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Air travel is an essential part of the professional lives of many academics, and a [[Wikipedia:Environmental impact of aviation|major source of pollution]] from that sector. In the context of the [[Wikipedia:Climate crisis|climate crisis]], there have been appeals to reduce air travel by replacing it with other modes of transportation, replacing it with [[Wikipedia:videoconferencing|videoconferencing]], or renouncing inessential trips.
[[File:ChisinauAirportInNight.jpg|thumb]]


==Role of air travel in academia==
Air travel is an essential part of the professional lives of many academics, and a [[Wikipedia:Environmental impact of aviation|major source of pollution]] from that sector. In the context of the [[Wikipedia:Climate crisis|climate crisis]], there have been appeals to reduce air travel by replacing it with other modes of transportation, replacing it with [[videoconferencing]], or renouncing inessential trips.


The individual emissions of academic researchers are high compared to other professionals, "primarily as a result of emissions from flying to conferences, project meetings, and fieldwork".<ref name="Tyndall"/><ref name="Fois 2016"/> Beyond their usefulness for doing research, these travels are motivated by career incentives, as decisions to award faculty positions or research funding depend in part on the applicants' activity as speakers at international conferences.
== Role of air travel in academia ==
Touristic opportunities also contribute to motivating these travels, which are considered as a perk of the profession.<ref name="Tyndall"/>


While conferences and meetings are important for exchanging ideas and nurturing professional relationships, this can also be done using alternative modes of communication such as videoconferencing and social media. It has been argued that the benefits of face-to-face meetings might be outweighed by the benefits of the alternatives. (These benefits may include reaching wider communities.)<ref name="Tyndall"/> A 2019 study found that air travel was correlated to salary but not to scientific productivity, and concluded that "air travel has a limited influence on professional success".<ref name="Wynes 2019"/>  
The individual emissions of academic researchers are high compared to other professionals, "primarily as a result of emissions from flying to conferences, project meetings, and fieldwork".<ref name="Tyndall" /><ref name="Fois 2016" />
Moreover, fields such as computer science have a conference-publishing system which requires researchers to travel to conferences in order to publish their results.<ref name="Vardi" />


===Attitude of academic institutions===
Beyond their usefulness for doing research, travels are motivated by career incentives, as decisions to award faculty positions or research funding depend in part on the applicants' activity as speakers at international conferences.
Academics perceive air travel as a key driver for career progression.<ref name="Nursey-Bray" />
Touristic opportunities also contribute to motivating these travels, which are considered as a perk of the profession.<ref name="Tyndall" /><ref name="The Psychologist" />


A 2014 study of three New Zealand universities found that rhetoric on sustainability coexisted with assumptions about the necessity to travel, and policies that encouraged travel.<ref name="nz14"/> A similar phenomenon was observed in Australia, where "a normative system of ‘academic aeromobility’ has developed".<ref name="Glover 2017"/> Australian universities could be divided into three groups, depending on whether they recognize the sustainability issues with air travel, and if yes whether they seek to substitute air travel with videoconferencing.<ref name="Glover 2018"/>
While conferences and meetings are important for exchanging ideas and nurturing professional relationships, this can also be done using alternative modes of communication such as videoconferencing and social media. It has been argued that the benefits of face-to-face meetings might be outweighed by the benefits of the alternatives. (These benefits may include reaching wider communities.)<ref name="Tyndall" />A 2019 study found that air travel was correlated to salary but not to scientific productivity, and concluded that "air travel has a limited influence on professional success".<ref name="Wynes 2019" />


===Attitude of academics===
=== Attitude of academic institutions ===


A 2017 survey found that conservationists' environmental footprint was only slightly lower than economics' and medics', and that exposure to environmental information had little impact on researchers' behaviour.<ref name="Balmford 2017"/>
A 2014 study of three New Zealand universities found that rhetoric on sustainability coexisted with assumptions about the necessity to travel, and policies that encouraged travel.<ref name="nz14" />A similar phenomenon was observed in Australia, where "a normative system of 'academic aeromobility' has developed".<ref name="Glover 2017" />Australian universities could be divided into three groups, depending on whether they recognize the sustainability issues with air travel, and if yes whether they seek to substitute air travel with videoconferencing.<ref name="Glover 2018" />


Flying often has been argued to be incompatible with anthropologists' research ethics.<ref name="anthro{dendum} 2018"/> In the case of archaeology, flying often while knowing about the problem of climate change has been denounced as a case of [[Wikipedia:cognitive dissonance|cognitive dissonance]].<ref name="Reynolds 2018"/>
=== Attitude of academics ===


===Climate hypocrisy===
A 2017 survey found that conservationists' environmental footprint was only slightly lower than economics' and medics', and that exposure to environmental information had little impact on researchers' behaviour.<ref name="Balmford 2017" />
How much scientists fly affects their credibility when they communicate to the public on climate change.<ref name="Fois 2016"/>
In particular,
a 2016 survey has found that climate researchers' carbon footprints have a large effect on their credibility, and on participants' intentions to reduce their personal energy consumption.<ref name="Rosen 2017"/><ref name="Attari 2016"/>  


The idea of researchers' climate hypocrisy regularly appears in media coverage of climate change. Hypocrisy discourses can be invoked both for supporting and for resisting climate-friendly policies.<ref name="Gunster 2018"/><ref name="Gunster 2"/>
Flying often has been argued to be incompatible with anthropologists' research ethics.<ref name="anthro{dendum} 2018" />In the case of archaeology, flying often while knowing about the problem of climate change has been denounced as a case of [[Wikipedia:cognitive dissonance|cognitive dissonance]].<ref name="Reynolds 2018" />


==Quantitative estimations==
The insufficient use of available virtual meeting equipment suggests that researchers prefer travelling due to psychological, cultural and organizational factors.<ref name="Janisch Hilty 2017" />
===Estimated emissions===
The {{CO2}} emissions for a single conference trip were estimated to 7% of an average individual’s total annual {{CO2}} emissions.
The total emissions of scientists travelling to conferences for presenting papers were estimated to 0.228% of international aviation emissions in 2008.<ref name="sl13"/>


In a case study of a PhD project, mobility represented 75% of the carbon footprint, which could have been reduced by 44% using videoconferencing. The total emissions were 21.5t {{CO2}}-eq or 2.69t {{CO2}}-eq per peer-reviewed paper.<ref name="aam13"/> (In comparison, the carbon footprint of computers, printers, etc is estimated to only 5.44kg {{CO2}}-eq per paper.<ref name="Song16"/>)
In 2023, climate researcher Gianluca Grimalda was sacked by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy after refusing to take the plane to return from a field trip to New Guinea. The low-carbon return journey takes weeks.<ref name="gri23" /><ref name="ro23" />


===Estimated possible reductions===
=== Climate hypocrisy ===
*Scientific organizations could reduce the carbon footprints of their meetings by up to 73% by alternating large national or international meetings with regional ones every other year, according to a 2011 study.<ref name="Rosen 2017"/>
*Optimizing the locations of the conferences of the International Biogeography Society could reduce emissions by about 20%, according to a 2014 study.<ref name="sf14"/>
*Organizing a large conference in two sites (connected by videoconferencing) on different continents has reduced emissions by 37% or 50% compared to organizing the conference in either site, according to a 2012 study.<ref name="Coroama 2012"/>


==Reduction of emissions==
How much scientists fly may not affect their professional credibility, but it does
affect their credibility when they communicate to the public on climate change,<ref name="Nordhagen" /><ref name="Fois 2016" />and prevents them from exercising leadership in reducing emissions.<ref name="Higham" />
In particular,
a 2016 survey has found that climate researchers' carbon footprints have a large effect on their credibility, and on participants' intentions to reduce their personal energy consumption.<ref name="Rosen 2017" /><ref name="Attari 2016" />
A 2019 study also found a large effect on participants' support for public policies advocated by the researchers.<ref name="Attari Krantz Weber pp. 529–545" />
A professor at the University of Cambridge was accused of hypocrisy in 2019 by farmers for flying while working to reduce red meat consumption.<ref name="Brierley 2020" /> The [[Wikipedia:IPCC|IPCC]] itself has been accused of climate hypocrisy, and urged to reduce its own emissions.<ref name="Sanderson 2023" />


===Taxes on air travel===
The idea of researchers' climate hypocrisy regularly appears in media coverage of climate change. Hypocrisy discourses can be invoked both for supporting and for resisting climate-friendly policies.<ref name="Gunster 2018" /><ref name="Gunster 2" />


The [[Wikipedia:University of California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles]] has been taxing its departments $9 per domestic flight and $25 per international flight.<ref name="Hasan"/>
== Quantitative estimations ==


===Low-carbon conferences===
Aircraft affect the climate in a variety of ways: they emit CO2 and nitrogen oxides, produce contrails, and might affect cloud formation. There is considerable uncertainty on some of these effects.<ref name="Brave New Europe 2019" />Quantitative estimations mostly focus on CO2 emissions.


{{See also|List of low-carbon conferences}}
=== Estimated emissions ===
 
The CO2 emissions for a single conference trip were estimated to 7% of an average individual's total annual CO2 emissions.
The total emissions of scientists travelling to conferences for presenting papers were estimated to 0.228% of international aviation emissions in 2008.<ref name="sl13" />
 
In a case study of a PhD project, mobility represented 75% of the carbon footprint, which could have been reduced by 44% using videoconferencing. The total emissions were 21.5t CO2-eq or 2.69t CO2-eq per peer-reviewed paper.<ref name="aam13" />(In comparison, the carbon footprint of computers, printers, etc is estimated to only 5.44kg CO2-eq per paper.<ref name="Song16" />)
 
=== Estimated possible reductions ===
 
* Scientific organizations could reduce the carbon footprints of their meetings by up to 73% by alternating large national or international meetings with regional ones every other year, according to a 2011 study.<ref name="Rosen 2017" />
* Optimizing the locations of the conferences of the International Biogeography Society could reduce emissions by about 20%, according to a 2014 study.<ref name="sf14" />
* Organizing a large conference in two sites (connected by videoconferencing) on different continents has reduced emissions by 37% or 50% compared to organizing the conference in either site, according to a 2012 study.<ref name="Coroama 2012" />
* An analysis of data from [[Labos 1point5|GES 1point5]] shows that reducing long-distance flights is necessary for achieving significant reductions in emissions from academic travel.<ref name="balma2023" /> In comparison, using trains rather than planes or cars whenever possible can only lead to modest reductions.
 
=== Travel footprint estimators ===
 
A 2020 paper<ref name="Barret 2020" />provides a
[https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135200/https://travel-footprint-calculator.irap.omp.eu/ travel footprint calculator]
combined with a weighted distance minimization tool to find a meeting that would lead to the smallest amount of emissions given the origin of the participants that are flying there. [[Labos 1point5]] is also developing a travel footprint calculator as part of its GES 1point5 research footprint calculator.
 
== Reduction of emissions ==
 
=== Institutional policies ===
 
The [[Wikipedia:University of California, Los Angeles|University of California, Los Angeles]] has been taxing its departments $9 per domestic flight and $25 per international flight.<ref name="Hasan" />
 
[[Wikipedia:DESY|DESY]]'s regulation plan for a reduction of business trips by 30% compared to pre-pandemic levels.<ref name="bcd23" />
 
=== Low-carbon conferences ===


Conference organizers have reduced the emissions due to the travel of participants by several methods:
Conference organizers have reduced the emissions due to the travel of participants by several methods:
* Holding virtual conferences.
* Holding virtual conferences.
* Holding decentralized conferences, with several virtually connected regional hubs, rather than a single location.
* Holding decentralized conferences, with several virtually connected regional hubs, rather than a single location.
* Optimizing conference locations and frequencies.  
* Optimizing conference locations and frequencies.
 
Using these methods in various combinations, the travel-related carbon footprint of the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union could be reduced by 12% to 99.9%.<ref name="Klower2020" />A transition towards a decarbonized model of academic conferencing would require concerted efforts by relevant actors, including funding bodies and virtual-technology providers.<ref name="Klower2020" />
 
{{See also|List of low-carbon conferences}}


===Voluntary reduction in air travel===
=== Voluntary reduction in air travel ===


For researchers, reducing air travel is "the biggest opportunity for reducing personal climate impacts".<ref name="Rosen 2017"/>
For researchers, reducing air travel is "the biggest opportunity for reducing personal climate impacts".<ref name="Rosen 2017" />
Some academics therefore reduce or stop flying in order to reduce their individual carbon footprints and/or to lead by example.  
Some academics therefore reduce or stop flying in order to reduce their individual carbon footprints and/or to lead by example.<ref name="Westlake" />Travel for fieldwork can be reduced by good planning.<ref name="Kjellman" />


Meteorologist [[Wikipedia:Eric Holthaus|Eric Holthaus]] stopped flying in 2014, and claimed that slow travel made "his world shrink and become richer".<ref name="Holthaus"/>  
The feasible reductions, and impact on careers, depend on the researchers' seniority. Graduate students and postdocs fly less than full professors, but attending conferences is considered more important for their careers.<ref name="Langin" />


==External links==
Meteorologist [[Wikipedia:Eric Holthaus|Eric Holthaus]] stopped flying in 2014, and claimed that slow travel made "his world shrink and become richer".<ref name="Holthaus" />Physicist Shaun Hendy avoided planes for a year in 2018, and wrote a book on the experience.<ref name="Hendy" />Climatologist David Reay has foregone air travel as part of "staving off despair".<ref name="Reay" />Various other experiences are included in a guidebook.<ref name="Watson 2014" />
* [https://labos1point5.org/les-ressources/ Les ressources], a list of references including many on air travel in academia, by [[Labos 1point5]].
 
* [https://sustainability.wiki.gwdg.de/doku.php?id=conferences Eco-friendly conferences] at [https://sustainability.wiki.gwdg.de/doku.php Sustainatility in Science wiki].
"Prefer train over plane" and "Take advantage of remote participation" are two of "Ten simple rules to make your research more sustainable".<ref name="lndf20" />
 
Some climate scientists have advocated taking advantage of the [[Wikipedia:COVID 19 pandemic|COVID 19 pandemic]] for permanently reducing air travel, by travelling more efficiently and using online meetings.<ref name="gla21" />
 
In 2023, French mathematicians, supported by the [[Wikipedia:Société mathématique de France|Société mathématique de France]], lauched a voluntary commitment to limit individual air travel to 20.000 km every 2 years, and to travel by train whenever this would take 8 hours or less.<ref name="math2023" />
 
== External links ==
 
* [[Wikipedia:Campus carbon neutrality|Campus carbon neutrality]] at Wikipedia.
* [https://noflyclimatesci.org/ No Fly Climate Sci], pledges by individuals and institutions to reduce air travel.
* [https://businesstravelroundtable.ac/about The Roundtable of Sustainable Academic Travel], a network of academic institutions started in 2018 for measuring and reducing carbon emissions.
* Parke Wilde's [https://academicflyingblog.wordpress.com/ Flying less] blog.
* Parke Wilde's [https://academicflyingblog.wordpress.com/ Flying less] blog.
* International Civil Aviation Organization's [https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx carbon calculator].
* International Civil Aviation Organization's [https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx carbon calculator].
* [https://labos1point5.org/la-litterature La littérature], a list of references including many on air travel in academia, by [[Labos 1point5]].
* [https://sustainability.wiki.gwdg.de/doku.php?id=conferences Eco-friendly conferences] at [https://sustainability.wiki.gwdg.de/doku.php Sustainatility in Science wiki].
== References ==<references><ref name="math2023">{{cite web|title=Limitation de l'avion dans les laboratoires de mathématiques : horizon 2030|website=Framaforms.org|url=https://framaforms.org/limitation-de-lavion-dans-les-laboratoires-de-mathematiques-horizon-2030-1689587773|language=fr|accessdate=2023-12-19}}</ref><ref name="bcd23">{{cite web|last=Initiative|first=Sustainable HECAP+|last2=Banerjee|first2=Shankha|last3=Chen|first3=Thomas Y.|last4=David|first4=Claire|last5=Düren|first5=Michael|last6=Erbin|first6=Harold|last7=Ghiglieri|first7=Jacopo|last8=Gill|first8=Mandeep S. 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optimizing conference locations to minimize greenhouse gas emissions|journal=Ecography|publisher=Wiley|volume=38|issue=4|date=2014-12-02|issn=0906-7590|doi=10.1111/ecog.01366|pages=402–404}}</ref><ref name="Song16">{{cite journal|last=Song|first=Guobao|last2=Che|first2=Li|last3=Zhang|first3=Shushen|title=Carbon footprint of a scientific publication: A case study at Dalian University of Technology, China|journal=Ecological Indicators|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=60|year=2016|issn=1470-160X|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.044|pages=275–282}}</ref><ref name="Attari 2016">{{cite journal|last=Attari|first=Shahzeen Z.|last2=Krantz|first2=David H.|last3=Weber|first3=Elke U.|title=Statements about climate researchers' carbon footprints affect their credibility and the impact of their advice|journal=Climatic Change|publisher=Springer|volume=138|issue=1-2|date=2016-06-16|issn=0165-0009|doi=10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2|pages=325–338}}</ref><ref name="Fois 2016">{{cite journal|last=Fois|first=Mauro|last2=Cuena-Lombraña|first2=Alba|last3=Fristoe|first3=Trevor|last4=Fenu|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Bacchetta|first5=Gianluigi|title=Reconsidering alternative transportation systems to reach academic conferences and to convey an example to reduce greenhouse gas emissions|journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences|publisher=Springer|volume=38|issue=4|year=2016|issn=0391-9714|doi=10.1007/s40656-016-0126-x}}</ref><ref name="Rosen 2017">{{cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Julia|title=Sustainability: A greener culture|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer|volume=546|issue=7659|year=2017|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nj7659-565a|pages=565–567}}</ref><ref name="Balmford 2017">{{cite journal|last=Balmford|first=Andrew|last2=Cole|first2=Lizzy|last3=Sandbrook|first3=Chris|last4=Fisher|first4=Brendan|title=The environmental footprints of conservationists, economists and medics compared|journal=Biological Conservation|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=214|year=2017|issn=0006-3207|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.035|pages=260–269}}</ref><ref name="Glover 2017">{{cite journal|last=Glover|first=Andrew|last2=Strengers|first2=Yolande|last3=Lewis|first3=Tania|title=The unsustainability of academic aeromobility in Australian universities|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy|publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=13|issue=1|year=2017|issn=1548-7733|doi=10.1080/15487733.2017.1388620|pages=1–12}}</ref><ref name="Hasan">{{cite web|last=Hasan|first=Mejs|title=New University Rules Encourage Scientists to Avoid Air Travel|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/climate-scientists-take-the-train/|accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref name="anthro{dendum} 2018">{{cite web|title=In an era of climate change, our ethics code is clear: We need to end the AAA annual meeting|work=anthro{dendum}|date=2018-01-13|url=https://anthrodendum.org/2018/01/13/climate-change-ethics-code-end-aaa-annual-meeting/|accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Glover 2018">{{cite journal|last=Glover|first=Andrew|last2=Strengers|first2=Yolande|last3=Lewis|first3=Tania|title=Sustainability and academic air travel in Australian universities|journal=International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education|publisher=Emerald|volume=19|issue=4|date=2018-05-08|issn=1467-6370|doi=10.1108/ijshe-08-2017-0129|pages=756–772}}</ref><ref name="Gunster 2018">{{cite journal|last=Gunster|first=Shane|last2=Fleet|first2=Darren|last3=Paterson|first3=Matthew|last4=Saurette|first4=Paul|title=Climate Hypocrisies: A Comparative Study of News Discourse|journal=Environmental Communication|publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=12|issue=6|date=2018-06-11|issn=1752-4032|doi=10.1080/17524032.2018.1474784|pages=773–793}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds 2018">{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Natasha|title=Decarbonising archaeology|work=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community|date=2018-11-02|url=https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/users/192514-natasha-reynolds/posts/40589-cognitive-dissonance-and-archaeological-practice-the-challenge-of-decarbonising-a-discipline|accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Gunster 2">{{cite journal|last=Gunster|first=Shane|last2=Fleet|first2=Darren|last3=Paterson|first3=Matthew|last4=Saurette|first4=Paul|title="Why Don't You Act Like You Believe It?": Competing Visions of Climate Hypocrisy|journal=Frontiers in Communication|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|volume=3|date=2018-11-06|issn=2297-900X|doi=10.3389/fcomm.2018.00049}}</ref><ref name="Coroama 2012">{{cite journal|last=Coroama|first=Vlad C.|last2=Hilty|first2=Lorenz M.|last3=Birtel|first3=Martin|title=Effects of Internet-based multiple-site conferences on greenhouse gas emissions|journal=Telematics and Informatics|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=29|issue=4|year=2012|issn=0736-5853|doi=10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006|pages=362–374}}</ref><ref name="Wynes 2019">{{cite journal|last=Wynes|first=Seth|last2=Donner|first2=Simon D.|last3=Tannason|first3=Steuart|last4=Nabors|first4=Noni|title=Academic air travel has a limited influence on professional success|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=226|year=2019|issn=0959-6526|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.109|pages=959–967}}</ref><ref name="Kjellman">{{cite journal|last=Kjellman|first=Sofia E.|title=As a climate researcher, should I change my air-travel habits?|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer|date=2019-05-27|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01652-2}}</ref><ref name="Hendy">{{cite book|last=Hendy|first=Shaun|title =
# NoFly: Walking the Talk on Climate Change|publisher=Bridget Williams Books|year=2019|isbn=978-1-988587-08-0|doi=10.7810/9781988587080}}</ref><ref name="Langin">{{cite journal|last=Langin|first=Katie|title=Why some climate scientists are saying no to flying|journal=Science|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)|date=2019-05-13|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.caredit.aay0230}}</ref><ref name="Brave New Europe 2019">{{cite web|title=Shaun Hendy - How Much does Flying Contribute to Climate Change?|work=Brave New Europe|date=2019-11-28|url=https://braveneweurope.com/shaun-hendy-climate-explained-how-much-does-flying-contribute-to-climate-change|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref name="Brierley 2020">{{cite web|last=Brierley|first=Craig|title=High flying academics|website=University of Cambridge|date=2020-02-10|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/highflying|accessdate=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref name="Westlake">{{cite journal|last=Westlake|first=Steve|title=A Counter-Narrative to Carbon Supremacy: Do Leaders Who Give Up Flying Because of Climate Change Influence the Attitudes and Behaviour of Others?|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|publisher=Elsevier BV|year=2017|issn=1556-5068|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3283157}}</ref><ref name="Higham">{{cite journal|last=Higham|first=James|last2=Font|first2=Xavier|title=Decarbonising academia: confronting our climate hypocrisy|journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism|publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=28|issue=1|date=2019-12-02|issn=0966-9582|doi=10.1080/09669582.2019.1695132|pages=1–9}}</ref>
</references>


==References==
{{Page data
{{Reflist|refs=
| keywords = air travel, emissions, climate change, carbon footprint, transport, energy efficiency, ecological footprint
<ref name="aam13">{{cite journal | last=Achten | first=Wouter M.J. | last2=Almeida | first2=Joana | last3=Muys | first3=Bart | title=Carbon footprint of science: More than flying | journal=Ecological Indicators | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=34 | year=2013 | issn=1470-160X | doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.05.025 | pages=352–355}}</ref>
| sdg = SDG13 Climate action
<ref name="sl13">{{cite journal | last=Spinellis | first=Diomidis | last2=Louridas | first2=Panos | editor-last=Bohrer | editor-first=Gil | title=The Carbon Footprint of Conference Papers | journal=PLoS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=8 | issue=6 | date=2013-06-26 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0066508 | page=e66508}}</ref>
| organizations = Labos 1point5
<ref name="Holthaus">{{cite web | last=Holthaus | first=Eric | title=I Went a Year Without Flying to Help Fight Climate Change | work=Slate Magazine | date=2014-10-02 | url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/10/plane-carbon-footprint-i-went-a-year-without-flying-to-fight-climate-change.html | accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Tyndall">{{cite web | title=Towards a culture of low-carbon research for the 21st Century | work=Tyndall Working Paper 161 | url=https://tyndall.ac.uk/publications/tyndall-working-paper/2015/towards-culture-low-carbon-research-21st-century | accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="nz14">{{cite journal | last=Hopkins | first=Debbie | last2=Higham | first2=James | last3=Tapp | first3=Sarah | last4=Duncan | first4=Tara | title=Academic mobility in the Anthropocene era: a comparative study of university policy at three New Zealand institutions | journal=Journal of Sustainable Tourism | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=24 | issue=3 | date=2015-09-12 | issn=0966-9582 | doi=10.1080/09669582.2015.1071383 | pages=376–397}}</ref>
<ref name="sf14">{{cite journal | last=Stroud | first=James T. | last2=Feeley | first2=Kenneth J. | title=Responsible academia: optimizing conference locations to minimize greenhouse gas emissions | journal=Ecography | publisher=Wiley | volume=38 | issue=4 | date=2014-12-02 | issn=0906-7590 | doi=10.1111/ecog.01366 | pages=402–404}}</ref>
<ref name="Song16">{{cite journal | last=Song | first=Guobao | last2=Che | first2=Li | last3=Zhang | first3=Shushen | title=Carbon footprint of a scientific publication: A case study at Dalian University of Technology, China | journal=Ecological Indicators | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=60 | year=2016 | issn=1470-160X | doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.044 | pages=275–282}}</ref>
<ref name="Attari 2016">{{cite journal | last=Attari | first=Shahzeen Z. | last2=Krantz | first2=David H. | last3=Weber | first3=Elke U. | title=Statements about climate researchers’ carbon footprints affect their credibility and the impact of their advice | journal=Climatic Change | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=138 | issue=1-2 | date=2016-06-16 | issn=0165-0009 | doi=10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2 | pages=325–338}}</ref>
<ref name="Fois 2016">{{cite journal | last=Fois | first=Mauro | last2=Cuena-Lombraña | first2=Alba | last3=Fristoe | first3=Trevor | last4=Fenu | first4=Giuseppe | last5=Bacchetta | first5=Gianluigi | title=Reconsidering alternative transportation systems to reach academic conferences and to convey an example to reduce greenhouse gas emissions | journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=38 | issue=4 | year=2016 | issn=0391-9714 | doi=10.1007/s40656-016-0126-x | page=}}</ref>
<ref name="Rosen 2017">{{cite journal | last=Rosen | first=Julia | title=Sustainability: A greener culture | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=546 | issue=7659 | year=2017 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nj7659-565a | pages=565–567}}</ref>
<ref name="Balmford 2017">{{cite journal | last=Balmford | first=Andrew | last2=Cole | first2=Lizzy | last3=Sandbrook | first3=Chris | last4=Fisher | first4=Brendan | title=The environmental footprints of conservationists, economists and medics compared | journal=Biological Conservation | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=214 | year=2017 | issn=0006-3207 | doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.035 | pages=260–269}}</ref>
<ref name="Glover 2017">{{cite journal | last=Glover | first=Andrew | last2=Strengers | first2=Yolande | last3=Lewis | first3=Tania | title=The unsustainability of academic aeromobility in Australian universities | journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=13 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1548-7733 | doi=10.1080/15487733.2017.1388620 | pages=1–12}}</ref>
<ref name="Hasan">{{cite web | last=Hasan | first=Mejs | title=New University Rules Encourage Scientists to Avoid Air Travel | work=Wired | url=https://www.wired.com/story/climate-scientists-take-the-train/ | accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref>
<ref name="anthro{dendum} 2018">{{cite web | title=In an era of climate change, our ethics code is clear: We need to end the AAA annual meeting | work=anthro{dendum} | date=2018-01-13 | url=https://anthrodendum.org/2018/01/13/climate-change-ethics-code-end-aaa-annual-meeting/ | accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Glover 2018">{{cite journal | last=Glover | first=Andrew | last2=Strengers | first2=Yolande | last3=Lewis | first3=Tania | title=Sustainability and academic air travel in Australian universities | journal=International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education | publisher=Emerald | volume=19 | issue=4 | date=2018-05-08 | issn=1467-6370 | doi=10.1108/ijshe-08-2017-0129 | pages=756–772}}</ref>
<ref name="Gunster 2018">{{cite journal | last=Gunster | first=Shane | last2=Fleet | first2=Darren | last3=Paterson | first3=Matthew | last4=Saurette | first4=Paul | title=Climate Hypocrisies: A Comparative Study of News Discourse | journal=Environmental Communication | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=12 | issue=6 | date=2018-06-11 | issn=1752-4032 | doi=10.1080/17524032.2018.1474784 | pages=773–793}}</ref>
<ref name="Reynolds 2018">{{cite web | last=Reynolds | first=Natasha | title=Decarbonising archaeology | work=Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community | date=2018-11-02 | url=https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/users/192514-natasha-reynolds/posts/40589-cognitive-dissonance-and-archaeological-practice-the-challenge-of-decarbonising-a-discipline | accessdate=2020-02-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Gunster 2">{{cite journal | last=Gunster | first=Shane | last2=Fleet | first2=Darren | last3=Paterson | first3=Matthew | last4=Saurette | first4=Paul | title=“Why Don't You Act Like You Believe It?”: Competing Visions of Climate Hypocrisy | journal=Frontiers in Communication | publisher=Frontiers Media SA | volume=3 | date=2018-11-06 | issn=2297-900X | doi=10.3389/fcomm.2018.00049 | page=}}</ref>
<ref name="Coroama 2012">{{cite journal | last=Coroama | first=Vlad C. | last2=Hilty | first2=Lorenz M. | last3=Birtel | first3=Martin | title=Effects of Internet-based multiple-site conferences on greenhouse gas emissions | journal=Telematics and Informatics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=29 | issue=4 | year=2012 | issn=0736-5853 | doi=10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006 | pages=362–374}}</ref>
<ref name="Wynes 2019">{{cite journal | last=Wynes | first=Seth | last2=Donner | first2=Simon D. | last3=Tannason | first3=Steuart | last4=Nabors | first4=Noni | title=Academic air travel has a limited influence on professional success | journal=Journal of Cleaner Production | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=226 | year=2019 | issn=0959-6526 | doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.109 | pages=959–967}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Category:Air travel]]
[[Category:Air travel]]
[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Energy efficiency]]
[[Category:Ecological footprint]]

Latest revision as of 17:15, 29 January 2024

ChisinauAirportInNight.jpg

Air travel is an essential part of the professional lives of many academics, and a major source of pollution from that sector. In the context of the climate crisis, there have been appeals to reduce air travel by replacing it with other modes of transportation, replacing it with videoconferencing, or renouncing inessential trips.

Role of air travel in academia[edit | edit source]

The individual emissions of academic researchers are high compared to other professionals, "primarily as a result of emissions from flying to conferences, project meetings, and fieldwork".[1][2] Moreover, fields such as computer science have a conference-publishing system which requires researchers to travel to conferences in order to publish their results.[3]

Beyond their usefulness for doing research, travels are motivated by career incentives, as decisions to award faculty positions or research funding depend in part on the applicants' activity as speakers at international conferences. Academics perceive air travel as a key driver for career progression.[4] Touristic opportunities also contribute to motivating these travels, which are considered as a perk of the profession.[1][5]

While conferences and meetings are important for exchanging ideas and nurturing professional relationships, this can also be done using alternative modes of communication such as videoconferencing and social media. It has been argued that the benefits of face-to-face meetings might be outweighed by the benefits of the alternatives. (These benefits may include reaching wider communities.)[1]A 2019 study found that air travel was correlated to salary but not to scientific productivity, and concluded that "air travel has a limited influence on professional success".[6]

Attitude of academic institutions[edit | edit source]

A 2014 study of three New Zealand universities found that rhetoric on sustainability coexisted with assumptions about the necessity to travel, and policies that encouraged travel.[7]A similar phenomenon was observed in Australia, where "a normative system of 'academic aeromobility' has developed".[8]Australian universities could be divided into three groups, depending on whether they recognize the sustainability issues with air travel, and if yes whether they seek to substitute air travel with videoconferencing.[9]

Attitude of academics[edit | edit source]

A 2017 survey found that conservationists' environmental footprint was only slightly lower than economics' and medics', and that exposure to environmental information had little impact on researchers' behaviour.[10]

Flying often has been argued to be incompatible with anthropologists' research ethics.[11]In the case of archaeology, flying often while knowing about the problem of climate change has been denounced as a case of cognitive dissonance.[12]

The insufficient use of available virtual meeting equipment suggests that researchers prefer travelling due to psychological, cultural and organizational factors.[13]

In 2023, climate researcher Gianluca Grimalda was sacked by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy after refusing to take the plane to return from a field trip to New Guinea. The low-carbon return journey takes weeks.[14][15]

Climate hypocrisy[edit | edit source]

How much scientists fly may not affect their professional credibility, but it does affect their credibility when they communicate to the public on climate change,[16][2]and prevents them from exercising leadership in reducing emissions.[17] In particular, a 2016 survey has found that climate researchers' carbon footprints have a large effect on their credibility, and on participants' intentions to reduce their personal energy consumption.[18][19] A 2019 study also found a large effect on participants' support for public policies advocated by the researchers.[20] A professor at the University of Cambridge was accused of hypocrisy in 2019 by farmers for flying while working to reduce red meat consumption.[21] The IPCC itself has been accused of climate hypocrisy, and urged to reduce its own emissions.[22]

The idea of researchers' climate hypocrisy regularly appears in media coverage of climate change. Hypocrisy discourses can be invoked both for supporting and for resisting climate-friendly policies.[23][24]

Quantitative estimations[edit | edit source]

Aircraft affect the climate in a variety of ways: they emit CO2 and nitrogen oxides, produce contrails, and might affect cloud formation. There is considerable uncertainty on some of these effects.[25]Quantitative estimations mostly focus on CO2 emissions.

Estimated emissions[edit | edit source]

The CO2 emissions for a single conference trip were estimated to 7% of an average individual's total annual CO2 emissions. The total emissions of scientists travelling to conferences for presenting papers were estimated to 0.228% of international aviation emissions in 2008.[26]

In a case study of a PhD project, mobility represented 75% of the carbon footprint, which could have been reduced by 44% using videoconferencing. The total emissions were 21.5t CO2-eq or 2.69t CO2-eq per peer-reviewed paper.[27](In comparison, the carbon footprint of computers, printers, etc is estimated to only 5.44kg CO2-eq per paper.[28])

Estimated possible reductions[edit | edit source]

  • Scientific organizations could reduce the carbon footprints of their meetings by up to 73% by alternating large national or international meetings with regional ones every other year, according to a 2011 study.[18]
  • Optimizing the locations of the conferences of the International Biogeography Society could reduce emissions by about 20%, according to a 2014 study.[29]
  • Organizing a large conference in two sites (connected by videoconferencing) on different continents has reduced emissions by 37% or 50% compared to organizing the conference in either site, according to a 2012 study.[30]
  • An analysis of data from GES 1point5 shows that reducing long-distance flights is necessary for achieving significant reductions in emissions from academic travel.[31] In comparison, using trains rather than planes or cars whenever possible can only lead to modest reductions.

Travel footprint estimators[edit | edit source]

A 2020 paper[32]provides a travel footprint calculator combined with a weighted distance minimization tool to find a meeting that would lead to the smallest amount of emissions given the origin of the participants that are flying there. Labos 1point5 is also developing a travel footprint calculator as part of its GES 1point5 research footprint calculator.

Reduction of emissions[edit | edit source]

Institutional policies[edit | edit source]

The University of California, Los Angeles has been taxing its departments $9 per domestic flight and $25 per international flight.[33]

DESY's regulation plan for a reduction of business trips by 30% compared to pre-pandemic levels.[34]

Low-carbon conferences[edit | edit source]

Conference organizers have reduced the emissions due to the travel of participants by several methods:

  • Holding virtual conferences.
  • Holding decentralized conferences, with several virtually connected regional hubs, rather than a single location.
  • Optimizing conference locations and frequencies.

Using these methods in various combinations, the travel-related carbon footprint of the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union could be reduced by 12% to 99.9%.[35]A transition towards a decarbonized model of academic conferencing would require concerted efforts by relevant actors, including funding bodies and virtual-technology providers.[35]

See also: List of low-carbon conferences

Voluntary reduction in air travel[edit | edit source]

For researchers, reducing air travel is "the biggest opportunity for reducing personal climate impacts".[18] Some academics therefore reduce or stop flying in order to reduce their individual carbon footprints and/or to lead by example.[36]Travel for fieldwork can be reduced by good planning.[37]

The feasible reductions, and impact on careers, depend on the researchers' seniority. Graduate students and postdocs fly less than full professors, but attending conferences is considered more important for their careers.[38]

Meteorologist Eric Holthaus stopped flying in 2014, and claimed that slow travel made "his world shrink and become richer".[39]Physicist Shaun Hendy avoided planes for a year in 2018, and wrote a book on the experience.[40]Climatologist David Reay has foregone air travel as part of "staving off despair".[41]Various other experiences are included in a guidebook.[42]

"Prefer train over plane" and "Take advantage of remote participation" are two of "Ten simple rules to make your research more sustainable".[43]

Some climate scientists have advocated taking advantage of the COVID 19 pandemic for permanently reducing air travel, by travelling more efficiently and using online meetings.[44]

In 2023, French mathematicians, supported by the Société mathématique de France, lauched a voluntary commitment to limit individual air travel to 20.000 km every 2 years, and to travel by train whenever this would take 8 hours or less.[45]

External links[edit | edit source]

== References ==

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Towards a culture of low-carbon research for the 21st Century". Tyndall Working Paper 161. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Fois, Mauro; Cuena-Lombraña, Alba; Fristoe, Trevor; Fenu, Giuseppe; Bacchetta, Gianluigi (2016). "Reconsidering alternative transportation systems to reach academic conferences and to convey an example to reduce greenhouse gas emissions". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (Springer) 38 (4). doi:10.1007/s40656-016-0126-x. ISSN 0391-9714.
  3. ↑ Vardi, Moshe Y. (2019-12-20). "Publish and perish". Communications of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)) 63 (1): 7–7. doi:10.1145/3373386. ISSN 0001-0782.
  4. ↑ Nursey-Bray, Melissa; Palmer, Robert; Meyer-Mclean, Bridie; Wanner, Thomas; Birzer, Cris (2019-05-12). "The Fear of Not Flying: Achieving Sustainable Academic Plane Travel in Higher Education Based on Insights from South Australia". Sustainability (MDPI AG) 11 (9): 2694. doi:10.3390/su11092694. ISSN 2071-1050.
  5. ↑ "Fly or die in academia?". The Psychologist. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  6. ↑ Wynes, Seth; Donner, Simon D.; Tannason, Steuart; Nabors, Noni (2019). "Academic air travel has a limited influence on professional success". Journal of Cleaner Production (Elsevier BV) 226: 959–967. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.109. ISSN 0959-6526.
  7. ↑ Hopkins, Debbie; Higham, James; Tapp, Sarah; Duncan, Tara (2015-09-12). "Academic mobility in the Anthropocene era: a comparative study of university policy at three New Zealand institutions". Journal of Sustainable Tourism (Informa UK Limited) 24 (3): 376–397. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1071383. ISSN 0966-9582.
  8. ↑ Glover, Andrew; Strengers, Yolande; Lewis, Tania (2017). "The unsustainability of academic aeromobility in Australian universities". Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy (Informa UK Limited) 13 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1080/15487733.2017.1388620. ISSN 1548-7733.
  9. ↑ Glover, Andrew; Strengers, Yolande; Lewis, Tania (2018-05-08). "Sustainability and academic air travel in Australian universities". International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education (Emerald) 19 (4): 756–772. doi:10.1108/ijshe-08-2017-0129. ISSN 1467-6370.
  10. ↑ Balmford, Andrew; Cole, Lizzy; Sandbrook, Chris; Fisher, Brendan (2017). "The environmental footprints of conservationists, economists and medics compared". Biological Conservation (Elsevier BV) 214: 260–269. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.035. ISSN 0006-3207.
  11. ↑ "In an era of climate change, our ethics code is clear: We need to end the AAA annual meeting". anthro{dendum}. 2018-01-13. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  12. ↑ Reynolds, Natasha (2018-11-02). "Decarbonising archaeology". Nature Research Ecology & Evolution Community. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  13. ↑ Janisch, Tscherina; Hilty, Lorenz (2017-11-22). "Changing university culture towards reduced air travel – Background Report for the 2017 Virtual Conference on University Air Miles Reduction". Zurich Open Repository and Archive. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  14. ↑ Grimalda, Gianluca (2023-10-12). "Refusing to fly has lost me my job as a climate researcher. It’s a price worth paying".
  15. ↑ Ro, Christine (2023-11-08). "Why a climate researcher pushed the limits of low-carbon travel — and his employer’s patience". Nature (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03496-3. ISSN 0028-0836.
  16. ↑ Nordhagen, Stella; Calverley, Dan; Foulds, Chris; O'Keefe, Laura; Wang, Xinfang (2014-06-12). "Climate change research and credibility: balancing tensions across professional, personal, and public domains". Climatic Change (Springer) 125 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1167-3. ISSN 0165-0009.
  17. ↑ Higham, James; Font, Xavier (2019-12-02). "Decarbonising academia: confronting our climate hypocrisy". Journal of Sustainable Tourism (Informa UK Limited) 28 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1080/09669582.2019.1695132. ISSN 0966-9582.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Rosen, Julia (2017). "Sustainability: A greener culture". Nature (Springer) 546 (7659): 565–567. doi:10.1038/nj7659-565a. ISSN 0028-0836.
  19. ↑ Attari, Shahzeen Z.; Krantz, David H.; Weber, Elke U. (2016-06-16). "Statements about climate researchers' carbon footprints affect their credibility and the impact of their advice". Climatic Change (Springer) 138 (1-2): 325–338. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2. ISSN 0165-0009.
  20. ↑ Attari, Shahzeen Z.; Krantz, David H.; Weber, Elke U. (2019-05-24). "Climate change communicators' carbon footprints affect their audience's policy support". Climatic Change (Springer) 154 (3-4): 529–545. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02463-0. ISSN 0165-0009.
  21. ↑ Brierley, Craig (2020-02-10). "High flying academics". Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  22. ↑ Sanderson, Benjamin M. (2023-05-23). "Against climate hypocrisy: why the IPCC needs its own net-zero target". Nature 617 (7962): 653–653. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01707-5. ISSN 0028-0836.
  23. ↑ Gunster, Shane; Fleet, Darren; Paterson, Matthew; Saurette, Paul (2018-06-11). "Climate Hypocrisies: A Comparative Study of News Discourse". Environmental Communication (Informa UK Limited) 12 (6): 773–793. doi:10.1080/17524032.2018.1474784. ISSN 1752-4032.
  24. ↑ Gunster, Shane; Fleet, Darren; Paterson, Matthew; Saurette, Paul (2018-11-06). ""Why Don't You Act Like You Believe It?": Competing Visions of Climate Hypocrisy". Frontiers in Communication (Frontiers Media SA) 3. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2018.00049. ISSN 2297-900X.
  25. ↑ "Shaun Hendy - How Much does Flying Contribute to Climate Change?". Brave New Europe. 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  26. ↑ Spinellis, Diomidis; Louridas, Panos (2013-06-26). Bohrer, Gil. ed. "The Carbon Footprint of Conference Papers". PLoS ONE (Public Library of Science (PLoS)) 8 (6): e66508. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066508. ISSN 1932-6203.
  27. ↑ Achten, Wouter M.J.; Almeida, Joana; Muys, Bart (2013). "Carbon footprint of science: More than flying". Ecological Indicators (Elsevier BV) 34: 352–355. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.05.025. ISSN 1470-160X.
  28. ↑ Song, Guobao; Che, Li; Zhang, Shushen (2016). "Carbon footprint of a scientific publication: A case study at Dalian University of Technology, China". Ecological Indicators (Elsevier BV) 60: 275–282. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.044. ISSN 1470-160X.
  29. ↑ Stroud, James T.; Feeley, Kenneth J. (2014-12-02). "Responsible academia: optimizing conference locations to minimize greenhouse gas emissions". Ecography (Wiley) 38 (4): 402–404. doi:10.1111/ecog.01366. ISSN 0906-7590.
  30. ↑ Coroama, Vlad C.; Hilty, Lorenz M.; Birtel, Martin (2012). "Effects of Internet-based multiple-site conferences on greenhouse gas emissions". Telematics and Informatics (Elsevier BV) 29 (4): 362–374. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006. ISSN 0736-5853.
  31. ↑ Ben Ari, Tamara; Lefort, Gaëlle; Mariette, Jérome; Aumont, Olivier; Jeanneau, Laurent; Santerne, Alexandre; Spiga, Aymeric; Philippe-Emmanuel, Roche (2023-10-04). "Flight Quotas Hold the Most Significant Potential for Reducing Carbon Emissions from Academic Travel". California Digital Library (CDL). doi:10.31223/x5wd5h.
  32. ↑ Barret, Didier (2020). "Estimating, monitoring and minimizing the travel footprint associated with the development of the Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit -- An on-line travel footprint calculator released to the science community". ArXiv (accepted in Experimental Astronomy).
  33. ↑ Hasan, Mejs. "New University Rules Encourage Scientists to Avoid Air Travel". Wired. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
  34. ↑ Initiative, Sustainable HECAP+; Banerjee, Shankha; Chen, Thomas Y.; David, Claire; Düren, Michael; Erbin, Harold; Ghiglieri, Jacopo; Gill, Mandeep S. S. et al. (2023-06-05). "Environmental sustainability in basic research: a perspective from HECAP+". Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Klöwer, Milan; Hopkins, Debbie; Allen, Myles; Higham, James (2020). "An analysis of ways to decarbonize conference travel after COVID-19". Nature (Springer) 583 (7816): 356–359. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02057-2. ISSN 0028-0836.
  36. ↑ Westlake, Steve (2017). "A Counter-Narrative to Carbon Supremacy: Do Leaders Who Give Up Flying Because of Climate Change Influence the Attitudes and Behaviour of Others?". SSRN Electronic Journal (Elsevier BV). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3283157. ISSN 1556-5068.
  37. ↑ Kjellman, Sofia E. (2019-05-27). "As a climate researcher, should I change my air-travel habits?". Nature (Springer). doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01652-2. ISSN 0028-0836.
  38. ↑ Langin, Katie (2019-05-13). "Why some climate scientists are saying no to flying". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)). doi:10.1126/science.caredit.aay0230. ISSN 0036-8075.
  39. ↑ Holthaus, Eric (2014-10-02). "I Went a Year Without Flying to Help Fight Climate Change". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  40. ↑ Hendy, Shaun (2019). # NoFly: Walking the Talk on Climate Change. Bridget Williams Books. doi:10.7810/9781988587080. ISBN 978-1-988587-08-0.
  41. ↑ Reay, Dave (2018). "How I stave off despair as a climate scientist". Nature (Springer) 564 (7736): 303–303. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07765-4. ISSN 0028-0836.
  42. ↑ Watson, Chris (2014). Beyond flying: rethinking air travel in a globally connected world. Cambridge, England: Green Books. ISBN 978-0-85784-209-1. OCLC 894969477.
  43. ↑ Ligozat, Anne-Laure; Névéol, Aurélie; Daly, Bénédicte; Frenoux, Emmanuelle (2020-09-24). Schwartz, Russell. ed. "Ten simple rules to make your research more sustainable". PLOS Computational Biology (Public Library of Science (PLoS)) 16 (9): e1008148. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008148. ISSN 1553-7358.
  44. ↑ Glausiusz, Josie (2021-01-05). "Rethinking travel in a post-pandemic world". Nature 589 (7840): 155–157. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03649-8. ISSN 0028-0836.
  45. ↑ "Limitation de l'avion dans les laboratoires de mathématiques : horizon 2030" (in fr). Retrieved 2023-12-19.
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Keywords air travel, emissions, climate change, carbon footprint, transport, energy efficiency, ecological footprint
SDG SDG13 Climate action
Authors Shapoklyak
License CC-BY-SA-4.0
Organizations Labos 1point5
Language English (en)
Related 0 subpages, 16 pages link here
Aliases Academic air travel
Impact 796 page views
Created February 7, 2020 by Shapoklyak
Modified January 29, 2024 by Felipe Schenone
Cite as Shapoklyak (2020–2024). "Air travel in academia". Appropedia. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
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