saving in fuel costs.

As the 787 Dreamliner has not entered production yet, it is not possible to quantify its fuel consumption. Past aircrafts from Boeing such as the Boeing 747 consume approximately 150,000 litres of fuel during the course of a 10 hour flight.[4] Taking an average cost of $1 (Canadian) per litre of fuel, a 20% reduction in fuel consumption would net a $30,000 saving in fuel costs per 10 hour flight for a reduced weight Boeing 747. Given the number of flights occurring on a daily basis, it is obvious that a significant amount of money would be saved if all aircraft were to have a reduced weight.

Environmental Impact

Future Composite Materials

  • Ceramic Matrix Composites

Major efforts are underway to develop light-weight, high-temperature composite materials at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for use in aircraft parts. Temperatures as high as 1650°C are anticipated for the turbine inlets of a conceptual engine based on preliminary calculations.[1] In order for materials to withstand such temperatures, the use of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) is required. The use of CMCs in advanced engines will also allow an increase in the temperature at which the engine can be operated, leading to increased yield. [5] Although CMCs are promising structural materials, their applications are limited due to lack of suitable reinforcement materials, processing difficulties, lifetime and cost.

  • Spider Silk Fibres

Spider silk is another promising material for composite material usage. Spider silk exhibits high ductility, allowing stretching of a fibre up to 140% of its normal length. Spider silk also holds its strength at temperatures as low as -40°C.[6] These properties make spider silk ideal for use as a fibre material in the production of ductile composite materials that will retain their strength even at abnormal temperatures. Ductile composite materials will be beneficial to an aircraft in parts that will be subject to variable stresses, such as the joining of a wing with the main fuselage. The increased strength, toughness and ductility of such a composite will allow greater stresses to be applied to the part or joining before catastrophic failure occurs. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made at reproducing spider silk in a laboratory, but perfect re-synthesis has not yet been achieved. [7]


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 INI International - Key to Metals - Retrieved at http://www.keytometals.com/Article103.htm
  2. 2.0 2.1 Boeing's 787 Dreamliner Has a Composite Problem - Zimbio - Retrieved at http://www.zimbio.com/Boeing+787+Dreamliner/articles/18/Boeing+787+Dreamliner+composite+problem
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Surface Modelling for Composite Materials - SIAG GD - Retrieved at http://www.ifi.uio.no/siag/problems/grandine/
  4. How much fuel does an international plane use for a trip? - HowStuffWorks.com - Retrieved at http://www.howstuffworks.com/question192.htm
  5. R. Naslain - Universite Bordeaux - Ceramic Matrix Composites - Retrieved at http://www.mpg.de/pdf/europeanWhiteBook/wb_materials_213_216.pdf
  6. Department of Chemistry - University of Bristol - Retrieved at http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/spider/page2.htm
  7. Wired Science - Spiders Make Golden Silk - Retrieved at http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/09/spider-silk/
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