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CCAT greywater marsh (2014)/Literature review
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<center>''Back to [[CCAT greywater marsh (current)]]''</center> == Literature Review == === 1995 CCAT Rockmarsh Greywater Treatment System === Carol Laudry's senior thesis (March 1995) for the Department of Environmental Resources Engineering goes into great detail about the purpose, function, and design of the [[greywater marsh]], i.e. subsurface flow [[constructed wetland]] (a [[greywater treatment system]]) at CCAT in 1995. The following statements describing the 1995 marsh come from Laudry's thesis: * The purpose of the pretreatment is to provide a preliminary removal of total suspended solids (TSS), grease and oils from the [[greywater]] stream arriving from CCAT, [as well as] additional head to the wetland system and easy maintenance (p 67). This pretreatment system consisted of a new 55-gallon tank that contained a catchment mesh, a splash guard, an oil/grease separator, a sediment basin, a raised exit pipe and an outside bottom spiket (p 67). On a regular basis, preferably weekly, the pretreatment tank should be cleaned (p 67). This involves composting the detritus intercepted by the mesh screen, and flushing out any sediments collected at the bottom of the tank (p 67). The wastewater after leaving the pretreatment tank flows through an underground pipe to a new sunk-in storage tank referred to as the distribution tank (p 71). The distribution tank has two openings: the inlet pipe comes in at the bottom and the outlet pipe exits at the top facing the marsh (p 71). The purpose of the rock marsh treatment system is to provide an effluent water quality meeting secondary treatment standards for the greywater generated by the center (p 71). '''Note: The pretreatment tank and distribution tank have been designed so that they will only be able to take bathtub water OR clothes washer water, NOT both at the same time.''' === California Legislation and Ordinances === * [http://web.archive.org/web/20090430185208/http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/Revised_Graywater_Standards.pdf California Revised Graywater Standards] * [http://web.archive.org/web/20090820104825/http://web.archive.org/web/20090820104825/http://web.archive.org/web/20090820104825/http://web.archive.org/web/20090820104825/http://www.owue.water.ca.gov/docs/graywater_guide_book.pdf California Graywater Guide Book] === City of Arcata Legislation and Ordinances === * [http://www.cityofarcata.org/ City of Arcata Website] === Irrigation Sizing === "Generally, estimating the square footage is more useful for lawn areas and subsurface drip irrigation systems while estimating the number of plants would be more useful for trees and shrubs irrigated by a mini-leachfield system" (DWR, 1995). The following table and formula are from the DWR Graywater Guide Book (1995). {| class="wikitable" |- ! Climate ! Relative Water Need of Plant ! ! Gallons Per Week ! |- | ! (Plant Factor) ! 200 SQ FT ! 100 SQ FT ! 50 SQ FT |- | | ! CANOPY ! CANOPY ! CANOPY |- | Coastal | low water using (0.3) | 38 | 19 | 10 |- | (ET*=1in/wk) | medium water using (0.5) | 62 | 31 | 16 |- | | high water using (0.8) | 100 | 50 | 25 |} * ET = Evapotranspiration is the process of transferring moisture from the earth to the atmosphere by evaporation of water and transpiration from plants (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/evapotranspiration). <br>The gallons per week calculation for this chart was determined with the following formula: <br>Gallons per week = ET x plant factor x area x.62 (conversion factor.)(This formula does not account for irrigation efficiency. If your irrigation system does not distribute water evenly, extra water will need to be applied.) '''DWR Graywater Guide Book Example:''' <br>The 1120 gallons of graywater per week produced by the Brown family in Sacramento could irrigate: <br>8 young fruit trees: 8 trees x 50 gal/tree = 400 gallons (high water using, 50 foot canopy) <br>8 medium-sized shade trees: 8 trees x 62 gal/tree = 496 gallons (medium water using, 100 foot canopy) <br>7 large shrubs: 7 trees x 31 gal/tree = 217 gallons (medium water using, 50 foot canopy) <br>total: 1113 gallons per week === Appropriate Vegetation for Greywater Irrigation === === Greywater Vegetation === * Ornamental vegetation * Orchards * Plants with edible portions that grow without contact to the soil * Alkaline Tolerant Vegetation ** '''Selecting Trees & Shrubs for Alkaline Conditions''' by James P. Engel, White Oak Nursery, Copyright 2004, www.whiteoaknursery.biz {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! Trees for Alkaline Conditions ! |- ! pH 5.0-7.4 ! Common Name ! Scientific Name |- | | Silver maple | Acer saccharinum |- | | Sugar maple | Acer saccharum |- | | Serviceberry | Amelanchier laevis |- | | Bitternut hickory | Carya cordiformis |- | | Shagbark hickory | Carya ovata |- | | Tulip Tree | Liriodendron tulipifera |- | | White Pine | Pinus strobus |- | | Black Cherry | Prunus serotina |- | | Douglas Fir | Pseudotsuga menziesii |- | | Red Oak | Quercus rubra |- | | Japanese Tree Lilac | Syringa reticulata |- ! pH 5.0-8.0 ! Common Name ! Scientific Name |- | | Bottlebrush Buckeye | Aesculus parviflora |- | | Paper Birch | Betula papyrifera |- | | American Hornbeam | Carpinus caroliniana |- | | Hackberry | Celtis occidentalis |- | | Redbud | Cercis occidentalis |- | | American Smoketree | Cotinus obvatus |- | | Persimmon | Diospyros virginiana |- | | Star Magnolia | Magnolia stellata |- | | Saucer Magnolia | Magnolia x soulangiana |- | | Little Leaf Linden | Tilia cordata |- | | American Elm | Ulmus americana |- ! ! Shrubs for Alkaline Conditions ! |- ! pH 5.0-7.4 ! Common Name ! Scientific Name |- | | Black Chokeberry | Aronia melanocarpa |- | | Red Chokeberry | Aronia arubutifolia |- | | American Witchhazel | Hamamelis virginiana |- | | American Cranberry Bush | Viburnum trilobum |- ! pH 5.0-8.0 ! Common Name ! Scientific Name |- | | Sweet shrub | Calycanthus floridus |- | | Red Twig Dogwood | Cornus alba |- | | Gray Dogwood | Cornus racemosa |- | | Arrowwood Viburnum | Viburnum dentatum |- | | Nannyberry Viburnum | Viburnum lentago |- | | European Cranberry Bush | Viburnum opulus |- |} === Dangers of Greywater === Greywater contains fecal coliforms, albeit at a greatly reduced volume than those present in blackwater, but may still be harmful if ingested. When investigating the homogeneity of the bacterial levels in the combined greywater of a single household over time, Rose et al. (1991) documented large variations of fecal coliform counts (Landry, 1995). During a two and a half-month study, Rose et al. (1991) measured over a 2.5 log fluctuation in the fecal coliform counts (Landry, 1995). As a result it is required by law that no greywater come in contact with edible portions of vegetation, such as lettuce, strawberries, onions, etc. (DWR, 1995). In addition, greywater can also not be allowed to sit for longer than 24 hours, because the bacteria and organisms present in the water will multiply to the extent that it should be considered blackwater. Rose et al. (1991) found total and fecal coliform populations increasing during the first 48 hours of storage and decreasing slowly over the next 12 days (Landry, 1995). Rose et al. (1991) investigated the survival rate of seeded enteric [[pathogens]] in [stored] greywater, such as, Salmonella, Shigella, and Poliovirus (Laundry, 1995). The pathogen populations started decreasing in numbers after a two to four day period. After eight days of incubation, population decrease was documented at 1.39 log<sub>10</sub> for the Polio virus, which would still represent a health concern (Rose et al., 1991). This makes the storage of greywater for irrigation difficult and requires extensive filtration beforehand or continuous use. == Works Cited == {{Excerpt|CCAT greywater marsh (2014)|References|more=no|subsections=yes}} <center>''Back to [[CCAT greywater marsh (current)]]''</center> {{Page data}} [[Category:CCAT greywater]]
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