[43] Modelling, Control and Simulation of a Microgrid based on PV System, Battery System and VSC by Silvia Ma Lu[edit | edit source]
Nowadays, where the renewable energies are the new trend and sustainable technologies are starting to play a big role in the society in order to eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels, finding the way to collect these clean energies and to convert them into electricity at their highest performance is without any doubt essential. Nevertheless, the way to link the power generated from these renewable sources to the main grid is as well significant. The present project studies step by step the design, modelling, control and simulation of a microgrid based on several elements with a special focus to the Photovoltaic (PV) System and to the Voltage Source Converters (VSC). Modelling of the equivalent electric circuit model to simulate the working principle of a PV cell is studied in detail and a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control algorithm to force the PV system works at its highest operation point is applied. A complete review of the two level VSC simplified model is elaborated and implemented to connect two DC sources (PV system and Battery system) to the main AC three-phase grid. Additionally, examples using the two level VSC real model based on six Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) are tested, where the voltages modulation are obtained by applying Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). The control methodology for the several elements of the microgrid, most of them based on Proportional – Integral (PI) controllers to reduce the steady-state error to zero, ensures that a change in an input parameter of the system alters other components in order to reach a new balanced state in a small amount of time. The operation and behavior of the entire microgrid is checked using software MATLAB Simulink and the results show a proper performance.
[44] The Challenges and Opportunities of Renewable Energy Source (RES) Penetration in Indonesia: Case Study of Java-Bali Power System by Handrea Bernando Tambunan, Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam, Iswan Prahastono, Anita Pharmatrisanti, Andreas Putro Purnomoadi, Siti Aisyah, Yonny Wicaksono, & I. Gede Ryan Sandy[edit | edit source]
Nowadays, the integration of renewable energy sources, especially grid-connected photovoltaic, into electrical power systems, is increasing dramatically. There are several stimulants especially in the Java-Bali power system, including huge solar potential, a national renewable energy (RE) target, regulation support for prosumers, photovoltaic technology development, and multi-year power system planning. However, significant annual photovoltaic penetration can lead to critical issues, including a drop of netload during the day, ramping capability, and minimal load operation for thermal power plants. This study analyses the duck curve phenomenon in the Java-Bali power system that considers high shares of the baseload power plant and specific scenarios in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and electricity demand growth. This study also analyses future netload, need for fast ramping rate capability, and oversupply issues in the Java-Bali power system. The results showed that the duck curve phenomenon appears with a significant netload drop in the middle of the day because of high power generation from grid-connected PV. Furthermore, the need for fast ramp rate capability is critical for a higher peak load combined with the lowest netload valley. Moreover, the significant load growth with high grid-connected PV penetration level caused unit commitment issues for thermal power plants as baseload operators.
[45] The Duck Curve by Lazar, j. (2014)[edit | edit source]
The Duck Curve is a graph that shows the difference in electricity demand on the grid and the amount of available solar energy throughout the day. It was created by the California Independent System Operator (ISO) to demonstrate the electric load on the ISO grid on an average spring day when it's sunny but temperatures are cool, meaning that demand is not as high as in height of summer when people are using AC or in the winter when heating homes is needed. Though adapting to changing consumer demand has been an issue that utilities have dealt with for over a century, seasonal usage patterns have changed, and the actual resources used for generating electricity have evolved. The Duck Curve illustrates an important aspect of the challenges that renewable energy such as solar poses to utility managers, and how these have evolved over a much shorter time period.
[46] The Duck Curve Characteristic and Storage Requirements for Greening the Island of Porto Santo by R. Torabi, A. Gomes, & F. Morgado-Dias[edit | edit source]
One of the barriers to a higher dissemination of renewable generation is the mismatch that may exist between availability and energy consumption. Also, when the penetration of solar generation is very high, and due to the natural variation of that energy source some challenging situations may occur if demand varies in the opposite direction, leading to what is called "duck curve". In this situation, conventional generation may be no longer able to accommodate the ramp rate and range needed to fully utilize solar energy in power systems with considerable amount of solar generation. It was revealed that this could result in "overgeneration" leading to generation curtailment, with consequent decrease in benefits and wasted investment Storage and demand-side management are tools that may be used for dealing with that discrepancy between solar and wind generation and the demand, including facilitating the accommodation of higher solar electricity, and at the same time to allow a more efficient operation of the power system. This paper explores the duck chart in Porto Santo island, examining how much photovoltaic generation might need to be cut off if additional grid flexibility operations are not taken into account. It is shown that the solar penetration as low as 40% of annual energy could lead to marginal curtailment rates that exceed 30% of the solar generation. However, employing energy storage systems allow much greater penetration of solar resources, achieving a 50% renewable portfolio standard.
[47] The Duck Curve on California's Grid Will Encourage Innovation and Creative Thinking by Jim Lazar[edit | edit source]
If you work in solar power, the duck curve is proof of your growing industry's ability to meet early afternoon peak power demand. If you work in efficiency, storage, or demand response, the curve is an opportunity to prove your value during fast-ramping periods in the late afternoon. If you work for a utility or regulatory agency, the duck is a triple challenge -- straining your grid, threatening profits, and challenging old system control and management models.
Thankfully, the duck curve is perfectly solvable. A set of proven strategies can teach the duck to fly. These strategies (explained below) tighten the duck's belly and flatten its neck -- moving it from a "sitting duck" position to a "flight" pose, thereby helping solve one of the more pressing problems facing the power sector.
- Peak-oriented renewable energy is the most valuable
- Water is a battery, and we should use it that way
- Some resources are less valuable than we previously assessed
[48] The Duck Curve: What is it and what does it mean? - Energy Alabama by Daniel Tait[edit | edit source]
One probable solution for the duck curve can be found in a method called interconnection. This strategy involves connecting multiple energy grids together to make a large energy grid. In theory, this would broaden and disperse the load and availability of solar and wind across a larger area, which in turn would flatten the duck curve.
This strategy could provide a long term solution to the problem. However, although the technology already exists, the politics of a large, interconnected grid is unlikely due to "not in my backyard" concerns and securing the rights of way.
The second method of smoothing out the duck curve is committing to the storage of energy generated by solar and wind, instead of immediately sending that energy directly to the grid. The energy can then be "dispatched" when it's needed, and would almost definitely flatten the curve. This method could prove very expensive to execute in near term however battery storage continues to fall in price and more utilities are actively seeking it as a viable solution.
[edit | edit source]
As the coronavirus pandemic forces people across the country to shelter at home, utilities and grid operators are watching typical energy-use patterns change in unpredictable ways and trying to understand how this will affect their grid operations, power purchasing practices and long-term plans. The resulting shifts in typical energy patterns have been illuminating, according to Scott Hinson, Pecan Street's chief technology officer. "We know they're not indicative of every household in America," he said in an interview this week. "But it is illustrative of what happens when you tell people to stay home, stay cool and stay productive." By running the data through a "per cooling-degree day" calculation, Pecan Street estimates that air conditioner usage was up about 40 percent in the last week of March compared to historical averages. That could have implications for utilities trying to predict increases in AC energy demand under lockdown conditions as the country moves into the warmer summer months.
[50] The SWIS DUCK – Value pricing analysis of commercial scale photovoltaic generation in the South West Interconnected System by Maticka, Martin J.[edit | edit source]
The Duck Curve is an illustrative term used to describe the compounding effect of small-scale renewable generation on the electricity demand curve in electricity markets. The "Duck Curve"11The effect is also been referenced as the "Duck Chart" in early literature on the topic. problem has become a topical subject in the electricity industry in recent years and is associated with issues such as minimum system demand, changes to ancillary service requirements, unsustainable ramp rates, risk of over generation, occurrences of negative wholesale prices and exit of large-scale thermal generation. Unfortunately in the South West Interconnected System (SWIS)22The SWIS is the name of the power system located in the south west corner in the state of Western Australia, Australia. the Duck Curve has been referenced at a cursory level with a limited amount of formal analysis with poorly formed views of the effect of what it is trying to describe. This paper summarizes a literature review undertaken of the Duck Curve focusing on econometric aspects rather than power system engineering in the SWIS. The paper develops a hypothesis and substantiates that behind the meter generation should be displacing the revenue from all generation, but the effect will be more pronounced in commercial scale PV farms as the generation profile of both rooftop and commercial PV is determined by irradiation levels that are in similar geographic locations. Due to high variance in electricity spot prices a value analysis approach was used to create a model suitable for Ordinary Least Squares analysis. This analysis showed evidence for the proposed hypothesis and more importantly that econometric rigger using easily accessible tools and techniques can be applied to the Duck Curve concept with significant results.
[51] The value of operational flexibility in power systems with significant wind power generation by F. Bouffard, & M. Ortega-Vazquez[edit | edit source]
There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating how large penetrations of wind power generation in power systems contribute to increase the cost and the complexity of grid operations. Those costs and increased complexity are directly linked to the random nature of the wind over time, which requires system operators to carry more reserve capacity to cope with that randomness if current security and reliability standards are to be maintained. Moreover, as the frequency spectrum of the wind generation random process is relatively wide (from 10-6 to about slightly above 1 Hz), the reserves available must be capable to be deployed fast enough to counter this variability. Therefore, in systems with significant wind power penetrations the security-constrained unit commitment programs should be capable of capturing the reserve capacity deployment requirements entailed by the random wind dynamics. More fundamentally, however, what is required is that the dispatchable portion of the generation system providing reserves is flexible enough. In other words, there must be enough flexible capacity available to ramp up and down so to shadow the wind's caprices. In this paper, we formulate a modification of the classic unit commitment formulation of assess the value of such operational flexibility in power systems with large proportions of wind capacity. We discuss some economic and technical indicators of flexibility.
[52] Prioritized rule based load management technique for residential building powered by PV/battery system by O. O. Akinola et al.[edit | edit source]
This study investigates approach for maximizing the benefits of a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic-Battery (SAPVB) system via techniques that provide for optimum energy gleaning and management. A rule-based load management scheme is developed and tested for a residential building. The approach allows load prioritizing and shifting based on certain rules. To achieve this, the residential loads are classified into Critical Loads (CLs) and Uncritical Loads (ULs). The CLs are given higher priority and therefore are allowed to operate at their scheduled time while the ULs are of less priority, hence can be shifted to a time where there is enough electric power generation from the PV arrays rather than the loads being operated at the time period set by the user. Four scenarios were created to give insight into the applicability of the proposed rule based load management scheme. The result revealed that when the load management technique is not utilized as in the case of scenario 1 (Base case), the percentage satisfaction of the critical and uncritical loads by the PV system are 49.8% and 23.7%. However with the implementation of the load management scheme in scenarios 2, 3 and 4, the percentage satisfaction of the loads (CLs, ULs) are (93.8%, 74.2%), (90.9%, 70.1%) and (87.2%, 65.4%) for scenarios 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
[53] A review of flexibility of residential electricity demand as climate solution in four EU countries by Mata Erika et al.[edit | edit source]
The study provides an overview of the potential flexibility of different residential electrical loads for France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. While 85% of the studies aimed to identify potentials for shifting electrical energy use in time, the other 15% aimed to identify energy-saving potentials. Most of the data were found for the German and British electrical systems. A wide range of flexibility measures (e.g. price mechanisms, user-centered control strategies for space heating and water heating, automated shifting of appliances' use, EV charging algorithms, and consumer feedback) and methods (e.g. simulations, trials, and interviews) have been used. Potentials obtained from the literature have been upscaled to the national level, including corresponding effects in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results show that between 2% and 18% of residential sector electricity in the four countries could be shifted, resulting in total emission reductions of 10 MtCO2 from peak shaving, or 24 MtCO2 per year if optimizing the deployment of renewables. The literature identifies substantial economic, technical, and behavioral benefits from implementing flexibility measures. In all the cases, it seems that the current regulatory framework would need to change to facilitate participation. Recognized risks include higher peaks and congestions in low price-hours and difficulties in designing electricity tariffs because of conflicts with CO2 intensity as well as potential instability in the entire electricity system caused by tariffs coupling to wholesale electricity pricing.
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
The implementation of load shifting on smart appliances is not limited only to clothes washers, tumble dryers, and dishwashers. The methods used in this research can be extended to electrical heating circulation pump, electric heating of storage units, electric water heaters, room air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, and electric oven and stove. We saw that the strategy of success of the process implemented for appliances operating like clothes washers and dishwashers depends on consumers' willingness to accept the solution if additional costs are sponsored by energy utility or balanced by savings via energy bill. For appliances operating similar to clothes dryers, utilities must define harmonized signal for shortage of power, and define business model where energy utilities sponsor the implementation of these "Internal energy management agent" modules.
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