山坡溝渠整治.JPG

抽象的

Remediation Hillside 是加州州立大學洪堡分校的一個 Engineering 305 ( Engr 305 ) 項目,Eric Haas為校園應用技術中心 ( CCAT ) 創建。該項目的目的是展示窪地設計的實用性和適當性,以便更好地利用花園空間,並將山坡變成 CCAT 可以在未來多年使用的空間。山坡將得到加固,以防止雨水徑流和風造成的侵蝕,並將成為CCAT場地的一個美觀的固定設施。此外,從修復的角度來看,窪地將隔離可能從場地上方停車場流出的有害污染物。

成本

該項目幾乎完全利用 CCAT 現有的材料來完成,所有所需的勞動力將由 CCAT 志願者提供。而大部分使用的植物將從 CCAT 的花園移植而來。

標準

這些標準被選為對項目最重要的標準,並賦予從 0 到 10 的權重,其中 10 是最重要的。

標準約束條件重量(0-10)
需要維護必須需要盡可能少的維護6
完成時間必須在規定的時間內完成8
美學必須與 CCAT 財產的自然美景融為一體9
適當的技術必須使用適當的方法來製作10
當地的使用的植物應反映該地區的當地植物區系和本土物種7

設計

測量

在首先清除山坡上的主要灌木叢後,使用A 形框架對要變成修復山坡的土地進行了非常基本的調查,以測量距離和角度。山坡被與山坡平行的三條線劃分,並使用基本三角學確定每個點的距離。這次測量的結果是一個非常基本的山坡尺寸圖。

窪地的放置和植物的選擇

每個窪地都被挖成可以在裡面安裝大塊的腐爛木材,這既可以加固山坡免受侵蝕,又可以為山坡上生長的植物提供養分。當它們分解時,它們還會吸收從泥土中滴下來的水,有效地充當大海綿,通過根部為植物提供持續的水分來源。經過一番考慮成本和效率後,決定在這兩個窪地都種植當地的劍蕨。該地點已經存在蕨類植物,並且在該地區非常常見,使它們成為該地點的理想候選者。一些已經存在的蕨類植物也將成為山坡的一部分。

建造

準備和挖掘

塑造山坡的第一步是清除覆蓋山坡的灰塵和森林垃圾。這些材料被保存下來,以便稍後在項目的主要挖掘工作完成時進行更換。一旦整個地區變成了光禿禿的泥土,這兩個窪地沿著兩條頂部輪廓線在斜坡上水平挖掘。這使得每個窪地相距大約 5 英尺。每個窪地的深度大約是鏟子刀片的一分半,寬度大約是鏟子刀片的寬度,儘管某些部分被做得更大以容納更大的原木。大石塊和木棍在被運上來的泥土中被手動清除,然後被剷入緊鄰下坡一側溝渠的長牆上。在建造時,牆會定期用鏟子夯實,以確保它不會散開或滑入較低的窪地,並逐漸用泥土堆積起來,直到離地面大約一英尺。

最終設置

每個窪地完成後,選擇腐爛的原木並將其首尾相連地舖設在溝渠中,然後用每個窪地上方上坡的泥土以及從 CCAT 周圍各個地點採集的泥土填充。每個窪地都填滿了足夠的泥土,以覆蓋原木約 4 英寸的深度,形成窪地用來容納的種植床。此時,儲存的草屑被耙回原位,覆蓋了除種植床之外的整個場地。地被植物可以防止窪地牆壁受到風雨的侵蝕,有助於分解,並為有益的昆蟲和生物提供棲息地。每個窪地都種植了劍蕨,周圍的泥土上覆蓋著稻草。

下一步

除了 CCAT 定期進行的基本除草和花園維護之外,山坡幾乎不需要任何維護。未來可以考慮幾個長期計劃:

  • 窪地可以延伸以進一步覆蓋山坡
  • 如果需要,可以種植新植物來代替蕨類植物
  • 窪地牆壁可以加固,以提供更好的防止水侵入的屏障

總體而言,該項目對 CCAT 工作人員的任何需求都是開放的,其確切的長期計劃基於其用途。

結論

The Remediation Hillside is always to be a work in progress, and it will serve as a probably launching-off point for future projects at CCAT. The scale and variety of the project had to be scaled back due to time and weather constraints, as a good deal of time was lost to poor weather conditions. In addition, a greater number of people working on the site would have sped up the process greatly, which would have made the impact of weather far less of a barrier.

Literature Review

Mulching

The areas where plants are to be grown can be mulched in order to add nutrients to the soil, which is primarily clay throughout most of the hillside. Mulch can be created from shredded newspaper,[1] certain types of plastics, and other natural materials to cover the ground and prevent weeds from spreading.[2] For this project, mulch will be spread over the entire remediation zone to prevent incursion by weeds, with gaps left for the plants that will be planted at various places called 'Grow-through mulch'. This will not only allow plants to grow but will serve as a spot that organic materials can be disposed of and utilized as new mulch for the remediation area.

Composting

Along with the mulch for surface cover, the soil where plants are to be planted will be supplemented with organic compost made from local organic waste. This compost can be provided by both CCAT and the Cal Poly Humboldt campus. Organic wastes such as grass clippings, vegetable matter from kitchens, and old newspapers can all be mixed with the soil to provide nutrients for plants. Redwood logs provided by CCAT can also be buried beneath the plant beds before planting in order to provide nutrients and warmth from decomposition.[3]

Plant Selection

The plants chosen for the remediation site will be nothing but native plants,[4] with a preference given to ones that can be transplanted from CCAT grounds instead of newly-purchased ones. As the area is heavily shaded, special consideration needs to be taken to choose the right plants for the amount of solar energy available. A Solar Pathfinder will be used to determine average sun for each area, and local plants such as Sword Ferns[5] and other forest plantlife will be planted around the beds.[6]

References

  1. Pellett, Norman E. and Heleba, David A. 1995 "Chopped Newspaper for Weed Control in Nursery Crops" J. Environmental Horticulture 13(2): 77-81.
  2. Whitefield, Patrick. 2002 How To Make A Forest Garden. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
  3. Campbell, Stu. 1990 Let It Rot!. United States: R.R. Donnelley
  4. Smith, James Payne. 1972 Campus Flora Atlas. Arcata: Cal Poly Humboldt Department of Biology
  5. Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe and Robbin C. Moran. 2001. Fern Grower's Manual. Portland: Timber Press.
  6. Morse, Harriet K. 1962 Gardening In The Shade. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons

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