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研讨会回顾
来源：Reece Arnett，“The RepRap Project——开源遇见3D打印”，新西兰达尼丁，2008年。（未发表）
本演讲讨论了3D打印可用于的原因，例如打印玩具，原型，修复技术的损坏部分以及构建可用于各种事物的原始设备。自我复制非常重要，因为它允许成本下降来制造这些打印机，修复现有机器并创建新类型的打印机。它强调了为什么开源很重要，以及如何使构建 Reprap 变得更容易。他继续讨论Reprap的过去，现在和未来。他讨论了如何通过制造商机器人和其他组合在一起的套件制造的电子产品使Repraps变得更容易。未来是让大众接触这项技术。他们已经开始创建脚手架来打印超过45个角度的东西。
谈话： 重复谈话
搜索： [1]
挤出机设计
I. Gubson，D.W. Rosen，B. Sucker，“基于挤出的系统”，增材制造技术，Springer US，第 143-169 页，2010 年。
- 着眼于使用挤出（材料层）形成对象的原型技术
- 挤出机的工作原理
- 为悬垂创建通常不可能的支撑
- Stratasys FDM 机器
- 生物挤出制造多孔支架来容纳动物细胞，或创造一些东西来帮助头部创伤（看看这个） – 骨质
- 水凝胶作为脚手架
- 脚手架熔融挤出（3D生物绘图仪系统）
搜索： [1]
Balint Domolki等人，“信息社会技术展望”，全景，国家通信和信息技术委员会，2007年。
- Pg 25：一个名为原子精确制造的领域可以帮助Reprap与塑料以外的其他材料一起工作（允许完全自我复制）
搜索： [1]
材料信息
Vik Olliver，“使用Meccano构建快速原型试验台”，Diamond Ace Solutions Ltd.，Laingholm，Waitakers，新西兰，2005年。
该报告涵盖了将回收的高密度聚乙烯用于快速成型机的调查。本文研究了塑料应放在表面上的正确沉积、温度和速度。用于挤出的主要装置是改进的胶枪。没有高密度聚乙烯挤出机。
搜索： [1]
Ian Gibson，David W. Rosen，Brent Stucker，“增材制造中多种材料的使用”，增材制造技术，Springer US，第423-436页，2009年。（文本缺少第421-423页）
- “几乎从一开始，实验人员就试图在增材制造机器中使用多种材料。事实上，多种材料是某些增材制造技术工作的基本好处。例如，层压物体制造（LOM）工艺是最早开发的增材制造技术之一，它要求片材（纸）与树脂结合，将片材粘合在一起，形成纸和树脂的复合物体。（吉布森，罗森，斯图克，2009）
- 多孔多材料工艺（多头/材料/颜色）
- 研究选择性抑制烧结（使用粉末的另一种形式的快速成型）
- 粉末混合物以制造材料
搜索： [1]
Colby Leider，Douglas Mann，Daniel Plazas，“增强音乐创造力的个性化工具：迈向音频处理的定制硬件”，迈阿密大学弗罗斯特音乐学院，迈阿密，佛罗里达州，美利坚合众国。
- “我们根据这种策略设计的第一个控制器elBo基于类似操纵杆的形状，该形状是根据用户独特的手形定制的。它已被用作扩声设置中现场声音扩散的控制器，例如在电子音乐表演中，必须将预先录制的音乐的双声道组合实时混音到围绕音乐厅的大型扬声器阵列（通常为八个、十六个或更多）中。（莱德，曼恩，广场）
- elBo是在3D打印机上原型的
搜索： [3]
Håkan Edeholt，Michael Johansson，Simon Niedenthal，设计师或工匠设计与数字设计中的工艺“，艺术与传播，马尔默大学，瑞典。
搜索： [3]
Branka Lozo、Maja Stanić、Sonja Jamnicki 和 Sanja Mahović Poljaček，“三维喷墨打印 - 渗透者的影响”，《成像科学与技术杂志》，第 52 卷，第 5 期，第 051004-（8） 页，2008 年 <> 月/<> 月。
- “三维印刷品通常在最终使用之前由渗透剂完成。经常使用环氧树脂、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚氨酯基试剂。渗透剂类型对3D喷墨打印的机械性能和表面外观的影响是研究的重点。所使用的渗透剂类型极大地有助于讨论印刷品的最终性能。以3D打印为例，研究了3D打印在传统打印技术中的应用。3D打印件可用作传统光敏聚合物柔版印刷板生产的负矩阵。重要的是，应用的渗透剂不会影响2009D打印尺寸，并提供机械和表面性能的最佳组合。“（Lozo et al，<>）
- 研究了喷墨3D打印的材料特性
- 考虑使用3D打印制作柔版印刷板
搜索： [3]
Product Possibilities
Source: B. Lenman, M. Vermeulen, T Clasessens, P. Van Ransbeeck, "Towards Cost-efficient RPM Technology for Patient Specific PIV Models", University College Ghent, Belgium, 2009.
The article discusses the uses of the Reprap from a bio mechanical view point, and how the Reprap can be used as a learning tool, for diagnostic purposes, and surgery planning. Models are done from scans of a cystic fibrosis patients lower lung and then modeled by Reprap.*
search: [1]
Ed Sells and Adrian Bowyer, "Directly Incorporating Electronics into Conventional Rapid Prototypes",Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technology, University of Bath, Bath, England.
(used)
This paper discusses the possibilities of printing circuit boards by combining rapid prototyping and direct writing technology. The idea is to print a board made of abs plastic and to use Wood's metal as conductors for the circuit. The metal was heated and squeezed into place by a syringe. A syringe holder was printed by the reprap to keep the metal from cooling. After this was perfected, a way of inputting a chip into the system was design as well as a battery holder.*
search:[1]
Jacob Bayless, Mo Chen, and Bing Dai, Wire Embedding 3D Printer, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 2010.
The bulk of the paper concerns the project which the authors undertook to make an extruder that allow reprap to print copper into plastic. The paper goes on to discuss the current developments of printing metal. The paper also discusses the improvements they made to Mendel.*
search:[1]
Till Bovermann, Risto Koiva, Thomas Herman, Helge Ritter, "TUImod-Modular Objects for Tangible User Interfaces", pervasive, 2008.
- "In this paper we describe the design and construction of TUImod, a modular system of physical objects with different features. TUImod supports fast prototyping of tangible user interfaces by providing a broad range of elements that can easily be assembled into a variety of objects exhibiting different features. The strength of this system lies in its modular structure, allowing a huge number of object designs." (Bovermann et al)
- there is one block that acts as a computer inface, others to change height, to allow interlock between the blocks or to add colour identification. One can also have a magnetic block and tracking on their specially designed desk. These all can be stacked on one another
- rapid prototyping machine was used to create some of the blocks
search: [3]Micheal Edwards, "Pleech: A Process for Creating and Disseminating a Low-Voltage Wind-Powered Generator", Parsons the New School for Design, MFADR, 2008.
- goes through some interesting technology like paraSite, Shellhouse, and how they link to the authors project of a low-voltage wind-powered generator
- http://www.instructables.com/id/Pringles-Wind-Turbine-Pleech---Version-One/ (instructions, open source)
- outline on how this machine was achieved, no actual use of a reprap for the project
search: [1]
Evan Malone, Hod Lipson, "Multi-Material Freeform Fabrication of Active Systems", ESDA2008-59313, Haifa, Israel, Jul 7-9, 2008. (used)
- demonstrate that, "...(1)Solid Freeform Fabrication systems can employ many materials and multiple processes during the course of building a single object, (2) that such systems can produce complete, active, electromechanical devices, rather than only mechanical parts, and (3) that such multi-material SFF systems can be made accessible to, and are of interest to the general public." (Malone, Lipson, 2008)
- this technology would cause more inventiveness (to make new technology)
- describes how fab@home works
- created Zn-air Batteries with a solid freeform fabricator
- created electromagnets, circuit board
- investigated making Inonomeric Polymer-Metl Composite Actuator or other rotary electromagnetic motor
- created free form transistors
- investigated making electromechanical relays*
search: [1]
Juan Gonzalez-Gomez, Javier Gonzalez-Quijano, Houxiang Zhang, Mohamed Abderrahim, "Toward the sense of touch in snake modular robots for search and rescue operations"(used)
- about the use of snakes modular robots to be used in Urban Search and Rescue
- finds uses for the robot, such as removing gravel from in front of a trapped victim
- suggests repraps can build parts for this machine to so it cheap
search: [1]
Matthew S. Moses�, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Gregory S. Chirikjian, "Towards Cyclic Fabrication Systems for Modular Robotics and Rapid Manufacturing", Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
- "A cyclic fabrication system (CFS) is a network of materials, tools, and manufacturing processes that can produce all or most of its constituent components. This paper proposes an architecture for a robotic CFS based on modular components. The proposed system is intended to self-replicate via producing necessary components for replica devices. Some design challenges unique to self-replicating machines are discussed." (Moses, Yamagushi, Chirikjian)
- created a three dimensional manipulator that is low in metal components (like reprap but no extruder head)
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Lawrence Sass, "Materializing Palladio's Ideal Village: Computational Reconstruction through Physical Representation of Digital Information", Digital Design and Fabrication Group, Department of Architecture and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
- use 3d printing to render 3d models of architectural drawing
- the CAD drawings for this specific project are posted online and can be used by schools and organizations to print their own 3d model (though perhaps a little to detailed for the reprap/Rapman, as well there would be overhangs)
- used FDM to print and zcorp (printed in plaster)
search: [3]
Ricardo F. M. Garcia, Jonathan D. Hiller, Hod Lipson, "A Vacuum-Based Bonding Mechanism for Modular Robots", Modular Robots: State of the Art, IEEE 2010 International Conference on Robotics and Automation Workshop, pg. 63-68, May, 2010.
- "We present our progress on the design and implementation of Vacuubes, a set of robotic modules that exploit vacuum as adhesive force to form and hold structures. We use a first prototype to perform basic experiments that demonstrate the vacuum sealing capabilities of the modules, as well as the proper actuation of a valve designed to propagate vacuum between two of these modules." (Garcia, Hiller, Lipson, 2010)
- used 3d printer to make this
Kathryn Port D'Epagnier, "A Computational Tool for the Rapid Design and Prototyping of Propellers for Underwater Vehicles", Masters of Science paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2007.
- "An open source, MATLAB™-based propeller design code MPVL was improved to include rapid prototyping capabilities as well as other upgrades as part of this effort. The resulting code, OpenPVL is described in this thesis. In addition, results from the development code BasicPVL are presented. An intermediate code, BasicPVL, was created by the author while OpenPVL was under development, and it provides guidance for initial propeller designs and propeller efficiency analysis. OpenPVL is part of the open source software suite of propeller design codes, OpenProp. OpenPVL is in the form of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which features both a parametric design technique and a single propeller geometry generator. This code combines a user-friendly interface with a highly modifiable platform for advanced users. This tool offers graphical propeller design feedback while recording propeller input, output, geometry, and performance. OpenPVL features the ability to translate the propeller design geometry into a file readable by a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program and converted into a 3D-printable file." (D'Epagnier, 2007)
- "The focus of this study is based on the need of propeller users to have an open source computer-based engineering tool for the rapid design of propellers suited to a wide range of underwater vehicles." (D'Epagnier, 2007)
- a program that allows information to be put in to design a propeller that can be transferred into CAD and then printed by a 3d printer
- used FDM printer
search:[3]
Eric Schweikardt, "Designing Modular Robots", Thesis Proposal for PhD in Computational Design, School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, 2008.
- "This thesis is about heterogeneous modular reconfigurable robotics: a class of physical
systems made up of a number of simpler, computational components that include sensingand actuation. Although this is a new type of system and not in widespread use for anypurpose, the current research interest and potential benefits of future effective systemssuggest that it will be soon. I aim to make two contributions related to the design of thesesystems. In an attempt to inform robot designers, this thesis will analyze the properties andparameters of roBlocks, an instance of this class of systems. Design issues related tomechanics, data flow, power, etc. will be addressed, and I will use a notation based on theprocess calculi for describing and working with concurrent robotic processes." (Schweikardt, 2008)
- the bodies of the blocks are made by a 3d printer
search: [3]
Any Sun, "Field Fabrication of Solar-Thermal Power Stream Turbines for Generation of Mechanical Power", Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences Thesis, School of Architecture and Planning, Massachusetts School of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2006.
- designs a "...field producible, small-scale turbine that uses solar thermal energy to provide mechanical energy. I investigated solar thermal steam-driven turbine system and build and evaluate several versions in field fabrication lab locations around the world. I consider the efficacy of deployment in rural developing areas." (Sun, 2006)
- use the 3d printer to print out parts for the turbine (used z-corp)
search: [3]
Fabienne Abadie, Iannis Mahiros, Corina Pascu, "European Perspectives on the Information Society: Annual Monitoring Synthesis and Emerging Trend", JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, 2008.
- mentions scanning for hearing aids and custom shoes *
search: [3]
Fab@home
A Tan, T Nixon, "Rapid Prototype Manufacturing System", The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. (used)
The paper discusses a rapid prototyping machine that was made at the university based on fab@home Model 1. It discusses that as a rapid prototyper has finally become cheap enough for an average person to afford, people can now design and make their own objects. It discusses the possibility of printing circuit boards to build at home robots. The paper highlights the various other ways rapid prototyping has been developed and the various materials that can be used for this. It continues on to say how the fab@home model was created. The fab@home model uses a piston to extrude rather have plastic pushed at a constant rate, melted and extruded. They tested different materials to see which would be the best for extrusion. A new extrusion tool was designed that would allow small balls of plastic to be used as filament.*
search: [1]
- about: "..to successfully build and commission the Fab@Home desktop rapid prototyping machine, to test and evaluate new materials for implementation in the system and finally to identify and evaluate potential applications for the system." (Bona, Bullas, Impey, Krumpel, Pattinson, Scott-Dempster, 2008)
- discussed limitations of fab@home, but probably have changed by now
- attempted surface finishing in metal, but to expensive and time consuming (material is not very strong)
- materials discussion on best materials for fab@home and possible fillers for the materials (rates them)
- discuss printing wax molds that can be covered in ceramics and used as molds
- ideas for production: ear inserts (for noise blockage), hand grips for bikes, shoes lasts (made from a scan of ones foot to fin you properly), replacement parts for household appliances, car parts, and personal designs *
search: [1]
Robin Havener, John Boyea, Evan Malone, Daniel Bernards, John DeFranco, George Malliaras, Hod Lipson, "Freeform Fabrication of Organic Electrochemical Transistors" (used)
- "Solution-processable organic semiconductors can be used to print transistors under ambient conditions which are
robust enough to function on flexible substrates, and are useful for inexpensive, disposable, and/or flexibleapplications. Specifically, organic electrochemical transistors (ECT) function at low voltages and with largefeature sizes, making them good candidates for freeform fabricated devices. Here we report the first functionalECTs produced via freeform fabrication on glass substrates." (Havener et al)
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Daniel Periard, Evan Malone, Hod Lipson, "Printing Embedded Circuits". (used)
- "Automated manufacturing technologies such as freeform fabrication can greatly reduce the cost and complexity of infrastructure required to manufacture unique devices or invent new technologies. Multi-material freeform fabrication processes under development have the potential to automatically build complete functional devices including electronics. Making this technology available to creative individuals will revolutionize art and invention, but requires extensive simplification and cost reduction of what is still a laboratory technology. The combination of a Fab@Home Model 1
personal fabrication system and commercially available materials allows the demonstration of simple and inexpensive freeform fabrication of functional embedded electrical circuits, and useful devices. Using this approach, we have been able to demonstrate an LED flashlight, functional printed circuit boards in 2-dimensions and 3-dimensions that are actually entirely printed, and a child's toy with embedded circuitry. These results, and the materials and methods involved in producing them will be presented in detail." (Periard, Malone, Lipson)
search: [5]
Leslie Gordon, "Fab it Now", Machine Design, 2008.
- contains materials used
- wants to build another robot with this device, just not another fab@home
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Wayne M. Johnson, Cameron W. Coates, Patrick Hager, and Nyrell Stevens, "Employing Rapid Prototyping in a First Year Engineering Graphics Course", Armstrong Atlantic State University.
- Discusses how teaching rapid prototyping in schools would be useful
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Adaleena Mookerjee, Daniel L. Cohen, David H. Peng, Lawrence J. Bonassar, Hod Lipson, "A Study of Variable Stiffness Alginate Printing for Medical Applications".
- "Technologies for multi-material 3D-printing of anatomical shapes are useful both for fabrication of heterogeneous cell-seeded implants as well as for fabrication of synthetic models for surgical planning and training. For both these applications, it would be desirable to print directly with biological materials to best emulate the target's properties. Using a novel material platform, we describe a series of experiments attempting to print variable-stiffness hydrogels. We vary compliances by alternating 2% alginate hydrogel and a Dextran-infused calcium chloride post-crosslinker. Stiffness throughout the construct ranged from 4 kPa to 20 kPa as a function of post-crosslinker concentration, which was spatially specified by the user." (Mookerjee et al)
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Irene Posch, Hideaki Ogawa, Christopher Lindinger, Roland Haring, Horst Hortner, "Introducing the FabLab as Interactive Exhibition Space", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, 254-257, 2010.
- "This paper introduces an approach to include a fab lab into an interactive exhibition space of a museum. Fab labs, as coined by Neil Gershenfeld, have established a great point of view for educational access to modern means of invention and technological empowerment. However realizations so far have been mainly focused on technical equipment and peer- to-peer project based training. Given the context of a museum, we focused on providing an open and easy for every visitor accessible design and fabrication space focusing on identified key elements like creative prototyping and shared creativity within the range of the realized integrative system. We describe our findings based on the work for the FabLab at the Ars Electronica Center (AEC) in Linz, Austria." (Posch et al, 2010)
search: [5]
John Boyea, Evan Malone, Hod Lipson, "Electrochemical Transistors on Printed Substrates Patterned with Ink-Jet Printing". (used)
- "By using solution processable materials (a conjugated polymer) and other printable materials (in an additive patterning method), an electrochemical transistor device is produced. Films are patterned on epoxy and polyvinyl phenol. Gating the device causes modulation in current." (Boyea, Malone, Lipson)
- printing electromagnetic relay with a Fab@home and Hewlett-Packard 51604A thermal ink-jet printer head
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Ayeeshik Kole, Bao Nguyen, Jeffery R. Enders, Todd R. Graham, P. Anthony Weil, Kevin T. Seale,, John A. McLean, John P. Wikswo, "Monitoring of real-time protein concentrations in cellular yeast secretomes".
- printing yeast for an experiment, don't have enough biology background to truly understand
search: [5]
L. Hao, S. Mellor, O. Seaman, J. Henderson, N. Sewell, M. Sloan, "Material Characterization and Process Development for Chocolate Additive Layer Manufacturing" Virtual and Physical Prototyping, Volume 5, Issue 2, 57-64, June 2010.
- How to print in chocolate
search: [5]
Y. Ariadi, A.E.W Rennie, "Templates for Consumer Use in Designing Customized Products", Lancaster Product Development Unit, Engineering Department, Lancaster, United Kingdom, 2008.
- "This research proposes a new design system for consumers who would use the product to run an easy-to-operate design and selection tool by themselves instead of conventional Computer Aided Design (CAD). In terms of manufacturing the product, several studies focus on involving the consumer as much and as early as possible. However, recent developments of Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) technologies have led to a renewed interest in allowing the consumers to develop customized products. As a result, manufacturing is being brought closer to consumers. This paper would simplify the CAD
stages by utilizing design templates for consumer use in customising additive layer manufactured products." (Ariadi, Rennie, 2008)
search: [5]
Hod Lipson, "Printable 3D Models for Customized Hands-on Education", Sibely School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- "Physical models are an important form of hands-on active learning that is increasingly being replaced by virtual simulations. In this paper I propose that rapid prototyping technology has the potential to reverse this trend, and reap the educational benefits while eliminating many of the logistic difficulties that have lead to it. Moreover, the use of rapid prototyping can offer new opportunities to enhance accessibility to physical teaching models and customize them for specific personal learning needs, thereby opening new educational possibilities. To accelerate this opportunity, we have established a repository of 3D-Printables models for education at. www.3dprintables.org" (Lipson)
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Evan Malone, Hod Lipson, "Freeform Fabrication of a Complete Electromagnetic Relay", Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. (used)
- "We seek to produce electromechanical relays entirely via freeform fabrication as part of a larger effort to freeform fabricate complete electromechanical devices. Relays which can switch using an input current of less than 100 microamperes, gain greater than 10, and an open/closed resistance ratio of greater than 103 will make feasible the control of freeform fabricated actuators by printable organic polymer transistor circuits, opening up a design space of completely freeform fabricated electromechanical actuation systems." (Malone, Lipson)
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Dan Periard, Noy Schaal, Maor Schaal, Evan Malone, Hod Lipson, "Printing Food",
- "This paper examines the possible applications of food as a raw material in freeform fabrication, and provides several demonstrations of edible three-dimensional objects. The use of edible materials offers several advantages: First, it opens the door to the application of SFF technology in custom food industry, such as manufacturing of complex confections with
specialized geometries and intricate material compositions. For pedagogical purposes, edible materials provide an easily accessible, nontoxic and low cost way to experiment with rapid prototyping techniquesusing educational systems such as Fab@Home. For more traditional SFF technologies, food materials with appropriate rheological properties can serve as sacrificial, bio-degradable, bio-compatible or recyclable materialsfor structural support and draft-printing. We have used the Fab@Home personal fabrication system to produce multi-material edible 3D objects with cake frosting, chocolate, processed cheese, and peanut butter. These are just indicative of the range of potential edible materials and applications." (Periard et al)
search: [5]