Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid
IEA TASK 35 PV/T
The IEA (International Energy Association) is almost finished there study on PV/T.
They had five subtasks:
- Subtask A: Market and Commercialisation of PV/T
- Subtask B: Energy Analysis and Modelling
- Subtask C: Product and System Development, Tests and Evaluation
- Subtask D: Demonstration Projects
- Subtask E: Dissemination
They looked at 4 different types of PV/T set-ups in multiple countries.
- PV/T liquid collector
- PV/T air collector
- PV/T concentrator
- Ventilated PV with heat recovery
Canada is part of this TASK 35 and is studying Transpired Air PV/T collector at the National Solar Test Facility.
It started in 2005 and ended in 2008. Currently, they are reviewing the final draft. I have emailed the coordinators last week. See the following for contact information.
Everybody with the interest in PV/Thermal Solar Systems are invited to contact
Project Manager Jan Hansen, Esbensen Consulting Engineers A/S, j.hansen@esbensen.dk, +45 3326 7308
or
Operating Agent Henrik Sørensen, Esbensen Consulting Engineers A/S, h.soerensen@esbensen.dk, +45 3326 7304,
The website is http://www.pv-t.org/
The canadian group is: Leader for Subtask B is Michael Collins, University of Waterloo, Canada, funded by Natural Resources Canada.
Here is the annual report of SHC (solar heating and cooling program) File:09 05 27 shc annual report 2008.pdf
Here is another report from IEA SHC overview of current tasks File:09 05 27 booklet-2007.pdf
5mjmp 19:12, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Commerically Available PVT Products 2006
- PVT air collectors
- Aidt Miljo / Grammer Solar / Conserval Engineering
- Ventilated PV with heat recovery
- Secco Sistemi
- PVT liquid collectors
- PVTWINS / Millennium Electric
- PVT concentrators
- Arontis / HelioDynamics / Menova
File:09 05 23 4DA2-1 Commercially available PVT products v20070102.pdf
5mjmp 14:41, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
PVT - Untapped Energy
The article talks about the potential of PVT's. This article specifically deals with Canada's involvement with Task 35 with PVT's using Air has its heat transfer medium. The testing was done at Canada's National Solar Test Facility (NSTF) indoors under the STC set by the IEA Task 35 group. Several companies supplied some of their PV panels which were then fitted to a thermal system. Test were done and efficiencies were calculated. The total efficiencies (thermal and electric) ranged from 21-56 %. It was found that thermal was 150-400% more efficient than electric for crystalline and up to 800% more efficient for amorphous. However, tests did show that cooling PV panels is more efficient and that it does cool the PV panels making them work better. Up to 0.5%/C better.
File:09 05 23 ASESPaper-PVThermalSystems-theUntappedEnergy175A3.pdf
5mjmp 14:12, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
Hybrid PV/Thermal Collectors
Written: 2000
This paper talks about the current PV/T systems, the future systems and what needs to be done. Isreal (Cromagen) has PV/T's since 1991 and the use water as the cooling medium. Germany has two companies as well; SolarWerk and SolarWatt. "Both systems use plat plate solar heat collectors with PV cells integrated on the absorber." Canada (Conserval Engineering) uses air as its medium.
"PV/T-technology is still very new and there is a strong need for R&D and demonstration efforts in the following areas:
- Maximization of heat transfer from the solar cell to the heat transfer medium and
maximization of the electrical yield from the solar cells for different temperaturelevels.
- Durability testing of collectors and solar cells, especially for laminated solutions and
solutions where the solar cells operate at a high temperature.
- A standardized method of assessing the energy performance of PV/T systems needs
to be defined and calculated, monitored and evaluated both for the commercial products and for the best solutions demonstrated as one-off systems in buildings."
File:09 05 23 Paper X Henrik Sorensen.pdf 5mjmp 19:41, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Journal Article Reviews
Evatuation of Flat-Plate Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid Systems
The is a study on the economics of whether PV/T's are worth doing compared to PV, Thermal, PV and T (side by side). The study compared glazed and unglazed. The tests were done in Tampa, New York and LA. This study was done in 1980's and concluded that PV/T was not economcially feasible, however, now with better PV, PV/T has a second chance.
Here is the Article: File:Evaluation of Flat-Plate Photovoltaic-Thermal Hybrid Systems for solar energy utilization.pdf
http://www.pubs.bnl.gov/documents/22828.pdf 5mjmp 19:00, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Design, Development and Performance Monitoring of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Air Collector
Written:2007 The research and development was completed at the Politecnico di Milano. The PV/T is made of a rectangle; bottom up: insulation then absorber plate then air gap for the air flow and then a glass top with checkered placed PV cells. Dimensions are included in article.
where:
- actual efficiency
- nominal efficiency (from lab testing STC)
- Temperature correction factor
- Optical correction factor
- Absorbtion correction factor
- Spectrum correction factor
Seven sunny days were tested from march to august and the results show that the thermal efficiency was 20-40% and the electrical efficicency was 9-10%. Sunday days were chosen since there was not a way to correct for direct and diffused sunlight in this test.
In this article, there are equations to calculate the thermal balance of the PV cells, Thermal equilibrium of the glass (part of the sandwich without PV cells inside), Thermal equilibrium in the air gap, Thermal equilibrium of the absorber plate, PV thermal–spectral actual efficiency, Average temperature of the air in the gap and Thermal exchange coefficients.
The model and prototype were compared in this article and they were very similar.
5mjmp 20:07, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
A Hybrid Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collector
Written: 1985
a-Si amorphous silicon photovoltaic was used. The cells were deposited on glass panels which were attached to fins and a tube aluminum heat-exchange plate. Results showed that PV/T is possible.
The cells were produced commerically by Chronar Corporation. It made up of window glass, transparent tin oxide, p-i-n amorphous silicon and evaporated aluminum as the back layer. About 29% of the incident light is reflected back from the aluminum layer. Absorbtion is limited by the amorphous siliocn layer properties.
Two suggestions to improve the thermal performance, tin oxide layer could be textured causing the light to scatter and therefore increase the absorbtion of the amorphous layers. Or change the aluminum back electrode to indium tin oxide (ITO) which above 0.5 micrometers of the solar spectrum is transparent which would allow light to be absorbed by the heat exchange plate.
Results show that below 80 C for a short-circuit current is indpendent of temperature. At 80 C the power is reduced by about 15%. Due to Staebler-Wronski effect amorphous silicon is subject to degradation.
The efficiency of the cells is 4% and the thermal effeciency is 40%. At present best amorphous silicon has effeciencies of 8% but with multijunction they could reach 18%.
File:09 05 28 a hybrid amorphous silicon photovoltaic and thermal solar collector.pdf
http://scholarsportal.info/science?_volkey=03796787%2319%23131%232
5mjmp 14:41, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
A Comparison of Fill Factor and Recombination Losses in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells on ZnO and SnO2
Written: 2007
It states that hydrogenated amorphous silicion p-i-n thin film most promising material since cheap. However solar degradation is a problem.
Research Topics:
- low cost
- improve the conversion efficiency
- reduce radiation loss
ZnO issues:
- minimize resistance between p-layer and TCO
- plasma resistant
- 96-97% transmission
- Electrical performance poorer
- Tend to have low FF (fill factor) and VOC
- due to changes in the p/i junction recombination not contact
- low v (DC)
- Higher QM and modulated v
SnO2 issues:
- chemically reduced by H or SiH4 plasma which causes a thin film of Sn to form lowering the transmission.
- Only 92-95% internal transmission over the visible spectrum
"Aim of the paper is to optimize the radiation and recombination losses by investigation two types of p-i-n solar cells which have the same a-si recipe and back contact ZnO and SnO2 TCO substrate materials." - paper
5mjmp 15:15, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
Parametric Study of an Active and Passive Solar Distillation System: Energy and Exergy Analysis
This article deals with solar stills instead of PVT however, it has some useful equations to help solve some of the heat problems. In this paper two models are looked at. One model assumes that the inner and outer walls of the glass cover are the same while the other does not. These models use mass and energy balance equations. The conclusion was that the temperature of the inner and outer glass does effect the yield of the solar stills.
5mjmp 20:18, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Air Collector for Composite Climate of India
Written: 2005
This paper studies the performance of PV panel with an air duct. It looks at natural convection, one fan and two fans. They also model using energy balance equations and the experimental results are similar to the predicted results. The results show that a flow rate of about 2m/s, a lenght of ~3 m and a duct depth of 0.03-0.06m produced the optimal efficiency.
5mjmp 14:55, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Solar Collector Overheating Protection
The article is about reducing the about of light interacting with the PV panel to reduce the amount of heat generated by the PV panel. They use a primatic structure to reduce the incoming light. Several different experiments were complete; the light was shawn directly at the panel with the primatric cover, the panel was tilted to mimic the earth's rotation and two layers of the primatic structure were used. The conclusion was that it did help reduce the amount of light and therefore some of the temperature. Further publications will use the light reducing properties of pyramids and cones.
File:09 05 23 solar collector overheating protection.pdf
5mjmp 15:38, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
The Effect of Flow Rates on the Performance of finned single pass, double duct PVT solar air heaters
In this article, the PV panels were pasted directly onto the absorber with fins attached to the back of the absorber. The solar radiation was set at 400-700 W/ from 23 halogen lights rated at 500 W. The flow rate was varied rom 0.0316-0.09 kg/s and it was found that the greater the flow rate, the higher the efficiencies. The total efficiencies ranged from 49.135%-62.823%. Air flows above and below the absorber plate. The fins were 0.025 cm high, 0.001 thick, density of 0.384 fin/ cm and there were 29 fins. The inlet air temperature varied from 30 - 35 C.
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_25_2_16.pdf
5mjmp 17:28, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Derivation of Efficiency and Loss Factors for Solar Air Heaters
This article goes through the derivation of efficiency and loss factor using the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equations. The derivations are for a flat and lee-congrated surface absorber. Flow under the absorber was also calculated. Furthermore, a triangular duct design was calculated too. A caution in the discussion warned the reader that this approximation wields larger errors for air type collectors rather than liquid since liquid usually exhibits smaller changes in temperature along the flow path.
File:09 05 28 Derivation of efficiency and loss factors for solar air heaters.pdf
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979sun.....1..244P
5mjmp 18:33, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Double-Pass Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Air Collector with Compound Parabolic Concentrator and Fins
In this article, the combined efficiency achieved was ~70% when the mass flow rate was greater than 0.1 kg/s. In the experiments the light intenisty was varied from 400-700 W/ from 23 halogen lights rated at 500 W. "Temperature rise is proportional to the radiation intensity at a specific mass flow rate." It was found that the higher the flow rate the better the efficiency was, however, the system shoudl function with a low pressure drop. Therefore, this is an opmitmization problem between energy production and maintaining a low pressure drop.
5mjmp 19:33, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Double-Pass Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collector
In this experiement monocrystalline silicon cells were pasted on to the absorber plate with fins. It was found that the fill factor decrease as radiation intenisty increased with constant mass flow rate. The fill factor decreased from .48 to .27 when the light intensity increased from 400 to 700 W/. This experiment used halogen lights to create the light intensities. The theorectical calculations followed the same tread as the experimental results, however, the experiemental results produced slightly higher efficiencies for thermal but lower efficiencies for electrical.
File:09 05 28 double pass photovoltaic thermal solar collector.pdf
http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0613063
5mjmp 20:23, 5 June 2009 (UTC)
Dynamic Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Collector Wall in Hong Kong
Written: 2002
In this paper, two different hybrid modules were simulated using hourly TRY (Test Reference Yearly) weather data from 1989. They simulated an EPV (thin cell) and a BPV (single silicon cell). The equations used are found in the paper and the flow chart of the FORTAN code as well. Theorectically PV/T total efficiency is supposed to range from 60-80%. In the simlation the PV/T was on the west wall of a building (facade integrations) and water was used as the coolant. A good quality PV should have an efficiency of 10% after all the loss factors are taken into account. It was found that the electrical efficiencies of EPV and BPV were 4.3% and 10.3% and the thermal efficiencies were 47.6% and 43.2%. However, the EPV system had 217 days compared to 195 days were the water reached 45 C. Also, compared to a normal concrete wall, the EPV and BPV systems' reduction of space heat gain reached 53% and 59.2%.
File:09 05 28 dynamic performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal collector wall in hong kong.pdf
5mjmp 14:51, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
Experimental Investigation of Single Pass, Double Duct Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector with CPC and Fins
Written: 2008
This paper is the same as 09_05_23_the effect of flow rates on teh performance of finned single pass, double duct photovoltaic thermal solar air heaters and the conclusion is the same. 'Fins are crucial in the improvement of the efficiency of the PV/T.'
"A number of researches and development programs have been carried out to improve the applications of solar energy systems. Several design of photovoltaic thermal solar air collector has been proposed in the past. Among the first, Kern and Russel[1] are the first who give main concept of photovoltaic thermal collector using water or air as the working fluid. Florschuetz[2] has extended the Hottel-Willer model to analysis steady state combined photovoltaic/thermal collector with simple modification of the conventional parameters of the original model by assuming that a liner correlation between efficiency of solar cell array and its temperature over its operating temperature range. Hendrie and Raghuraman[3] have been made a comparative experimental study in (pv/t) collectors with liquid and air as the heat removal fluid (working fluid). Cox and Raghuraman[4] suggested air type photovoltaic thermal system by analysis the effect of various design variables on the performance of the system. Lalovic et al.[5] fabricated photovoltaic thermal collector using amorphous Silicon pv cell and its performance was tested. Garg et al.[6] presented the theoretical study of (pv/t) collector with reflectors; they found that the system is well suited for solar drying applications. Bharagava et al.[7] and Prakash[8] reported the effect of air mass flow rate, air channel depth and packing factor. Sopain[9] have successfully demonstrated the improved performance of steady state double pass collector over the single pass collector due to efficient cooling of pv cells. Bergene and Lovvik[10] found that the thermal efficiency may increase only by a factor of 0.1 if flow rate increase from 0.001 to 0.075 kg-1 s. Sopian et al.[11] developed and tested a double pass photovoltaic collector suitable for solar drying applications and they comparison between theoretical and experimental results. Tripanagnotopoulos et al.[12] built and tested various photovoltaic thermal collector models with both water and air as the working fluids. Zondag et al.[13] compared the efficiency of seven different design types photovoltaic thermal collectors. Othman et al.[14] investigate the performance of double pass (pv/t) air heater with fins fixed in the bottom of absorber, the system theoretically under steady state conditions and experimentally was studied. They conclude that it is important to use fins as integral part of the absorber surface in order to achieve meaningful efficiencies for both thermal and electrical output of photovoltaic solar collector. Y. B. Assoa[15] developed simplified steady state 1-D mathematical model of (pv/t) bi-fluid (air and water) collector with a metal absorber. A Parametric study (numerically and experimentally) to determine the effect of various factors such as the water mass flow rate and thermal performance was studied. Simulation results were compared with the experimental results." -Paper
http://scipub.org/fulltext/ajas/ajas57866-871.pdf
5mjmp 15:16, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
Experimental Study on a Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Water Heater and its Performance Predictions
Written: 1993
This article talks about the potential of PV/T's. The system that was tested as a thermosyphon ([[1]]) water heater. Theorectical calculations were completed and they matched within error of the experimental data. They tested with and without a thermosyphon. It was found that the electrical and thermal efficiencies were 3.35% and 33.5%. A valid assumption is that the average cell temperature is the same as the average plate temperature.
5mjmp 17:55, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
Field Experiments and Analysis on a Hybrid Solar Collector
In this testing of the hybrid system, brine was used as the coolant. Single-junction crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells were used. The panels were tilted 30 degrees to optimize teh annual global irradiance. This was done at the Hokkaido Univeristy, Japan. The brine solution was propylene glycol (30 wt %) and the flow rate was 1 l/min. Throughout the experiment the brine temperature ranged from 10-40 C. The efficiencies found experimentally for thermal, electrical and hybrid energy production were 46.2%, 10.7% and 42.6%. Exergy analysis was done as well and the efficiencies were 4.4%, 11.2% and 13.3% for thermal, electrical and hybrid energy conversion. The hybrid system is predicted to reduce the panel area installation area by 27%.
File:09 05 28 Field experiements and analysis on a hybrid solar collector.pdf
5mjmp 15:24, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
High-Efficiency a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction Solar Cell
Written: 1994
This article explains a bit about how HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer) are made and their efficiency and properties. They have a low backward current density of . They have an intrinsic efficiency of 14.8% when the intrinsic layer is ~50 Armstrons. Simple structure and low temperature manufacturing (200 C)and simultaneous realization of surface passivation & p-n junction. The article states that these cells would have potential in the future.
File:09 05 28 high-efficiency a-Si-c-Si heterojunction solar cell.pdf
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=519952
5mjmp 17:07, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Hybrid Solar Collector
This article explores the practicality of hybrid solar collectors. Theoretical calculations were done with the following assumptions The collector is a flat solar one.
- The losses from heat conductivity are neglected since the
layers are very thin and the material they are made of has high thermal conductivity.
- The thermal losses in the photovoltaic cells are disregarded.
- The atmosphere radiates to the collector as an infinite absolutely
black surface with a temperature of the sky, Ts.
The calculations can be found in this paper. The results showed that hybrid collectors use half as much space as PV.
File:09 05 28 hybrid solar collector.pdf
5mjmp 18:25, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Indoor Simulation and Testing of Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collectors
"Several designs of hybrid PV/T solar air heater had been proposed in the past. Kern and Russed [1] were the first who gave the main concept of PV/T collector using water or air as the working fluid. Cox and Raghuraman [2] have performed computer simulation to optimize the design of flat plate PV/T solar air collector in order to increase the solar absorptance and reducing the infrared emittance (IR). Bhargava et al. [3] have analyzed a hybrid system which is a combination of an air heater and photovoltaic system parameters such as channel depth, length of the collector, and air mass flow rate. Garg et al. [4] have presented a theoretical study of PV/T collector using plane booster reflectors. The system consists of a flat plate solar air heater mounted with photovoltaic cells and two plan reflectors above and below the collector unit. Sopian et al. [5] have proposed at University of Miami a new design of double pass PV/T collector which can produce more heat, while simultaneously having a productive cooling effect on the cell. Garg and Adhikar [6] have developed a computer simulation model for predicting the transient performance of PV/T air heating collector with single and double glass configurations. Hagazy [7] has investigated glazed photovoltaic/ thermal air system for a single and a double pass air heater for space heating and the drying purposes. Kalogirou [8] has carried out monthly performance of an unglazed hybrid PV/T system under forced mode of operation for climatic condition of the Cyprus. Lee et al. [9] and Chow et al. [10] have described interesting modelling results on air cooled PV modules. They have found that the overall electrical efficiency of PV/T system in the year is around 10.2% and reduce the space heat gain by 48%. Tiwari et al. [11] have validated the theoretical and experimental results for photovoltaic (PV) module integrated with air duct for composite climate of India and concluded that an overall thermal efficiency of PV/T system is significantly increased (18%) due to utilization of thermal energy from PV module. Annual performance of building-integrated photovoltaic/ water-heating system for Hong Kong climates have presented by Chow et al. [12] and found that annual thermal and cell conversion efficiencies are 37.5% and 9.39%, respectively. Nayak and Tiwari [13] have presented performance of PV integrated greenhouse system for New Delhi climatic condition and reported that the exergy efficiency of the system is 4%. Dubey et al. [14] have derived the expression for temperature dependent electrical efficiency considering glass to glass and glass to tedlar type PV modules." - Paper
In this article a PVT system was set-up and tested under different operating conditions. 16 halogen lamps each rated at 500 W.
The following parameters were tested in the experiment:
- 1. Inlet air temperature.
- 2. Outlet air temperature for all the ducts.
- 3. Room temperature.
- 4. Solar cell temperature.
- 5. Air velocity.
- 6. Solar intensity.
- 7. Load current (IL) and load voltage (VL).
- 8. Short circuit current (Isc) and open circuit voltage (Voc).
In the theoretical model the following assumptions were made:
One dimensional heat conduction is good approximation for the present study.
- The glass cover is at uniform temperature due to no temperature
gradients along the thickness of glass.
- There is stream line flow of air through the duct at small flow
rate.
- The transmittivity of EVA is approximately 100% due to thickness
of EVA is less than 0.0003 m.
- The system is in quasi-steady state.
- The ohmic losses in the solar cell and PV module are negligible.
Solar Intensities (400-900 W/) and mass flow rates (0.01- 0.15 kg/s) were varied and results were graphed. The electrical, thermal and total efficiency found were 8.4%, 42% and 50%.
Future considerations suggested in the paper:
- Use of more halogen lamps of low capacities (or voltage) for uniform
insolation and temperature distribution, so that the each PV panel gets equal insolation and the output from the PV panels will be uniform.
- Automatic arrangement for varying the distance between lamps
and PV module. This will save the testing time and desired insolation can be obtained easily.
- Use of adhesive paste around PV/T air collector to further minimize
air leakage. This will helpful to get the optimum flow rate and uniform temperature can be obtained accurately.
File:09 05 28 indoor simulation and testing of photovoltaic thermal air collectors.pdf
5mjmp 21:12, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Single Slope Hybrid (PVT) Active Solar Still
"More than 80% of the solar radiation falling on photovoltaic (PV) cells is not converted to electricity, but either reflected or converted to thermal energy. In view of this, hybrid photovoltaic and thermal (PV/T) collectors are introduced to simultaneously generate electricity and thermal power [5]. Chow [6] has analyzed the PV/T water collector with single glazing in transient conditions, consisting of tubes, in contact with the flat plate, reported an increase of electric efficiency by 2%, and obtained the thermal efficiency of 60% at 0.01 kg/s flow rate of water. Further, Zakharchenko et al. [7] have studied the unglazed hybrid (PV/T) system with suitable thermal contact between the PV module and the collector and reported that the area of module and collector in the PV/T system need not to be equal for higher overall efficiency. To operate the PV module at low temperature, the PV module should be fixed at lower temperature part of the collector (i.e. at the inlet of feed water). The parametric study of different configuration of hybrid (PV/T) air collector has also carried out by Tiwari and Sodha [8]. Kumar and Tiwari [9] have reported that daily yield obtained from hybrid (PV/T) active solar still is 3.5 times of the passive solar still. Tiwari et al. [10] have validated the theoretical and experimental results for photovoltaic (PV) module integrated with air duct for composite climate of India and concluded that an overall thermal efficiency of PV/T system is significantly increased due to utilization of thermal energy from PV module. Recently, Dubey et al. [11] have reported the higher annual average efficiency of glass to glass type PV module with and without air duct as 10.41% and 9.75%, respectively." - Paper
This article is about the life-cycle analysis of passive and active PV/T solar stills. The purpose is to determine if which solar stills are better at producing potable water. It was found that the payback period for the passive and active solar stills were 1.1-6.2 years and 3.3-23.9 years. The active PV/T solar still is 2.8 the cost of the passive solar still. The paper also states the because of the continual development of the PV the PV/T active solar still will become feasible in the growing years.
File:09 05 28 Life cycle cost analysis of single slope hybrid (pvt) acticve solar still.pdf
5mjmp 13:59, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Limits to the Efficiency of Silicon Multilayer Thin Film Solar Cells
Written: 1994
This article is a detailed report on silicon multilayer multijunction thin film (MMTF) solar cells. The article talks about the performance of multilayer solar cells, quantum efficiencies, resistive losses, open circuit voltage, tolerance to grain boundaries, junction recombination and limits to efficiency. By injecting carriers between parallel layers the MMTF are ablilty to minise lateral resistance losses. It was found through testing that the efficiency was about 15%.
File:09 05 28 limits to teh efficiency of silicon multilayer thin film solar cells.pdf
5mjmp 15:15, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Performance Analysis of a Double Pass Thermoelectric Solar Air Collector
"Over the last few years, different PVT systems, based on air and water as heat carrying fluid, have been studied, developed and reported in literature. For example, Kalogirou [3] has studied experimentally an unglazed hybrid PVT system under the force mode of operation for climatic condition of Cyprus. He observed an increase in the mean annual efficiency of a PV solar system from 2.8% to 7.7% with a thermal efficiency of 49%. Hagazy [4] and Sopian et al. [5] investigated a glazed PVT air system for a single and double-pass air heater for space heating and drying purposes. They have also developed a thermal model of each system. Thermal energy for the glazed PVT system is increased with lower electrical efficiency due to high operating temperature. However, there is another technology for combined electrical and thermal energies namely: thermoelectric (TE) technology. The term TE refers to solar thermal collectors that use TE devices as an integral part of the absorber plate. The system generates both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously. A TE device for power generation consists of n and p semiconductors connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. Heat is supplied at one end of the TE, while the other end is maintained at a lower temperature with a heat sink [6]. As a result of the temperature difference, a current flows through an external load resistance. TE has the advantage that it can operate from a low grade heat source such as waste heat energy. It is also attractive as a means of converting solar energy into electricity. A number of simulations as well as experimental studies have been reported on solar-driven TE power generators. Chen [7] derived a thermodynamic analysis of solar-driven TE power generator based on a well-insulated flat plate collector. A thermodynamic model including four irreversibilities is used to investigate the optimum performance of a solar-driven TE generator. The example discussed by Chen is based on an extremely well-insulated flat plate collector, which, in practice, may be difficult to achieve. Gunter et al. [8] constructed a prototype of a solar thermoelectric water heater. The hot side of TE module was heated by solar hot water. Meanwhile, the heat was released at the cold side of TE module via a heat sink. Three vacuum tubes with heat pipes, each with a 0.1m2 absorber area and with water as the heat pipe medium, were connected via a specially designed heat exchanger to a fluid circuit acting as a heat sink. Test result showed that the electrical efficiency reached a maximum value of 1.1% of the incoming solar radiation, which is around 2.8% of the transferred heat. Scherrer et al. [9] presented a series of mathematical models based on the optimal control theory to assess the electric performance of a skutterudites-based solar TE generator as a function of sunspacecraft distance, and optimized its design parameters (such as dimensions, weight and so on) when operating at a distance of 0.45 a.u. from the sun, for 400Welectrical output power and for a required load voltage of 30 VCD. The simulation results indicated that the skutterudites-based solar TE generator offered attractive performance features as primary or auxiliary power source for spacecraft in near-Sun missions. Maneewan et al. [10] studied a thermoelectric roof solar collector (TE-RSC) to reduce roof heat gain and improve indoor thermal comfort. Maneewan’s TE-RSC combined the advantages of a roof solar collector and TE to act as a power generator. The electric current produced by the TE modules was used to run a fan for cooling the modules and improve the indoor thermal conditions. The subsequent simulation results, using a real house configuration, showed that a TERSC unit with a 0.0525m2 surface area could generate about 1.2W under solar radiation intensity of about 800W/m2 and at ambient temperatures varying between 30 and 35 1C. The induced air change rate varied between 20 and 45 ACH (number of air changes per hour) and the corresponding ceiling heat transfer rate reduction was about 3–5W/m2. The electrical conversion efficiency of the proposed TE-RSC system is 1–4%." - Paper
This paper is about the testing and development of TE solar air heater to determine its performance in Thailand. The theoretical model and testing were within experimental error of each other. The results showed that with an air flow-rate of .123 kg/s the overall efficiency was 80.3% with the electrical efficiency of around 5.7%.
TE uses the same idea of thermocouples, ie. the higher the difference in temperture, the higher the voltage. So by cooling one side of the TE and collecting that warmer air, the thermal and electrical efficiency goes up. see thermoelectricity
File:09 05 28 performance analysis of a double pass thermoelectric solar air collector.pdf
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120000947350/
5mjmp 19:06, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Integrated System
This is a very good paper going over PV/T's.
This paper is an overall summary of PV/T's and it talks about why PV/T's are more practical. PV/T's is designed to remove the unwanted heat from PV's and collect the excess heat, thus making them more efficient than PV's. You can not compare them to a thermal system since PV/T's produce heat and electricity which is more useful than just heat. The paper talks about the use of exergy efficiency as a means to determine the PV/T's efficiency since exergy takes more variables such as heat into the efficiency. Exergy help determine the magnitude, location and the sources of the thermodynamic inefficiencies in a system. This allows for the optimization of a system efficiency.
"The exergy efficiency can be defined to describe the quality difference between electricity and heat" - Paper
Exergy analysis is a tool that can help determine the amount of exergy required for a process and the avaible exergy which can then be used to utilize the exergy more efficiently. The exergy efficiency decreases with decreasing heat harvest (ie. heat transfer medium flow rate fast therefore medium isn't as hot and therefore heat harvest lower).
Many advantages to PV/T systems:
- "increase of the electric output power,
- improvement of conversion efficiency of solar cells,
- heat transfer from the module to the cooling medium" -Paper
"The exergy analysis of the hybrid system allows evaluating
influence of every particular process on the efficiency of the system, eliminating the profitless
components of the system, and identifying the maximum efficiency of the system." - Paper
File:09 05 28 performance analysis of a photovoltaic-thermal integrated system.pdf
5mjmp 20:26, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
Performance, Cost and Life-Cycle Assessment Study of Hybrid PVT-Air Solar Systems
The paper is about the research into improving PVT/AIR systems based on low-cost modifications. Areas of research include; improved air heat extraction by circulating air, reducing the PV module temperature and insulating the back surfaces and edges to reduct heat losses. Several different systems (with or without the following) were analyzed; diffuse reflectors, tilt, glazed thin film metalic sheet, just PV and combinations of the above. The test was done for 6 month and 12 months. The PVT-thin film metal sheet with a diffuse reflector produced the best results and was not the most expensive system eirther coming in at 29100 Euros. The energy payback, cost payback and CO2 payback were calculated. The lowest environmnental impact was the PVT with glaze and the best economic choice is the PVT/ thin film metal sheet. Note, both have reflectors added.
File:09 05 28 performance, cost and life-cycle assessment study of hybrid pvt-air solar systems.pdf
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/111081755/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
5mjmp 18:12, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
Potential of Applying Hybrid Solar Technology in Hong Kong
This paper is about PVT with water as its heat transfer medium. c-Si cells have loss 0.4% / degree drop in efficiency compared to a-Si cells which has an efficiency drop of 0.1% / degree. Therefore, amorphous silicon cells are used in this experiment since they react to temperature rises. Water as a heat medium is suggested in warmer climates due to the better heat exchange. PVT panels were placed on the west and south walls since it was determined from simulations that they has the highest yearly intensities (west was the best). The proposed hybrid system design is described in the article. The efficiencies found were 33.6 % for thermal and 4.6% for electrical and for an amorphous silicon cell.
File:09 05 28 potential of applying hybrid solar technology in hong kong.pdf
http://www.irbdirekt.de/daten/iconda/CIB9972.pdf
5mjmp 19:55, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
PVT System, PV Panels Supplying Renewable Electricity and Heat
Written: 2004
"The first systematic research into the possibilities of combining photovoltaic and solar thermal techniques was performed in the early 1980s by a group at MIT.4 In this comprehensive study, several PVT designs were made and tested, both air-type and water-type. The work was discontinued because of a change in government funding. The PVT research regained attention in the mid 1990s with, amongst others, the PhD work of De Vries at the Eindhoven University of Technology.5 He designed several PVT module concepts, of which one was realised and tested. A numerical model was developed calculating both electrical and thermal performance. The model predictions were found to agree with the experimental results.1 The work was continued with a development Figure 3. Prototype of a covered PVT collector programme at the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN.6 In collaboration with industry and the EUT the thermal performance was further optimised and a production technology was developed.7 Bakker investigated another PVT concept, a two-absorber module, at ECN.8 In recent years, several other research groups worked on the topic of PVT. At the University of Patras in Greece, a broad range of PVT geometries for PVT panels were designed, built and tested.9 PhD research on a PVT design with a concentrating reflector is being performed in Sweden.10 In Norway, a concept is developed in which a plastic thermal absorber is used.11 Work on the application of thin-film PV in PVT concepts was carried out in Switzerland.12,13 From a more complete overview of the literature on PVT collectors14 it can be concluded that the research and development activities on PVT are widespread over the world and conducted in relatively small programs. Owing to this dispersion there was little attention for PVT from the PV R&D community. As a result the PVT development had to restrict itself to the application of market-ready PV technologies." - Paper
This paper does a very good job doing an overview of PVTs with their advantages, types, areas of improvement and what has been done in the past and currently. The different types discussed were air, water, double and single pass, combinations and multiple layering, covered or uncovered. The reason PVTs are a good idea is that they increase the overall efficiency (electrical and thermal), smaller energy and cost payback time and aesthetics.
Further Research
- Emission of heat - losses from convection and radiation. Radiation losses can be reduced by adding a low emissivitive material (double glazed) but the problem is the traparency is reduced to 60-80% which is too low for the use in PVTs. Therefore new materials will need to be studied for the selective coatings
- Solar absorbtion - Ways to improve the absorbtion are to increase the active cell area and metallisation the cells and system (dope with metal). However, metallisation has a high reflection coefficent but there are ways two increase the absorption. Add suitable coatings and reduce the area that needs has the metallisation are ways to improve the absorption.
- Internal heat transfer - the system needs to have a good thermal conductivity to remove the heat from the system.
- PVT module reliablity - The PV panels need to be able to take high temperatures (~125 C) and the need to be able to take the stress of being hot and then cold quickly (once the colding medium is being used).
Another suggestion is making the PV cells transparent then a lower lower cell temperature can be achieved and maintained rather than geometries with heat and electricity generation in the single plane. An example of geometry is spacing the cells out to allow light to pass through and go directly to the absorber.
File:09 05 28 pvt system, pv panels supplying renewable electricity and heat.pdf
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109605024/abstract
5mjmp 15:54, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
Recent Developments of Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells on Glass Substrates
File:09 05 28 recent developments of silicon thin film solar cells on glass substrates.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Solar Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermal Electricity
Written: 2007
"Most of these system configurations were based on the conventional flat-plate collectors with solar cells pasted on the absorber. Tripangnostopoulos et al. [1] have presented a summary on the work conducted by several researchers in the past in respect of PVT systems. Most of the research work and applications conducted earlier in this field [2] are converging on two alternate solutions: the first one, which is the most effective one, is to recover heat through natural or forced (mechanized) ventilation inside the panels; the second one, in which the heat can be transferred to another medium, such as water. The potential for architectural integration of this technology is considerable high and allows realizing a solar building envelope that produces energy to consume directly at the site. Applications of photovoltaic in built environment and its financial viability has been discussed by Bazilian et al. [3]." - Paper
The TIS (Integrated Solar Roof) was a tested PVT at the Politecnico di Milano. This PVT could be used on a wall or roof a building. In 2001 the CRF (Fait Research Centre) invested to add a PVT to their south wall which was financed under National Tetti fotovoltaici (Photovoltaic Roff) Programme. The PVT produced a 19.5 kWp and air was used as the coolant. The airflow as up ot 9000 m3/h and the temperature reached up to 60 C. The electrical efficiency of this system was about 9-10% and the thermal efficiency was ~30%. It was estimated that the PVT wall total primary energy savings were 185 MWh which corresponds to a CO2 reduction of 36 tons.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4272471
5mjmp 18:48, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
Solar@anu
This paper just talks about the resarch being completed at the Australian National University. They are studying the effects of impurities on semiconductors such as iron impurities. They mainly work on multicrystalline silicon cells which usually have thin films applied ot thier surfaces. Furthermore, they are looking at ways to get the maximum benift from thin films such as amorphous silicon and silicon nitride.
Sliver cells are highly efficient thin single crystalline solar cells which have reached an effiency greater than 20%.
They are also looking at Fluorescent Organic Dyes which have several interesting properties such as they emit one wavelength but emit a longer one and the emission is random. If this dye were applied to glaze the effiency of the PV would increase since the glaze would reflect less light and therefore more light would make contact with the PV cells.
They have also looked at PVTs and residential scale thermal systems.
Their website is: http://solar.anu.edu.au/
Email at: solar@anu.edu.au
5mjmp 19:23, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
Study of a New Concept of Photovoltaic-Thermal Hybrid Collector
Written: 2005
This article is about a 2D thermal model of a PVT/air and comparing to experiemntal results to study the thermal performance. The equations can be found in the paper. The paper looks at the difference between natural and forced airflow. The theory matched the experimental results and that force airflow as better.
"Guiavarch (2003) proposed a modeling of a PV hybrid air collector, which can be integrated in roofs. Hollick (1999) reported the experimental study of a solar collector composed of metal perforated and corrugated sheet steel on which a solar panel is stuck. Then, Belusko (2004) proposed the analysis of a solar air collector with a metal corrugated plate by comparing it to an unglazed solar collector." -Paper
File:09 05 28 study of a new concept of photovoltaic-thermal hybrid collector.pdf
5mjmp 20:17, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
TCO and Light Trapping in Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
File:09 05 28 TCO and light trapping in silicon thin film solar cells.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Testing Procedures for Solar Air Heaters, a Review
5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
The DOE Office of Solar Energy Technologies' Vision for Advancing Solar Technologies in the New Millenium
File:09 05 28 The DOE office of solar energy technologies' vision for advancing solar technologies in the new millenium.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
The Effect of Collector Aspect Ratio on the Collector Efficiency of Flate-Plate Solar Air Heaters
File:09 05 28 the effect of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of flat-plate solar air heaters.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
http://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:8080/dspace/handle/987654321/4027
Thin Film Silicon Photovoltaics, Architectural Perspectives and Technological Issues
File:09 05 28 thin film silicon photovoltaics, architectural persepcitives and technological issues.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Transient Mathematical Model of Both Side Single Pass Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector
File:09 05 28 transient mathematical model of both side single pass and photovoltaic thermal air collector.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
http://arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2007/jeas_1007_62.pdf
A Two Dimensional Thermal Analysis of a New High-Performance Tublar Solar Collector
Does not involve PVT but just heat transfer of a solar collected. Useful equations but not really related.File:09 05 28 a two dimensional thermal analysis of a new high-performance tublar solar collector.pdf 5mjmp 19:54, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Multi Solar (PVT) Co-Generation Power Station
079 Multi Solar (PVT) Co-Generation Power Station http://www.ct-si.org/publications/proceedings/procs/Cleantech2009/2/10038 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
PV Thermal Systems - Capturing the Untapped Energy
018 - PV Thermal Systems - Capturing the Untapped Energy http://solarwall.com/media/images-articles/ASESPaper-PVThermalSystems-theUntappedEnergy175A3.pdf 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
====Development and characterization of semitransparent double skin PV Façades==== 156 - Development and characterization of semitransparent double skin PV Façades http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume1%5CPalencAIVC2007_043.pdf 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Multi Solar (PVT) Air Conditioning System
189 - Multi Solar (PVT) Air Conditioning System http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2009v3/3/W63.115 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
An Experimental Study of Air Flow and Heat Transfer in an inclined Rectangular Channel with Wood Strips on the Bottom Plate
252 - An Experimental Study of Air Flow and Heat Transfer in an inclined Rectangular Channel with Wood Strips on the Bottom Plate Dr. Harrison 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
The Active Solar Building – Overview of the SRA of the ESTTP and Synergy with other Technology Platforms
313 - The Active Solar Building – Overview of the SRA of the ESTTP and Synergy with other Technology Platforms http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4SbqvDzIIw4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA175&dq=The+Active+Solar+Building+Wittwer&ots=lcYfm4XBlF&sig=Hm1jQ3T46GUYbkb9W-K6P9VLo44 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
A COOLING SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID PV/THERMAL LINEAR CONCENTRATOR
174 - A COOLING SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID PV/THERMAL LINEAR CONCENTRATOR * Daniel Chemisana, daniel.chemisana@macs.udl.cat 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Building Integrated Concentrating PV and PV/T Systems
241 - Building Integrated Concentrating PV and PV/T Systems Corresponding Author, yiantrip@physics.upatras.gr 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Modelling and Performance of a Solar Demonstration House with Integrated Storage and BIPV/T System
288 - Modelling and Performance of a Solar Demonstration House with Integrated Storage and BIPV/T System *Corresponding Author: yuxia_ch@alcor.concordia.ca 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Evaluation of a Parabolic Concentrating PVT System
321 – Evaluation of a Parabolic Concentrating PVT System Corresponding Author, Ricardo.Bernardo@ebd.lth.se 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Photovolatic-Thermal System for Stand-Alone Operation
09_06_16_Photovolatic-Thermal System for Stand-Alone Operation http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04592568 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Comparative study of the performances of four photovoltaic-thermal solar air collectors
09_06_16_Comparative study of the performances of four photovoltaic-thermal solar air collectors http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-3Y6GXGH-6&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=ad93859b071bf8be1e6d5bf0ed5be620 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Development and application of solar-based thermoelectric technologies
09_06_16_Development and application of solar-based thermoelectric technologies http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VMY-4GV9B68-1&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=233a7e690a7ce3441fc824a7d9519296 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
The Yield of different combined PV-Thermal Collector Designs
09_06_16_The Yield of different combined PV-Thermal Collector Designs http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-48GVJHW-6&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=3f51825c92679230619ac95fdb5123fe 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar-collector designed for natural circulation of water
09_06_16_Hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar-collector designed for natural circulation of water http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1T-4GCWYPT-7&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=83b87287f0bb87d60889815d182d5698 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Amorphous-Silicon Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collector in Thailand
09_06_16_Amorphous-Silicon Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collector in Thailand http://www.energy-based.nrct.go.th/Article/Ts-3%20amorphous-silicon%20photovoltaicthermal%20solar%20collector%20in%20thailand.pdf 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Development and application for PV Thermal
09_06_16_Development and application for PV Thermal http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2001/rx01025.pdf 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Improvement of the performance of PVT Collectors
09_06_16_Improvement of the performance of PVT Collectors http://www.eurotherm2008.tue.nl/Proceedings_Eurotherm2008/papers/Thermal_Solar_Energy/TSE_2.pdf 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Energy performance of water hybrid PVT collectors applied to combisystems of Direct Solar type
09_06_16_Energy performance of water hybrid PVT collectors applied to combisystems of Direct Solar type http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-4N4YTKF-1&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=3b4311f17640d872eacc96f6d0c7e591 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Nanodiagnostics of Concentrator Solar Cells with Vertical p-n-Junctions for PV/T Systems
489 - Nanodiagnostics of Concentrator Solar Cells with Vertical p-n- Junctions for PV/T Systems Corresponding Author, ityukhov@yahoo.com 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Study on Thermal Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal
(PV/T) Collectors with and without Electricity Generation 041 - Study on Thermal Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Collectors with and without Electricity Generation *Corresponding Author, yandri@ctr.kanagawa-it.ac.jp 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Modelling the Energy Contributions of a PVT System to a Low Energy House in Sydney
084 - Modelling the Energy Contributions of a PVT System to a Low Energy House in Sydney * Corresponding Author, s.bambrook@student.unsw.edu.au 5mjmp 18:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
Glossary
Staebler-Wronski effect: When light interacts with the amorphous silicon cell, the light changes the cell's properties by light induced metaphase changes. The damage can be reversed if the cell is heated above 150 C.
Unread Articles
Recent Developments of Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells on Glass Substrates 09_05_28_recent developments of silicon thin film solar cells on glass substrates.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW0-3X9RXD3-1S&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=dbaadd05fff378ba65dbfe09f4cdafa2
TCO and Light Trapping in Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells 09_05_28_TCO and light trapping in silicon thin film solar cells.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-4C6KJKM-1&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=d385e1e8d538ec5dace85ce539ce2632
Testing Procedures for Solar Air Heaters, a Review 09_05_28_testing procedures for solar air heaters, a review.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/queens?sid=google&auinit=R&aulast=Chandra&atitle=Testing+procedures+for+solar+air+heaters:+A+review.&title=Energy+conversion+and+management&volume=32&issue=1&date=1991&spage=11&issn=0196-8904 The DOE Office of Solar Energy Technologies' Vision for Advancing Solar Technologies in the New Millenium 09_05_28_The DOE office of solar energy technologies' vision for advancing solar technologies in the new millenium.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-41MHFG3-2&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=530364d05cabb7fba008b13049f0d083
The Effect of Collector Aspect Ratio on the Collector Efficiency of Flate-Plate Solar Air Heaters 09_05_28_the effect of collector aspect ratio on the collector efficiency of flat-plate solar air heaters.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:8080/dspace/handle/987654321/4027
Thin Film Silicon Photovoltaics, Architectural Perspectives and Technological Issues 09_05_28_thin film silicon photovoltaics, architectural persepcitives and technological issues.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1T-4VDSJRB-2&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=4e09fe1b4208f26a6bd1299bf2f1687d
Transient Mathematical Model of Both Side Single Pass Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector 09_05_28_transient mathematical model of both side single pass and photovoltaic thermal air collector.pdf 5mjmp 20:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC) http://arpnjournals.com/jeas/research_papers/rp_2007/jeas_1007_62.pdf
079 Multi Solar (PVT) Co-Generation Power Station http://www.ct-si.org/publications/proceedings/procs/Cleantech2009/2/10038
018 - PV Thermal Systems - Capturing the Untapped Energy http://solarwall.com/media/images-articles/ASESPaper-PVThermalSystems-theUntappedEnergy175A3.pdf
156 - Development and characterization of semitransparent double skin PV Façades http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive%5CPalencAIVC2007%5CVolume1%5CPalencAIVC2007_043.pdf
189 - Multi Solar (PVT) Air Conditioning System http://www.nsti.org/procs/Nanotech2009v3/3/W63.115
252 - An Experimental Study of Air Flow and Heat Transfer in an inclined Rectangular Channel with Wood Strips on the Bottom Plate Dr. Harrison
313 - The Active Solar Building – Overview of the SRA of the ESTTP and Synergy with other Technology Platforms http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4SbqvDzIIw4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA175&dq=The+Active+Solar+Building+Wittwer&ots=lcYfm4XBlF&sig=Hm1jQ3T46GUYbkb9W-K6P9VLo44
489 - Nanodiagnostics of Concentrator Solar Cells with Vertical p-n- Junctions for PV/T Systems Corresponding Author, ityukhov@yahoo.com
041 - Study on Thermal Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Collectors with and without Electricity Generation *Corresponding Author, yandri@ctr.kanagawa-it.ac.jp
084 - Modelling the Energy Contributions of a PVT System to a Low Energy House in Sydney * Corresponding Author, s.bambrook@student.unsw.edu.au
174 - A COOLING SYSTEM FOR A HYBRID PV/THERMAL LINEAR CONCENTRATOR * Daniel Chemisana, daniel.chemisana@macs.udl.cat
241 - Building Integrated Concentrating PV and PV/T Systems Corresponding Author, yiantrip@physics.upatras.gr
288 - Modelling and Performance of a Solar Demonstration House with Integrated Storage and BIPV/T System *Corresponding Author: yuxia_ch@alcor.concordia.ca
321 – Evaluation of a Parabolic Concentrating PVT System Corresponding Author, Ricardo.Bernardo@ebd.lth.se
09_06_16_Photovolatic-Thermal System for Stand-Alone Operation http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04592568
09_06_16_Comparative study of the performances of four photovoltaic-thermal solar air collectors http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-3Y6GXGH-6&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=ad93859b071bf8be1e6d5bf0ed5be620
09_06_16_Development and application of solar-based thermoelectric technologies http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VMY-4GV9B68-1&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=233a7e690a7ce3441fc824a7d9519296
09_06_16_The Yield of different combined PV-Thermal Collector Designs http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-48GVJHW-6&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=3f51825c92679230619ac95fdb5123fe
09_06_16_Hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar-collector designed for natural circulation of water http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1T-4GCWYPT-7&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=83b87287f0bb87d60889815d182d5698
09_06_16_Amorphous-Silicon Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Collector in Thailand http://www.energy-based.nrct.go.th/Article/Ts-3%20amorphous-silicon%20photovoltaicthermal%20solar%20collector%20in%20thailand.pdf
09_06_16_Development and application for PV Thermal http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2001/rx01025.pdf
09_06_16_Improvement of the performance of PVT Collectors http://www.eurotherm2008.tue.nl/Proceedings_Eurotherm2008/papers/Thermal_[[Media:Example.doc]Media:Example.doc]Solar_Energy/TSE_2.pdf
09_06_16_Energy performance of water hybrid PVT collectors applied to combisystems of Direct Solar type http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-4N4YTKF-1&_user=1025668&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050549&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1025668&md5=3b4311f17640d872eacc96f6d0c7e591