El Nuevo Sol is a daycare facility located at 30 Cinco de Mayo for children from 2 months old to 10 years old. It is owned and directed by Sra. Garcia Dominguez and mainly serves working mothers. She is interested in a rainwater catchment system to serve her organic garden (an additional Parras 2008 project) and to teach the children and parents about water collection techniques and eventually water purification techniques.
Our goal is to create an easy to use and maintain rainwater collection system to provide an alternative to municipal water for the organic garden. The city of Parras has a rich history with water and is known as an oasis in the desert.
Nosotros (Linsey y Claire) queremos presentarles nuestro proyecto-un sistema para la captación de agua de lluvia. Esta ubicada en 30 Cinco de Mayo, en la guardaría El Nuevo Sol.
La ciudad de Parras tiene una historia formada por el agua. Los posos, norias, manantiales y fuques que dan agua para la cultivación, la ganadería y para cocinar, tomar, y limpiar en la casa. El subsuelo en los cerros de Parras han estado ricos en este tesoro natural, pero en estos días el consumo de agua esta creciendo, mientras que los cerros son deforestados y no pueden absorber tanto lluvia como en edades pasados.
Las ventajas de un sistema para capturar el agua de lluvia son muchos. Es una manera de conservar el agua del subsuelo, y también puede aliviar la presión que existe en el sistema municipal de la distribución de agua, lo cual no es suficiente para todas las casas en la ciudad. Atrapar la escorrentía pluvial de los techos puede minimizar la inundación de los calles. En vez de estar una molestia, esta agua se puede guardar por uso en tiempos secos.
这是洪堡国家集团与 Sra 的合作。索菲亚·加西亚·多米宁格斯，新太阳导演，保护青少年母亲。我想我们的想法是女性和孩子们的最佳生活。Hablemos con ella y con el dueño de la propiedad, Sr. Juan Jaime, y resuelta que hay dos proyectos que hacemos con el Nuevo Sol- una Huerta orgánico para enseñar la cultivación de verduras, y una sistema de captación de agua pluvial para irrigar la韦尔塔。我们致力于与社区社会开展合作，为可持续发展的技术项目提供支持，并为人们带来益处。
收集雨水的优点[1]
- 提供非常优质的水（在大多数地区），水质柔软且矿物质含量低，因此需要的肥皂更少
- 减少固定装置、管道和热水器上的矿物质沉积
- 抵消抽取地下水的需要；减少深井抽水和水软化所需的能源
- 节省灌溉水，因为植物通常对雨水的反应比地下水更好，从而提高产量
- 减少通常由径流造成的侵蚀和洪水
- 减少径流造成的水道淤积和污染
屋顶雨水收集系统的组成部分[2]
- 集水区
- 排水沟和落水管
- 储罐/水箱
内容
目标/目的
总体愿景：对现有建筑物进行排水沟和排水沟改造，然后将排水沟连接到集水系统。该系统将为位于建筑物前院的有机花园或任何其他灌溉目的提供水。到四个星期结束时，它应完全发挥作用（例如从屋顶收集和储存雨水，不泄漏或部件损坏，并减少城市用水）。天沟和排水系统应与现有建筑融为一体。储水箱应隐藏在侧面且视觉上不显眼。所有组件应能够承受最恶劣的天气条件（例如强风、暴雨、树枝掉落等）。
该项目的三个目标是：
- 第一个是收集和保留雨水，为 el Nuevo Sol 的有机花园提供水源，该花园是由我们的项目成员发起的。我们不希望这个花园给现有的市政供水系统带来压力。
- 我们的第二个目标是提供一个表达节约用水重要性的教育机会。项目完成后，我们将与花园团队一起在日托中心举办户外聚会。在这次活动中，我们将向孩子们解释雨水集水系统的运作方式以及它是如何建造的。我们将更详细地演示系统的工作原理，并向索菲亚女士和胡安·海梅先生描述任何维护需求。
- 我们的第三个目标是为帕拉斯未来的集水系统设计创建一个原型。el Nuevo Sol 的任何顾客都可以轻松看到该系统，我们希望这种可见性能够激励他们在家中创建自己的集水系统。我们希望以一种简单且易于重现的方式构建系统。
Los propósitos que tenemos por este proyecto son tres:
- El Primero es 捕获并保护 Agua de lluvia para la Huerta que hacen nuestras compañeras en el Nuevo Sol。没有 queremos que este Huerta añada a la carga que tiene el sistema 市政。
- 我们的第二个目标是证明教育机会是保护水的必要条件。一切都结束了，我们的装备即将到来，我们将迎来守护者的节日。Hablamos con los niños de cómo funciona el sistema y para que lo construyamos。Mostraremos el sistema a Sra。索菲亚和胡安·海梅老先生，和我们一起阐述了这一点。
- 第三个目的是捕获帕拉斯水的其他系统的原型。这个系统在新太阳的风度中可见一斑，并且有很多灵感，可以创造出新的生活。Queremos 构建简单且易于复制的海洋。
标准
| 标准 | 重量（0-10最高） |
|---|---|
| 实施和维护方面可行的经济 | 7 |
| La comunidad necesita, quiere, yparticipa en el proyecto | 8 |
| Nos queda adentro nuestro presupuesto | 10 |
| 生态阿波亚尔 | 10 |
| 系统和材料安全 | 9 |
| 使用递归语言环境 | 8 |
| 耐用性 | 6 |
| 没有必要的适应性和消除肤色 | 7 |
| 埃斯蒂卡斯 | 8 |
预算/预案
| 材料 | 单价（比索） | 数量 | 成本 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 科多斯 PVC 2" >90 | 3 美元 | 10 | 30 美元 |
| PVC 管 2 英寸（6 米） | 51 美元 | 3 | 153 美元 |
| PVC 2" 弯头 >45/Codos PVC 2" >45 | 7 美元 | 4 | 14 美元 |
| PVC 2" 耦合器/Coles PVC 2" | 5 美元 | 2 | 10 美元 |
| 钉子 6 英寸/克拉沃 6 英寸 | 0.33 美元 | 6 | 2 美元 |
| 塑料和玻璃纤维水箱/Tinaco（400 升） | 250 美元 | 1 | 250 美元 |
| 塞格塔 | 11 美元 | 1 | 11 美元 |
| 地铁 曼格拉 3/4 | 9 美元 | 1 | 9 美元 |
| 特拉·马斯基特拉（厘米） | 0.30 美元/厘米 | 20厘米 | 6 美元 |
| 喷嘴/火焰 Nariz | 30 美元 | 2 | 60 美元 |
| 连接器曼格拉 3/4 | 12 美元 | 1 | 12 美元 |
| 恩帕基托斯 | 1 美元 | 2 | 2 美元 |
| PVC 胶/Pegamento PVC 1/8 | 20.50 美元 | 1 | 20.50 美元 |
| 4" 至 2" PVC 转换器/红色 PVC 4 a 2 | 8 美元 | 2 | 16 美元 |
| PVC 2" 三通 分支/三通 PVC 2" | 5 美元 | 2 | 10 美元 |
| 全部的 | 620.50 美元 |
计算/微积分
屋顶有四个收集区域可用于为我们的系统提供水。然而，经过一些计算，我们确定只需要使用其中两个即可达到 22.9 平方米的总面积（请参见图 1）。我们只使用了整个屋顶的一部分，因为这个区域为我们的花园提供了足够的水。屋顶的遮阳篷部分被拆除作为一种选择，因为这需要对建筑物的正面进行大量改变，需要额外的劳动力和材料，并且可能会造成排水困难。如果将来需要更多的水，可以使用屋顶的这一部分。平均而言，我们的收集区将在 7 月（最多雨的月份）提供 40 升水，在 2 月（最干燥的月份）提供 6.1 升水。
如果花园在一年中无雨的时候完全种植，花园每天将需要 137 升水。我们的水箱容量为 400 升，在这种情况下，需要通过市政供水来补充，直到雨水给系统补水。由于空间和预算的原因，我们只能使用一辆坦克。通过将额外的储罐放置在现有储罐旁边的支架上，并使用密封管道将它们相互连接，可以将第二个或第三个储罐添加到系统中。
每日花园需水量计算
花园的大约面积= 9m 2。
- 我们假设每平方米有 16 株植物，1 株番茄每 3 天需要 1 加仑。3.8 升 = 1 加仑，除以 3 后，在没有额外降雨的情况下，每株植物每天需要 1 升多一点。
- 每 m 2 x 9m 2 16 株植物= 144 株植物。
- 144 株植物 = 每天 144 升。
- 花园中植物的实际数量和 4 个花盆 = 60 株植物。
- 60 株植物 = 每天 60 升。
屋顶年平均雨水收集量
- 屋顶总面积= 22.9m 2。
- 径流系数 = 0.75（因为屋顶是平坦的并且由混凝土制成）。
- 帕拉斯年平均降雨量 = 366.36 毫米。
- 22.9m 2 x 366.36mm x 0.75 = 每年 6045 升。
- 每年 6045 升/365 天 = 每天 16.6 升。
屋顶七月平均降雨量
- 屋顶总面积= 22.9m 2。
- 径流系数 = 0.75（因为屋顶是平坦的并且由混凝土制成）。
- 帕拉斯 7 月平均降雨量 = 72.3 毫米。
- 22.9m 2 x 72.3mm x 0.75 = 每年 1242 升。
- 7 月/31 天 6045 升 = 每天 40.0 升。
屋顶二月平均降雨量
- 屋顶总面积= 22.9m 2。
- 径流系数 = 0.75（因为屋顶是平坦的并且由混凝土制成）。
- 帕拉斯二月平均降雨量 = 10.0 毫米。
- 22.9m 2 x 10.0mm x 0.75 = 每年 172 升。
- 2 月/28 天 1193 升 = 每天 6.1 升。
管道容量计算
经验法则：每 1m 2屋顶面积的排水沟横截面为1cm 2 。[3]
- 2" PVC 管截面积：2"=Xcm, 2" x (2.54cm/1in)=5.08cm。半径 = 2.54cm
- (2.54cm) 2 ×pi(3.14)=20.3cm 2。截面积=20.3cm 2。
- 那么我们的比例是20.3cm 2到22.9m 2，这符合推荐的比例。
El área del techo es 22.9 地铁 cuadrados。单独使用技术时，请使用足够的水来收集所需的水。La Parte delantera del techo es mas complicado y requiere unos cambios antes de que se pueda usarlo, pero si se puede utilizarlo si fuera necesario. El agua del techo donde colectaremos tiene un promedio de 40 litros por día en 7月，y 6.1 litros por día en febrero.
如果您在接下来的时间里进行了海洋养殖，请每天使用 137 升。En este caso, puesto que nuestros un tanque va a tener unvolumen de 400 litros, Será necesario usar agua city en conjunción el agua de lluvia. Estamos limitadas a un tanque por el tiempo que tenemos para terminar y por nuestro pequeño presupuesto. Si el dueño Sr. Juan Jaime，o la 导演 Sra。索菲亚 quieren Guardar mas agua，se pueden añadir mas barrilles muy fácilmente。
材料/材料
2" PVC 管和管接头。包括 45°、90° 和 T 形分支。
电钻、水泥钻头、PVC水泥、6英寸钉子、硅酮胶水、锤子、钳子和钢丝钳、卷尺、水龙头和手套。
第一冲洗系统的材料。球浮到顶部以关闭系统，魔术贴保持底盖打开，胶水将魔术贴粘附到塑料上，然后是 4 英寸 PVC 盖。
设计
图2 Nuevo Sol取水管立面图
图 3 Nuevo Sol 管道布置立面图
该系统由三个基本组成部分组成：收集从屋顶排出的水的雨水收集器、输送水的管道以及包括筛网过滤器、初冲沉积物收集器、水箱和水箱的存储区域。径流管。我们进行了多种设计，寻求最大限度的简单性、安全性和效率。
捕手者
Our first design concept is shown in figures 2 and 3. We did not want to connect pipes directly to the outlet pipes off the roof in case the pipes got clogged or something backed up the system and water would be left to fill the roof. At all costs we did not want to compromise the structural integrity of the roof. For this reason we also did not place screens on the outlets from the roof.
We used 4" to 2" PVC reducers for the collectors in the first model. When we tested it with a 5 gallon bucketfull of water, it worked well at first with a slow flow of water. When we simulated a very heavy downpour with dumping the bucket all at once, we lost about 40% of the flow.
The second design had cones made of flexible 4" PVC inserted into the collectors to increase the collection area. We also covered the openings with a fine mesh to keep out flakes of paint and cement. When we tested this the catchers worked well but the mesh didn't self clean as we had hoped and caused water to run off insead of passing through.
The third and final design for the catchers was simply the cones inserted into the 4" reducers. We solved the mesh screening problem by putting in a self-cleaning screen further down by the tank.
The Tubes
We decided on 2" PVC for economic reasons. Costing 51 pesos per 6 meters, it was a considerable savings compared to 88 pesos for the 3" and 125 for the 4" pipe. (Note: El Roble, the hardware store on Cinco de Mayo, no longer carries 2" pipe in the thin size, which is what the above quote is for. The alternative thick pipe is 80 pesos for 6 meters.)
After the fact we double checked with math to assure that the pipe size would be adequate for the expected volume of water. Using a rule of thumb, 1 cm2 to every 100m2, as well as calculations based on flow rate and pipe friction, we determined that 2" pipe was an appropriate size. Click here to see the calculations.
Gutters need to be sloped at least 1/16 inch per foot of run.[4] They should be suspended from hangers no more than three feet apart.[5]
The Screen
This filter is made of a five gallon bucket cut to a 60% slope,[6] covered with a fine wire mesh, with a drain in the bottom. The water pours down through the screen and empties towards the first flush.
When we tested the design we noticed that a considerable amount of debris collected on the screen, and a small but steady stream of water drained away from the bucket following the screen over the edge. To correct these problems we cut the bucket to eliminate a flat spot in the slope, pulled the screen tighter, and applied silicon to the bottom lip. We also drilled a small hole in the bottom to drain out any water that is left after a rain.
The First Flush Sediment Trap
Our original design was a 5 gallon bucket, but before this made it off the drawing board we settled in favor of using a length of 4" pipe.
"One rule of thumb for first-flush diversion is to divert a minimum of 10 gallons for every 1,000 square feet of collection surface. However, first-flush volumes vary with the amount of dust on the roof surface, which is a function of the number of dry days, the amount and type of debris, tree overhang, and season." Exerpt from the Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting, 2005, pg 8.
For Our System:
1 gal = 100 ft2, 3.79 litres = 1 gal
22 m2 = 237 ft2
237 ft2 * (1 gal/100 ft2) = 2.37 gal
2.37 gal * (3.79 litres/1 gal) = 9 litres
We need a 9 litre first flush container.
Our 2" PVC pipe has a cross sectional area of 20.3 cm2 or 0.00203 m2
Pipe length needed: 0.00203 m2 * Xm = 0.009 m3
The Tank
For our water storage tank we used a tinaco from the local fabrica that is located on the left if you are driving down 16 de Septiembre away from Parras. They have seconds available for a reduced price, which are fully functional tanks with superficial defects that make it so they can't be sold for full price. We bought a 400 liter tank for $250 pesos. These tanks are wonderful, because they already have holes drilled into them and are ready for faucets to be added and obviously because they are specifically made for water.
The Runoff Pipes
The runoff pipes are used to divert the excess water once the tank is full. The water is directed out towards the street and the street drain using both a closed 2" PVC pipe and a 4" PVC pipe cut in half lengthwise. The 4" PVC pipe was used, because it was left over material and allowed for the extension that we needed to get the water from the 2" pipe to the street. An improvement to this portion of the system would be to secure both pipes to the wall they run next to.
Final Results
Intake water catchment points.
Filter and First Flush sediment trap.
Adobe stand with concrete finish on top to reduce erosion.
Tank on stand connected to system.
Water overflow outlet directing extra water toward street drain.
Suggestions
- Do NOT glue anything until you are absolutely positive that your design will work. We recommend testing the system with water and also having a third or fourth person review the system to ensure nothing is missed. Making changes after the piping has been glued minimizes options, costs additional money and takes time.
- Do NOT use tambos from the fabrica unless you are positive that the former contents were non-toxic.
- Use Hydraulic piping instead of sanitary piping even though it is more expensive. The fittings are more varied and appropriate for the system. This would have saved us a significant amount of time and we could have used less glue.
- To ensure that all the water is collected from the roof make the intake pipe catchment area larger in diameter than the pipe coming from the roof. This will make it easier to grab all of the water in a strong storm with a higher flow rate and volume.
- We had issues with our glue not adhering properly. More research needs to be done in this area for what materials are available in Parras. Our connections into and out of the tinaco and the filter had the most issues with the glue. Eventually we found a putty that worked at pipe joints and was waterproof. This was used to seal the hole around the tank intake point and the existing hole in the tank that we didn't use. Make sure to buy a significant amount of silicone.
- The next step for the rainwater catchment system could be to add a water purification system to create potable water.
- Locate a family or community that is not connected to the Parras municipal water supply.
Related Sites
- Rainwater Harvesting
- The Greywater Guerrillas
- The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting
- DTU Rainwater Harvesting
- First Flush Phenomenon
- SafeRain
References
- ↑ Field Guide to Appropriate Technology (ed. Barret Hazeltine and Christopher Bull), Rainwater Collection, page 745
- ↑ Field Guide to Appropriate Technology (ed. Barret Hazeltine and Christopher Bull), Rainwater Collection, page 745
- ↑ Rainwater Catchment for Domestic Supply. Gould, John and Niessen-Petersen, Erik. ITDG Publishing 2003. Page 75.
- ↑ Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Montana. Rupp, Gretchen and Ben Cichowski. Montguide, Montana State University Extension. MT 199707 AG revised 11/06. Pg C-1.
- ↑ Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Montana. Rupp, Gretchen and Ben Cichowski. Montguide, Montana State University Extension. MT 199707 AG revised 11/06. Pg C-1.
- ↑ Rainwater Catchment Systems for Domestic Supply. Gould, John and Niessen-Petersen, Erik. ITDG Publishing 2003. Page 79.