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The actual Roman costumes worn through

RALF2003 — Fri, 24 May 2013 02:10:50 GMT

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Men however, typically wore a toga, which interestingly sufficient became the clothing associated with prostitutes as well after the fifth century B . C .. Before, both males and females had been apt to wear the toga without any skin.

During this time period, the color of Roman fancy dress outfits also determined the standing of those wearing all of the items. Magistrates and boys wore clothing which had a purple line. Generals wore togas with a fantastic border to signify victory. Gods and vips wore clothing that was a solid violet.

have sandals that laced up the leg from the wearer. Both males and females donned these sandals, which is believed which the finer it, the richer the wearer seemed to be. Interestingly sufficient, it was the actual Roman's who invented socks. These were designed to keep your toes of legionnaires comfortable in northern weather, such as Australia, which they came across as their empire distributed. These socks will have been used, like right now, underneath their footwear at that time.

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Urban informatics

PatSunter — Tue, 21 May 2013 00:20:14 GMT

PatSunter: /* External Links */

== Introduction ==

"Urban informatics" refers to the practice of generating, assessing, and re-purposing information about the urban environment to be useful for human understanding and action.

Relevant to Appropedia, the idea is that good use of urban informatics could improve the quality and responsiveness of [[urban planning]] and allow a high quality of life whilst simultaneously moving towards [[sustainable cities]].

It is related to the concepts of [[Smart cities]] , [[Civic hacking]], and [[Geographic Information Systems]] ([[GIS]]).

== See Also ==

* [[Transport informatics]]
* [[Community Informatics]]
* [[Geographic Information Systems]]

== External Links ==

=== Projects ===

* [[http://www.urbanlaunchpad.org/ UrbanLaunchpad.org - "Building open urban infostructures for all."]]
* [[http://hackforchange.org/ July 2013 National Day of Civic Hacking (U.S.)]]

=== University Research ===

* [[http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa UCL Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis]]

=== Blogs / Knowledge Sharing ===

* [[http://www.planningtoolexchange.org the Orton Planning Tools Exchange]]
* [[http://www.cityofsound.com/blog Dan Hall's City of Sound blog]]
* [[http://urban-informatics.net Arup's Urban Informatics site]]

[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Cities]]

Self-erectable wind turbine

KVDP — Mon, 20 May 2013 13:11:42 GMT

Chriswaterguy:

{{Delete| Is this based on any real world design or experience?

Are there clear instructions to go with it? If not, what is the intention of putting it on Appropedia? --[[User:Chriswaterguy|Chriswaterguy]] 11:00, 22 May 2013 (PDT)
}}

The '''self-erectable wind turbine''' is a horizontal axis wind turbine that can be easily erected (without help of cranes, ...)
[[File:Self-erectable wind turbine.png|thumb|right|200px|The self-erectable wind turbine]]

[[Category:Energy]]

Focussed Ion beam (FIB) protocol: MOST

Jgwamuri — Sun, 19 May 2013 21:08:53 GMT

Jgwamuri: /* Bitmap Image Milling (SEM/TEM) */

{{MOST}}
[[category:MOST methods]]

= Introduction =
The '''focused ion beam (FIB)''' microscope [http://www.nanolab.ucla.edu/pdf/MRS_Bulletin_2007_FIB_machining.pdf] has gained widespread use in fundamental materials studies and technological applications over the last several years because it offers both high-resolution imaging and flexible micro and nanomachining in a single platform. FIB techniques are used in a variety of applications. In terms of failure analysis, FIB techniques are commonly used in high magnification microscopy, die surface milling or cross-sectioning, and even material deposition[http://www.siliconfareast.com/FIB.htm].

==Background on FIB==
A FIB system works very similarly to a scanning electron microscope, except that it uses a finely focused beam of gallium (Ga+) ions instead of the latter's use of electrons. This focused primary beam of gallium ions is rastered on the surface of the material to be analyzed. As it hits the surface, a small amount of material is sputtered, or dislodged, from the surface. The dislodged material may be in the form of secondary ions, atoms, and secondary electrons. These ions, atoms, and electrons are then collected and analyzed as signals to form an image on a screen as the primary beams scans the surface. This image forming capability allows high magnification microscopy [http://www.siliconfareast.com/FIB.htm].

The higher the primary beam current, the more material is sputtered from the surface. If only high-mag microscopy is intended, only a low-beam operation must be employed. High-beam operation is used to sputter or remove material from the surface, such as during high-precision milling or cross-sectioning of an area on the die.

Resources available in the [[MOST library]]
* [[Media:FIB Basic info]]
* [[Media:MSE Thesis doc]]

Other Resources
*[http://electronmicroscopy.org/More_Resources.htm. ACMAL e-training resources.]

== [[MTU]] Equipment==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; float:right; margin:.5em"
|-
!Hitachi FB-2000A FIB
|-
![[Image:Hitachi_FB-2000A_FIB.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.50|Fig.1.|Michigan Tech FIB]]
|}
The Hitachi FB-2000A FIB uses a beam of focused high-energy (30 kV) gallium ions to remove material in a very controlled manner from inorganic specimens. The FB-2000A is a single beam system; that is, users image the specimen with the same beam used for milling. The column resembles that of an electron microscope and functions very much the same. Control of the ion beam is gained through the Unix workstation and fabrication software system that is designed to support both TEM sample preparation and pattern milling[http://mcff.mtu.edu/acmal/electron-microscopy/hitachi-fb-2000a-fib/].

===Hitachi_FB-2000A_Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) Specifications===
'''Hardware Description'''
Our equipment has the following major hardware:

=Operating the FIB=
==Before you can start==

Before you can use the FIB, you must pass and be certified first. The preferred pathway to certification is through the SEM course, MY4200/4201 offered in the fall. If you chose to be trained one-on-one, the time required to train you depends on you and your skills. Students with mechanical aptitude learn faster. Note that the following charges are included for individual training; Salary and fringes for trainer plus the hourly instrument use fee $59/ hour. For details on rates, please visit http://mcff.mtu.edu/acmal/rates/ [http://mcff.mtu.edu/acmal/electron-microscopy/hitachi-fb-2000a-fib/].

If you are interested in becoming trained to use this equipment, consult Dr. Pearce first and then contact either of the following:
Owen P Mills (opmills@mtu.edu) or Felicia Nip (frnip@mtu.edu) in order to get more information.

==FIB Operating Procedures==

===Preliminary Steps===
1. Sign-in to the logbook.

2. Ensure IP1 and IP2 green lights are on (on the front panel below chamber).

3. Make sure the green lights are on for DP, Water, and Air Press. Make sure the DP Power Switch is on.
4. Check that both S.C. and S.E.C. Vacuum green lights are on at HIGH vacuum.

NOTE ON SWITCHES:
*All of the switches on the FIB are protected against accidental changes in position.
*In order to flip the switches you MUST, pull each switch lever OUT before attempting to change the position! Otherwise, the switch will be damaged.

NOTE ON SAMPLES:
*The FIB will accommodate samples that are 5x5 mm or 5x10 mm.
*Wafer thick samples are best. No wet or contaminated samples are allowed.
**If any of the above conditions are not met or an alarm is sounding, contact ACMAL staff immediately.

===Start Up===
1. Turn FIB POWER switch ON (to the left of vacuum controls).

2. At FB-2000A Login screen;
*Click into User box and type: MTU <return>, then
*mouse click into Password box and type: mtufib <return>.
*Click OK. [2]
3. On the Depo warm up menu;
*depo gun users will choose Warm, Work Manager then click Next.
*Line pattern users will choose Cold, Work Manager then click Next. [3]
4. Next is the FIB menu.
*You should see grayscale noise in the image window. If not (if you see a completely black screen),
*STOP!! and contact ACMAL staff immediately.
5. Click on the HV button along the top menu. This will initiate the HV sequence and begin the tip reforming process which may take up to 30 minutes.
*Click OK when the reforming message appears.
6. Iext should be around 3.2-3.4 μA. If not in range, contact staff.

7. Under the Depo tab, turn Heater ON [4]

8. Depo users must wait up to 1 hour until the deposition gun warms to 5.6 VDC, or 2.7 VDC for cold users.

===Specimen Exchange===
1. Attach your sample to the holder with carbon tape.

2. There must always be a holder left in the FIB goniometer.
*It may be the blank plug or an actual holder.
The following is how to remove either plug or holder from the goniometer:
3 Removal of PLUG:
* Press the AIR button.
*Wait 30 seconds until you hear/see the SEM S.E.C. open.
*Gently pull the plug free from the goniometer and place in one of the sample holder boxes to keep it free of dust.
4 OR Removal of HOLDER:
* Pull it straight out until it stops, then
**turn it a few degrees clockwise to the stop, then
**pull it straight out to the stop, then
**turn it counter-clockwise to the stop, then
**RELEASE THE HOLDER.
* Press the AIR button.
**Wait until you see the SEM S.E.C. open and then gently pull the holder free from the goniometer.
The following is how to insert the holder into goniometer:
5. Insertion of HOLDER:
* Wipe the O-Ring with lens paper.
* Align the pin on the holder rod with the slot in the goniometer.
**Push the rod into the slot until it seats fully.
**Hold the SEM SEC closed and press EVAC.
**Wait until the S.E.C. VACUUM LED’s go from red air to green HIGH vacuum. (Less than 10-2 Pa)
* Next, turn the holder clockwise to the stop.
**Guide it inward to the next stop, counter-clockwise to the stop, and then guide it inward until the holder is fully seated.
** Open the S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE switch on the vacuum control panel of the column console.
** Press Continuous scan button

=== Alignment===

1. Select the following image parameters:
{|border="1"
| Area x Zoom || 256 x 1
|-
| Scan Speed || Rapid
|-
|Accum || 1
|}

2. Open the LMIS tab and check that the extraction current is around 3.2-3.4 μA. If not, use the slider to adjust it to that level. [5]

3. Using the Trackball, locate an area that is suitable for aligning the beams you will be using for your FIB work.
*Choose an area that can be sacrificed by beam damage during the alignment. This area should be stable and conductive with some surface topography.

4. Open the Column Adjustment menu at the top of the screen.

5. Choosing which beams to align: [6]
{|border="1"
| Patterning users|| Lift-Out Users
|-
| M0-20|| Beam-01
|-
| M0-50|| M0-20
|-
| M1-50|| M0-50
|-
|M1-100||M1-50
|-
| ||M1-100
|-
| ||M1-200
|-
| ||M1-300
|-
| ||M1-500
|}

6. Click the Beam Name pull-down and select a beam to align. Press Continuous scan button.

7. Reset the Deflector Shift X&Y to zero.

8. Set the scan AreaxZoom to 256x4 to visualize feature of interest, and then focus. While focusing;
*Check image for directional twisting (stigmation) and lateral shifting.
*First correct lateral shifting with the Aligner X&Y with Wobbler: ON.
*Next, correct stigmation using Stigmator XX & YY.
*Make small adjustments to improve the image quality and then recheck the focus to see whether the stigmation is gone.

9. Set the Contrast and Brightness as necessary.

NOTE: You may need to move the specimen constantly when aligning beams with high currents to prevent erosion of the specimen.

10. Click Register to save the beam conditions after aligning each beam.
*Note the beam current for the beam you aligned.
*It should be between the Max and Min for that setting; it is acceptable if the beam current is over the Max.

11. Go on to the next Beam Name and repeat until you have aligned all required beams for your project.

12. Focus and register M0-50.

NOTE: NEVER MAKE CHANGES TO THE APERTURE OR LENS MODE SETTINGS!!.

=== Lift Out Technique===

'''NOTE: You must use the correct holder for lift-out. See Image. [7]

NOTE: The Lift-Out procedure may be performed over two days instead of one as indicated in the procedure.'''

1. Check the eucentric position:
* At 256x1 find a visible mark and center it on the screen.
* Under the Stage menu, save the stage position by pressing Memory>C. Copy>Save>OK.
* Under the Stage tab, enter correct Z position (make sure the text turns black by pressing Enter whenever entering information). Click Go. [8]
{|border="1"
| On holder || Z position
|-
| Si wafer|| 200 µm
|-
| Si wafer + 1 piece of tape|| -300 µm
|}

* Unlock the T-axis linear actuator. Manually tilt the Z-axis linear actuator counterclockwise, watching the mark move upwards. When -60 degrees is reached, the mark should be positioned on the center of the screen. (Adjust Z height if necessary) [9]
2. Return tilt to 0 degrees.
3. In the Column Adjustment menu, check that the M0-50 Course Focus is ~21.7. Register then Stop beam.
4. Put holder in detent
* Close S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE
* Pull the holder straight out until it stops and then turn it a few degrees clockwise to a stop and slowly release.
* Open S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE
5. Press Continuous Scan.
6. Checking the Depo position:
* Under the Depo menu, select Nozzle position: Depo. The gun should appear in the upper RH of screen The gun edges should be ~1.5x1.5 in: [10]

NOTE: If the gun does not appear, select Nozzle position: Escape. Call gun back in, and re-run procedure.
If this does not work, check that the area is 256x1. If you still do not see the gun, contact Owen Mills for manual adjustments.

NOTE: If the gun appears greater or less than the desired dimensions, call for assistance before proceeding.

* Click 5x to the right of the course focus slider. Adjust the contrast and brightness so you can see the detail of the gun (ridges). [11]
* Click 5x to the left of the course focus slider to return you to the recorded sample focus.
* Under the DEPO tab, select Nozzle position: Escape
7. Checking the Micro-probe position:
* Make sure the sample is still in the detent position
* Make sure that the probe holder is in the SAMPLING position
* Press CALL on the Micro-sampling System Main Unit to call the probe
* Center the tip using the trackball on the Micro-sampling System Main Unit, and then focus and register. [12]

NOTE: If you cannot find the tip, change area to L-Scan and adjust the focus and contrast.

* Use FAST speed to bring the Z position to 1500. Press MEM to store location. Then press ESC to remove the probe. Finally press CALL to bring the probe back in. Ensure correct position.

NOTE: If probe does not come back to the saved position, find the tip. Move only in the L&R directions with the trackball.
Then, move slightly up or down and try the L&R directions again. Repeat until found, then repeat procedure.

* Focus as much as possible and move tip to the far left (slightly off) screen. [13]
* From the Depo menu, select Nozzle position: Depo to make sure the gun will not collide with the probe. [14]
* Lower the probe using the Z Encoder knob down to 0 and move the probe to the right so it is beneath the depo gun. [15]
* Press BUZ ON and HOLD OFF and bring probe back up until it touches the gun.

NOTE: The touch occurs when there is a change of contrast on the screen. Although the control board will “beep”,
you cannot always rely on this and the probe end may strike the specimen.

* Record this Z position! (Generally around 792, but varies)

=== Deposition for Lift-Out Technique===
1. Move probe left and lower it enough so it is away from the depo gun.

2. From the Depo menu, select Nozzle position:
*Escape then turn off HOLD OFF and BUZ ON.
*Press ESC on the control board to remove probe.
*Turn beam OFF.
3. Close S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE.
*Insert the specimen by turning a few degrees counterclockwise and releasing.
*Open S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE.
*Press Continuous scan button.
4. Return to the area to be lifted out.
5. Select Column Adjustment>File>Quit>OK. Open the Fabrication menu. [16]
6. Set the following parameters:
{|border="1"
| Area x Zoom || 256x8
|-
| Beam || Beam-01
|}

7. Press Continuous Scan.
*Locate the area that needs to be lifted out and adjust the focus, brightness, and contrast.
*Register settings.
8. Click the Get Image button.

9. Check that the depo gun is heated to 6.2 VDC on red voltmeter.

10. Use the DEPO TOOL to draw a rectangular box for the pad. [17] [18]

{|border="1"
| Dimensions || 15x3
|-
| Time || 10-12 min
|-
|Scan ||← and
|}

NOTE: Make sure the beam name is changed under the Fabrication Condition as well as on the right panel.
11. Press Fabrication Start button and run until complete.

12. Use M0-50 to check the deposition quality [19]

13. Under the Stage menu, click C.Copy>Save to save position.

=== Rough Milling for Lift-Out Technique===
1. Focus and register M1-500 off the area of interest. Use M0-50 to return to saved position.

2. Select File>Open:
*Q_FAB2.
*Click Edit>Select All Pattern Elements, then position pattern over the pad.
*Set area to 256x4, and click Get Image button.
*Click Fabrication Start and allow mill to run for 30-40 min. [20][21]
3. Focus and register M0-50. At 256x1, manually tilt specimen to 60 degrees and lock position. [2]

4. Return to the saved spot and use 256x4 to focus and register M1-300 for the undercut. Then Get Image.

5. From the Edit menu, press Clear to remove the QFAB_2 pattern from the screen.

6. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangular box with the following parameters: [23]
{|border="1"
| AreaxZoom ||256x8
|-
| Dimensions|| ~24x2
|-
|Time ||10 min.
|-
|Scan ||← and
|}

7. Place box 6-9μm below the top edge of specimen.
*Press the Fabrication Start button.

NOTE: Turn the CONTRAST UP to carefully watch both sides of the milling window move towards the center until it is cut through. When complete, press Stop & Close. [24] [25]
8. Select M0-50. At 256x1, tilt the sample back to 0 degrees and lock position. [26]

9. At 256x4, focus register. Check if the back edges are cut.
*If necessary, perform the mill again by tilting back to 60 degrees, and milling farther up from the bottom edge.

=== Landing the Probe for Lift-Out Technique===
1. Set AreaxZoom to 256x1 and position specimen in the center of the screen.

2. CALL probe and position the tip of the probe on the far right, but not along the edge of the portion of the specimen to be removed.

NOTE: If you cannot find the probe, change the Area setting to L-SCAN
3. Set to 256x4 and press BUZ ON on the control board.

4. Technique for lowering the probe tip: [27]

* While the beam is on, you will use the focus knob to alternately focus on the tip and the specimen.
**The more you have to adjust the focus knob, the greater the distance they are from each other.
**You will continually have to use the trackball to keep the tip in position.
* Start by using MID speed on the control board.
**Lower the probe with the Z knob. Focus on the tip, and slide the knob to focus the specimen.
**Continue movement until they are near.
**Change speed to SLOW until they touch.
* Check the Z position.
**If your position is less than your first recorded position that was around 765, there will be no collision.
**Turn off BUZ ON.
5. At 256x8, focus and register Beam-01.
*Click Get Image.
6. Use the DEPO TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters:
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~2.5x3
|-
| Time || 5 min
|-
|Scan ||↓ and ≡
|}

7. Place box over the probe tip and press Fabrication Start. [28]

8. You may add another protective layer at the same time.
*The box needs to be at least 2μm wide.
9. At 256x8, focus and register M1-100.

10. Press BUZ ON or monitor the TOUCH LED.

11. To cut the micro-bridge, use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters [29]
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~2.7x8.6
|-
| Time || 5 min
|-
|Scan ||↓ and
|}

12. Click the Fabrication Start button.
*INCREASE CONTRAST to carefully observe.
*The ‘touch’ indicator will turn off when bridge is cut.
*Then, press Stop & Close.

NOTE: If mill is run too long, re-deposition may occur.
NOTE: If TOUCH LED does not turn off, ask for assistance before proceeding to next step.

13. Carefully LO, using SLOW speed first.
*When free, press ESC on the control board.

'''This marks a stopping point for users who will perform the Lift out over two days. If performing over one day, continue to Step 14'''.

''If starting from Day 2 of the Lift-Out procedure, repeat:''
'''Section''' : Alignment for: M0-50, M1-50, Beam-01, M1-100, M1-200, and M1-20 and,

'''Section''' : Lift Out Technique Steps 7-10 (Put holder in detent)

14. Open S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE.

15. Load the TEM holder with the Omni Probe grid (the line around the grid should be faced up).
*Refer to Section on '''Specimen Exchange''' for loading instructions.

16. Holder should be in the FIB position.
*Find the grid by moving the sample down so you are viewing the top edge of the holder.
*Start beam.

''BLUE SECTION IS IF THE OMNIPROBE GRID IS NOT USED, PLACE IN DROP DOWN MENU''

17. Roll holder over to the R-T position and find the edge of the grid.

18. At 256x4, focus and register M1-500 for a landing pad.
*Select File>Quit.
**Open Fabrication Menu.
19. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to create a rectangle with the following parameters:
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~25x5
|-
| Time || 10 min
|-
|Scan || ← and
|}

PAY ATTENTION TO SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOLLOWING THIS STEP.
*Place the box so the longer edge just hangs off the top edge of the grid.
**Click Fabrication Start button and observe.
* When the milling begins, you will see the white portion gradually lower, creating a gap at the top.
**When you see the gap, Stop & Close.
''At this point, reposition the box and re-run so that you are milling the specimen and not the vacuum! Continue with stopping and repositioning until your depth of cut is at least 15 µm and flat. You must repeat until the width equals ~10 µm.''
20. To check the width:
* Change to 256x1. Roll holder over to the FIB position, keeping your place on the screen with the trackball.
* Change to 256x4. The dimensions should be around 22x11.5

21. Focus and register M0-50. Under Stage menu, select C.
*Copy>Save to save stage position.
22. Turn on BUZ ON and HOLD OFF

23. Move stage to upper edge of entire holder by moving the holder down so it is barely on, or even off the screen.
*At 256x1, CALL probe and raise it to 1500. To position the probe over the landing pad, move the grid up while the probe stays stationary on center screen.
*Focus, register, and Get Image. [30]
24. To land the sample, use the technique described in Section '''Landing the Probe''' Step #4 [31]

25. At 256x8, focus and register Beam-01

26. Use the DEPO TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters: [32]
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~6x3 (varies)
|-
| Time || 5 min
|-
|Scan ||← and
|}

''Place box on the upper left edge and press Fabrication Start. You may add another 3x5 rectangle for 5 min. on the same or different edge.'' [33]

27. At 256x8, focus and register beam M1-200.
*Press BUZ ON.
28. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters:
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~6x3
|-
| Time || 5 min
|-
|Scan ||← and
|}

''Place the box over the top edge of probe. Observe the mill and press Stop & Close when you hear the “beep.”''

29. Move the probe up and press ESC on the control board to remove probe.

30. Focus and register M0-50 to observe the results.

=== Fine Milling for Lift-Out Technique===

NOTE: It is very important that you are focused and registered at this step.

1. Click Get Image. At 256x8, focus and registerM1-200.

2. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters: [34]
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~11x2
|-
| Time || At least 4 min. per edge
|-
|Scan ||← and
|}

''Place the box on the upper edge of the protective pad and press Fabrication Start.''
OBSERVE: THE WHITE PORTION (THE TAPER) SHOULD GRADUALLY DISSAPPEAR.
*Repeat for the lower edge of the protective pad.

NOTE: Repeat the two preceding steps as necessary, alternating the mill on the upper and lower edge on the taper only,
until specimen measures 1 µm. [35] [36]

3. At 32x2, focus and register M1-100.

4. Repeat steps 2 -3 until the specimen is 0.6 µm

5. Focus and register M1-50.

6. Repeat steps 2 -3 until the specimen is 0.2-0.3 µm [37]

7. Focus and register M1-50 or M0-50.

8. Final milling:
* Change to 32x1
* Under the stage menu, click C. Copy>Save to save position
* Enter 1 degrees to tilt
* Change area to 32x2 and Speed: 5. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~11x0.5
|-
| Time || At least 4 min. per edge
|-
| Scan ||↑ and ≡ (away from edge)
|}

''Correctly position box on the upper edge''

NOTE: After changing the area to 32x8, only adjust the box VERTICALLY

* Change area to 32x8 and press Fabrication Start. Run mill many times to check the edge. Run until specimen is ~70 nm
* Change to 32x1 and Speed: Rapid
* Under the stage menu, enter -1 degrees to tilt
* Change area to 32x2 and Speed: 5. Use the SPUTTER TOOL to draw a rectangle with the following parameters:
{|border="1"
| Dimensions || ~11x0.5
|-
| Time || At least 4 min. per edge
|-
| Scan ||↓ and ≡ (away from edge)
|}

'''REMINDER''': After changing the area to 32x8, only adjust the box VERTICALLY

a. Change area to 32x8 and press Fabrication Start.
*Run mill many times to check the edge. Run until specimen is ~70 nm
b. Change to 32x1 and Speed: Rapid.
*Under the Stage menu, enter 0 degrees to tilt back.
c. Change area to 32x8 and focus. You may need to change the Speed: 5.
*Click Get Image and measure.
d. The final specimen should be 50-70 nm.

=== Tungsten Deposition===

NOTE: Drift is always down. Use Speed: RAPID.

1. Load specimen and focus.
*Record the focus voltage from the Column Adjustment menu.
2. Pull the specimen HOLDER rod into the detent position (See Section 3.5 Step 8)

3. Insert the DEPO gun and focus on the DEPO gun nozzle.
*The DEPO gun should be visible in the top RH corner of the viewing screen at area: 256.
*Record the focus voltage.
4. 3-5 coarse clicks to the left of the focus slider should return you to the recorded sample focus.

5. Move the DEPO gun out and then in again to check positioning.
*Finally move the gun out.
6. Put both the specimen back and the DEPO gun back in for a final check.

=== Bitmap Image Milling (SEM/TEM) ===

NOTE: Only import 256 bitmap files with a proper 3½ in. floppy disk.

1. '''To Upload a Pattern:'''
* Select Option>Vector Scan Controller
* Insert your floppy disk into the drive and select Option>Transfer>BMP.
* In the file window, click Files.
**Highlight the file of interest and click Transfer>Open.
**Your pattern should appear in the fabrication window when you exit the file display.
* Choose a desired area and zoom and then acquire an image. Adjust focus, contrast, and brightness as necessary.
* Position your pattern over the proper site on the specimen image. Under the Draw menu, you may:
** Change the Line Width (Options: 2, 4, 8, 16, other)
** Rotate your pattern
** Fill your pattern by selecting your pattern and pressing Box
* Select File>Save Vect and input a file name.
**Hit Enter so the filename text turns black >Open.
**If you fail to press Enter, the processing conditions will not be saved.
* Select File>Save Conditions. Type in a file name and select your vector file name (or a different vector) on the right.
**As a convenient naming convention, create identical names for your vector and condition files.
**Set Dwell time (1 to 128), Frame (No. of deflections, 1 to 4.2x109), and Beam Name >OK.
* For understanding:
''Loop Time and Dwell Time will automatically change according to your chosen settings. Loop Time= Dwell Time x #Deflection Points and Total Time (min.) = Loop Time x Frame Number.''
* In the list display of files in Fabrication Setup, double click your file name.
**A scaled version of your pattern should appear to the right.
**Finally, click the blue and white Fabrication Start button to begin the milling.
* Always check your patterns using the M0-50 beam to prevent unnecessary beam milling.
* Continue with the above procedure until you have completed milling all elements of your pattern.
**Remove floppy disk and proceed to Step #7 Shutdown when you have finished your milling session.

2. '''To Create a New Pattern:'''

* Choose appropriate area and zoom conditions, select File>New and acquire an image.
** Adjust focus, contrast, and brightness as necessary.
* Use the DRAWING TOOLS (Point, Line, Circle, Square, Arc, and Trace) to create a pattern.
'''NOTE: DO NOT USE THE POLYGON DRAWING TOOL.''' The software will not allow you to exit the drawing mode and the system will need to be re-started.
* Under the Draw menu, you may:
** Change the Line Width (Options: 2, 4, 8, 16, other)
** Rotate your pattern
** Fill your pattern by selecting your pattern and Pressing Box
* Place your pattern over the proper site on the specimen image.
* Select File>Save Vect and input a file name. Hit Enter so the filename text turns black >Open.
**If you fail to press Enter, the processing conditions will not be saved.
* Select File>Save Conditions.
**Type in a file name and select your vector file name on the right.
**As a convenient naming convention, create identical names for your vector and condition files.
**Set Dwell time (1 to 128), Frame (No. of deflections, 1 to 4.2x109), and Beam Name >OK.
* For understanding: Loop Time and Dwell Time will automatically change according to your chosen settings.
**Loop Time= Dwell Time x #Deflection Points and Total Time (min.) = Loop Time x Frame Number.
* In the list display of files in Fabrication Setup, double click your file name.
**Finally, click the blue and white Fabrication Start button to begin the milling.
* Always check your patterns using the M0-50 beam to prevent unnecessary beam milling.
* Continue with the above procedure until you have completed milling all elements of your pattern.
**Proceed to Step #7 Shutdown when you have finished your milling session.

=== Using the NPGS Software===

NPGS, Nanometer Pattern Generation System, allows a user to create a nanometer pattern on a sample. Generally the beam parameters used are found on the last page of the FIB manual under the “Beam Mode” column “M1”, using an aperture size of 100µm. Zoom is set at 566x. The center-to-center value is set to 3.69nm.
The calibration of the FIB is dependent on the densities of the samples. This procedure is specific for the construction of wave guides. The standard line does is between 80 and 100, producing depths between 500 and 600 nm.

1. Close initial NPGS Window and re-open the program by clicking on the NPGS Menu shortcut on the desktop. This is done if you are the first user of the software for the day. [1.jpg]
2. Wait 40 seconds for calibration. The FIB only calibrates once per day. [2.jpg]
3. Click on DesignCAD files in the upper right pull down bar [3.jpg]
4. Click DesignCAD express and hit any key to continue. [(4).jpg]
5. Click on the line icon in the upper left. [5.jpg]
6. Draw a horizontal pattern on the screen. Double click when you have defined the line. [6.jpg]
7. Click on the line and press Ctrl+I, a window will open to allow the parameters to be set in the “Vector” window. For point 1, set X:O and Y:O. For point 2, set X:10 and Y:0. You should then set line length to 10. Press Enter, to save the parameters, and close the “Vector” window. [7.jpg]
8. To make an array, click on the pull down bar at the top of the screen labeled NPGS>Make Array. Cross hairs will appear; click below the left of the line and then above the right of the line using the crosshairs. [8.jpg] [9.jpg]
9. In the “NPGS: Make Array Function” windows that appears, enter the following data:
Number of columns: 1 [10.jpg]
Column Spacing (If there are more than one)
Number of rows: 600 [11.jpg]
Row spacing: 0.35μm (If there are more than 1) [12.jpg]
The color of your rows and columns can be changed, but hit (N) twice to proceed. Changing the color of lines and columns defines a different layer to be imaged and this is generally not desired.

YOU ALWAYS NEED TO SET THE PATTERN IN THE MIDDLE OF THE SCREEN.
10. Click on the pull down bar at the top of the screen labeled NPGS>MaxMag>“O” to change/set the origin of the array. [13.jpg], [14.jpg], [15.jpg]
11. Click on the pull down bar at the top of the screen labeled NPGS>Set Dump Pt. and click near the array where you want to set the point about three times, or until you see a blue dot appear where your pointer is. [16.jpg], [Dump Point.jpg], [Dump Point 2.jpg]
12. Click on the pull down bar at the top of the screen labeled NPGS>Save, name your file and save it to the current NPGS Project as a type “DesignCADf.” At this time, you may choose to close this program if you wish. [19.jpg], [20.jpg]
13. Right click on the file in the Nanometer Pattern Generator window. Choose the “Run file editor” option. Click on “Pattern name” in the left side of the window. Parameters will appear on the right side. The user should enter the following parameters for creating a wave guide pattern as shown in the picture: [21.jpg], [22.jpg]
Layer 1: Normal Writing
Origin Offset: 0,0
Magnification: 566
Center-to-Center Distance: 3.69 nm
Line Spacing: 3.69 nm
Configuration Parameter: 1
Measured Beam Current (Read off of the FIB): 522.0 pA
Multiple Pass Mode: Disable
Line Dose: 100 nC/cm
14. Save the file again in “Runfiles” as the same name used before if preferred. Close the “Run File Editor” window. [23.jpg]
15. Change “Display file types” to “Run files”. [24.jpg]
16. Select you file and click on DAC(+10,+10) near the bottom left of the window. [25.jpg]
17. Press “NPGS Mode” in the left column.
18. Click on “Process Run File” near the upper left of the screen.
19. Start the FIB and NPGS at the same time. Spacebar will start the NPGS software. [26.jpg]
20. Press Esc to manually stop the imaging, or if everything is correct, wait for the timer on the screen to run down. Otherwise, when the program is finished, press Esc twice to get back to the normal screen.
21. Click FIB Mode in the left column to see your pattern on the Hitachi monitor.
=== Unloading===

1. Remove the HOLDER by pulling it straight out till it stops, then turn it a few degrees clockwise to the stop, then pull it straight out to the stop, then turn it counter-clockwise to the stop, then RELEASE THE HOLDER. Press the AIR button. Wait until you see the SEM SEC open and then gently pull the HOLDER free from the goniometer.
2. Replace the PLUG.

=== Shutdown===

1. Select the Stage folder and click Home. Be sure to check out any warning concerning the position of the Deposition Gun.
2. Click File>Quit from the software element you are working in and OK when prompted.
3. Click HV to turn off the high voltage.
4. Close the S.C. AIRLOCK VALVE from the vacuum control panel on the column console beside you.
5. Click the Exit button to close the FB-2000A software. At the next prompt select Exit to return to the FB-2000A user login page.
6. See Step #3 above for instructions on removing and replacing the specimen holders. The holder should be in the FIB position. ALWAYS REMOVE AND REPLACE HOLDERS WITH THE FIB POWER ON.
7. After a Specimen Holder or Plug is replaced into the goniometer, turn the FIB POWER SWITCH OFF.
8. Pick up your tools and clean the specimen preparation area. Put all specimen holders into their boxes.
9. Swipe out of the computer system and sign the logbook, noting any problems you encountered. For any serious problems, leave Owen Mills a note on his white board.

YOU MUST STOP THE FIB AFTER THE IMAGING IS COMPLETE OR THE SAMPLE MAY BE DAMAGED.

Chemical free cleaning

Mtc02g — Thu, 16 May 2013 03:41:27 GMT

Chriswaterguy: flag - copyedit

{{Copyedit| Probably spam - does sometime want to check the links?

It's not complete garbage/spam - ruthlessly deleting some or most (after checking the links) may make it a useful stub page, even if some links are spammy.}}

Cleaning your home without chemicals improves the health of ourselves and our pets who live in our home.

Many common cleaning practices such as mopping your floors or disinfecting surfaces in your home can be done without the use of chemicals and would not only benefit you, but will benefit those who touch those surfaces daily.

It may come as a surprise but has been known for decades by scientist and the food industry that you can "disinfect surfaces such as glass, stainless steel, glazed ceramic tile, unglazed ceramic tile, and vitreous china, by washing them in acidic electrolyzed water" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12182480?ordinalpos=38&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Electrolyzed Water Sanitizer] more commonly called acidic ionized water.

As this and other research has indicated, [http://www.bawellwaterionizers.com/benefits.html acidic ionized water] has a strong antibacterial effect, and can be used along with natural organic soaps for mopping your floors and other cleaning task as a green cleaning solution. In fact when it comes to cleaning your kitchen water, like dishes and cutting boards scientist have found "soaking of kitchen cutting boards in electrolyzed oxidizing water could be used as an effective method for inactivating food borne pathogens on smooth, plastic cutting boards" [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10456736?ordinalpos=48&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Pubmed]

The [http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Quality-Safety/Electrolyzed-water-effective-as-chemical-cleaner-study-finds food industry] actually already uses acidic ionized water to clean milk processing equipment because it is cheaper than chemical cleaners and also does not add any toxicity into the system. In the [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/08/31/electro.water.enn/index.html produce packaging industry] electrolyzed reduced water has been used to disinfect produce naturally for decades.

In the home the acidic ionized water can be applied to wash fruits and vegetables as well as for green cleaning purposes. This water is a natural way to clean your home and keeps chemical both out of your home and out of the environment.

[[Category:Cleaning]]

TheFWD2/education

Pamela McLean — Tue, 14 May 2013 23:06:52 GMT

Pamela McLean: Created page with "These are quick first thoughts from Pamela McLean. I'd like to contribute something in this area. It would be something about a world where very young learners (the kind of "..."

These are quick first thoughts from Pamela McLean.

I'd like to contribute something in this area.

It would be something about a world where very young learners (the kind of "hungry to experiment and learn" very young people that I knew when I worked with pre-school children or infant classes)grow up to be equally enthusiastic older learners.(It's said that when Picasso was asked about becoming an artist he said that everyone started out as an artist - the trick was to remain one. It's the same with being an effective and enthusiastic learner.)

It would be about living in a landscape of continuing change. It will be a lifelong dance between learning through first hand experience (a mixture of curiousity and necessity) and learning from others (through accessing "accumulated knowledge" or also reflecting with others on what is being learned and thus creating new insights and knowledge). It would all be very integrated - life. livelihoods, and learning.

It would be about the relationship between learning face-to-face and learning in online communities.

It would be based on fact and things that we're doing now, but woven together in whatever way I discover makes best sense when I start to write it.

Jacai DeNeveu

Jtd170 — Fri, 10 May 2013 17:26:42 GMT

Jtd170: Created page with "[http://www.appropedia.org/User:Jtd170 Jacai deNeveu]"

[http://www.appropedia.org/User:Jtd170 Jacai deNeveu]

Easy Retained Heat cooker

Jlooney921 — Fri, 10 May 2013 11:58:25 GMT

Jlooney921:

=Overview=

The following is a step by step guide to building a retained heat cooker that was designed for the purpose of the [[Jefferson Community Center workshop 2013]]

==Building Instructions==
This is an easy process using less than 10 dollars worth of materials

===Materials===

*1 Cardboard Produce Box
*1 Roll of Aluminum Foil
*Duct tape
*Paper (newspaper is preferred)
*1 Mylar emergency blanket
*Scissors

==How to Build==
{{How to
| title=Building your own retained heat cooker
| size=180
| Image:Step 1-jtl.jpg | Figure 1: Cardboard box is lined with paper
|1| Line the main box with paper

| Image:Step 2jtl.jpg | Figure 2: be sure to allow the foil to drape over sides of box
|2| Line the cardboard box with aluminum foil

| Image:Step3jtl.jpg| Figure 3: Mylar Blanket
|3| Line the Box with a Mylar emergency blanket, be sure to reduce the number of air pockets.

| Image:Final productjtl.jpg | Figure 4: the final cooker
|4| Repeat steps 1 and 2 with the lid of the box

| Image:Final productjtl.jpg | Figure 5: You're Done!
|5| The cooker is now complete! For use just place some blankets and towels inside, and seal a cooking pot in the cooker.

}}

==Use==

The cooker is easy to use. Simply bring a meal to the proper temperature and leave it there for at least 2 minutes, then seal it in the box. Leave it in the box until cooking is completed. It should be noted that recipes using this method require less spicing and usually 50% more time to cook, so plan accordingly.

== Maintenance and tips==

#Clean your cooker between each use.
#Be sure to wash all blankets and towels used in the cooking process
#Do not leave your cooker in areas where it could get wet.
#Always ensure that your food is fully cooked before consuming
#Experiment with new recipes! Stews and soups work well with this method.

[[Category:Engr305 Appropriate Technology]]
[[Category:How tos]]

Sustainable Rubberwood Plantations

Dhellowell — Fri, 10 May 2013 10:08:14 GMT

Dhellowell: added to appropriate category

Rubberwood is a material that is taken from the tree named Hevea brasiliensis, also known as the Rubber Tree or Para Rubber Tree.

The tree itself is native to South America though it is now heavily cultivated in Southeast Asia, where according to 1999 records, 80 per cent of plantations are based there. Out of that, 70 per cent are based in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

If left uninhibited by natural threats or man, the tree can grow to well over 100 feet, though cultivated trees are known for being much shorter, largely due to the tapering of their trunks which are around 20 inches in diameter.

== Uses ==

Cultivated trees are left to live for around thirty years until their latex production declines, at which point they are often harvested for wood and new trees are planted in their place.
Their latex sap is commercially valuable and the trees have been tapped (a process where holes are made in the tree from which the sap bleeds), for hundreds of years.

Tapping the wood needs to be carefully done as if the tapper were to cut through the cambium, fungi introduced by the knife will produce dark stains in the wood, which is considered a major defect.
Although there are now synthetic alternatives to the sap, the industry is still strong throughout Southeast Asia.

For successful growth, it is expected that the trees are grown at a level of 3,000 feet above sea level in well-drained soil. To accompany this, the trees require an average temperature of around 28°C with an annual rainfall of 2,000 millilitres.

Typically, a rubber tree will lose its leaves in January, often during a dry spell. They can return, along with fruit, from July right through to September during a period known as the ‘seed fall’ where the fruit is literally heard exploding on the ground when exposed to sunlight.

The wood produced by the tree is light in colour with narrow slithers of brown. Despite its name, rubberwood is in fact not rubbery in consistency but hard and is often compared to Maplewood. Sometimes however, the wood goes under the trade name of ‘parawood’ to dissuade unfavourable concepts of rubber from the wood.

== Sustainability ==

One of the many benefits of the tree is due to the fact that it is considered by many as a commercially sustainable source of wood, as it is always replanted and has been used across many commercial sectors including the wooden toy and furniture industries; meaning that other, more endangered trees are not used for manufacturing purposes.

== See also ==

* [[Original:Better_Farming_Series_25_The_Rubber_Tree]]

== Interwiki links ==

* [[Wikipedia:Rubberwood]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.woodentoyshop.co.uk/pintoy-toys/ WoodenToyShop.co.uk PinToy eco-friendly toys] - PinToy produce all their wooden toys with sustainable rubberwood.
* [http://www.oakfurnituresolutions.co.uk/d/23/Eco_Friendly_Rubberwood_Furniture.html Eco-Friendly Rubberwood Furniture] - Details on Rubberwood Furniture
* [http://www.ebay.com/gds/Rubberwood-Furniture-What-is-Rubberwood/10000000015602486/g.html What is Rubberwood?] - Identifying and caring for Rubberwood Furniture.

[[Category:Sustainable_business_practices]]

Hitchhiking

Guaka — Wed, 08 May 2013 15:56:48 GMT

Guaka: extended the stub that was here, hope this is fine

'''Hitchhiking''' (also called ''lifting'' or ''thumbing'') is a form of transport, in which the traveller tries to get a lift (ride) from another traveller, usually a car or truck driver. It's a more sustainable form of transport than driving your own car, but it still requires people to drive cars in general. Hitchhiking is

Hitchhiking is considered "dangerous" by many, but there are many countries where hitchhiking is very normal, sometimes for free (e.g. in [[Israel]]) and sometimes for money (e.g. in many third world countries). If you insist on going around hitchhiking in developing countries without paying it's a good idea to explain that you don't want to pay for the ride. In Western countries hitchhiking is quite well known but in some areas it's frowned upon. In such places as [[California]], [[France]] and [[Germany]] it's fairly easy to hitchhike, whereas it's much harder in e.g. [[Italy]] and [[Spain]].

Hitchhiking out of cities is usually much harder. In places where you're not allowed to walk on the highway it's common practice to find your next ride on gas stations along the highway.

==External links==
* [http://hitchwiki.org Hitchwiki.org], a wiki with lots of information about hitchhiking.

[[Category:Transport]]

Cats

Guaka — Wed, 08 May 2013 15:45:06 GMT

Guaka:

'''Cats''' are lovely animals. Unfortunately as pets they're usually not so ecological. They eat [[meat]] and when kept inside they need litter, which is probably not very friendly to the environment.

It's possible to train cats to use normal toilets, through the [http://www.litterkwitter.com/ Litter Kwitter].

{{stub}}
[[Category:Animals]]

CCAT beachgrass slip wall

Lonny — Tue, 07 May 2013 02:36:56 GMT

Cep42:

[[Image:CCAT Greenhouse backwall.JPG|750px|right]]

==Attempt 2: Spring 2013==

This Spring 2013 project by [[User:Elisabeth.dejong| Elisabeth de Jong]], [[User:Cheyenne Celada| Cheyenne Celada]] and [[User:Jacob| Jacob Ferdman]] is a re-envisioning and remake of [[CCAT greenhouse natural wall]].

===Objective===

Similar to the objectives of the previous attempt, the objectives of this project were to create a sturdy, functional and aesthetically pleasing back-wall for the CCAT greenhouse. Therefore, the project we undertook was three-fold. First, we researched and collected a local invasive species of beach grass and other locally available materials. Second, we analyzed insulating techniques to fill in the spaces in the frame that the previous group created. Finally, we created a natural plaster that will seal in the insulation and provide an aesthetically pleasing wall.

===Criteria===

This section was designed to assist in the determination of the different aspects of this project. The group chose these criteria based on the expectations of the client, the class and personal interest. Weighing the criteria allows for focus on certain elements of the project to ensure satisfaction with the final product.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Criteria
! Constraints
! Our Weight (0-10)

|-
|'''Infill'''
|
|
|-
| Data Collection
| Must have moisture sensors
| 2
|-
| Durability
| Must withstand Humboldt elements, impact, pressure
| 10
|-
| Educational
| Must have a truth window
| 6
|-
| Locality
| Humboldt County materials
| 8
|-
|'''Plaster'''
|
|
|-
| Aesthetics
| Bottle bricks, Color, Smoothness
| 8
|-
| Compatible with Straw slip
| Does not fall off
| 10
|-
| Durability
| Moisture and impact resistant
| 10
|-
| Natural
| No cement
| 8
|-
|'''Functionality'''
|
|
|-
| Cohesion
| Designed appropriately with the greenhouse layout
| 7
|-
| Modular Garden
| Allows for interchanging planter beds
| 7
|-
| Simplicity
| Must be easily re-creatable
| 5
|}

===Video Explanation===

{{#widget:YouTube|id=AH4gy31wFoo}}

===Literature Review===
;Climate
:Humboldt County experiences considerable precipitation and moderate temperatures. Near the coast, temperatures reach 32°F and lower during the winter and during the summer a temperature that exceeds 80°F is rare. Temperatures along the coast vary only 10° from summer to winter. Humboldt County experiences rainfall in each month of the year. 90% of the vast region's rainfall occurs between the months of October and April. The seasonal total amount of rainfall experienced is approximately 40 in/year in drier regions and 100 in/year in regions of high precipitation. Stable seasonal temperatures and a high moisture content cause high levels of humidity. <ref>http://co.humboldt.ca.us/portal/about.asp</ref> The annual average of relative humidity is 86.5% <ref>http://www.usa.com/humboldt-county-ca-weather.htm</ref>.

;Straw-Slip
:Straw-slip originates from a building technique developed during the 1920's in Germany known as, Leichtlehm ('light loam' in German). Leichtlehm or Straw-slip is a mixture composed of straw and watered down clay, and is typically used as the infill for walls.<ref>http://www.green-destinations.com/glossary.html</ref> This building technique was founded for the purpose of building durable walls on a cost efficient budget. Clay is soaked in water so that it may easily be applied to straw upon mixing. This straw and clay mixture may then be rammed into form directly into the wall between the frames or it may be used to form bricks. If the mixture is rammed into form with more force it will become compressed and create a more durable wall. However, highly compressed walls formed out of this mixture attain less air within the wall and make for less efficient thermal insulators. Straw-slip does not possess structure, therefore a frame or alternative structure is required. It is essential that a good surface treatment is applied to straw mixed with clay upon drying to ensure protection. For walls constructed on sites that are vary exposed, an extra layer of surface treatment may be applied. <ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=FJP6Bx_8xF0C&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=leichtlehm+building&source=bl&ots=-s9f2j1C4j&sig=1Qan3uP-c58um7xxChlX8Wzg1HY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KG5LUe_yCoa32wWt7YDoCQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=leichtlehm&f=false Ecology of Building Materials]</ref>

;Straw
:Wheat, rice, oat, barely or rye straw may be used in straw-slip mixtures. To achieve maximum thermal insulation it is best to use straw with thick stiff stalks such as rye. Thicker stalks help retain more air within the wall.<ref> http://books.google.com/books?id=FJP6Bx_8xF0C&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=leichtlehm+building&source=bl&ots=-s9f2j1C4j&sig=1Qan3uP-c58um7xxChlX8Wzg1HY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KG5LUe_yCoa32wWt7YDoCQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=leichtlehm&f=false</ref> Straw used should attain no sign of decay or insects<ref>http://www.econesthomes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/IBC_LightStraw-Clay_FINAL12-31-11.pdf</ref>

;Alternative Materials to Straw
:Straw is not the only material that maybe used for producing an effective clay-slip mixture. Alternative Cellulose materials maybe used in substitute, such as wood chips<ref>http://www.econesthomes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/IBC_LightStraw-Clay_FINAL12-31-11.pdf</ref> or other natural resources that possesses qualities similar to straw. <ref>http://www.econesthomes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/IBC_LightStraw-Clay_FINAL12-31-11.pdf</ref>

;Ammophila Arenaria
:Ammophila Aernaria is most commonly known as European beach grass or marram grass. This plant is native to Europe, the Mediterranean, and coasts of the Black sea. Ammophila Aernaria is able to undergo long periods of drought and withstand erosion. It is known to be invasive and detrimental to native plant life along the dunes of Northern California. This particular species of beach grass is able to reproduce swiftly often weeding out native species. Along with taking over native plants habitat, Ammophila Aernaria also attracts pathogens that are fatal to native plant life.

;Friends of the Dunes
:Friends of the Dunes is a non-profit organization in Arcata, California that focuses on involving community in coastal conservation. Workers and volunteers at friends of the dunes have taken on the task of removing Ammophila Aernaria from the Samoa Sand Dunes in Arcata, California, in hopes of conserving native plant species. The beach grass, is collected, dried, and then burned.<ref>http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1518&lang=EN</ref>

;Plaster
:Clay and lime plasters maybe used on both the interior and exterior of Straw-slip walls. Gypsum plaster is also an additional option for an interior plaster. Plasters maybe applied directly to straw-slip upon drying. Due to their susceptibility to rain damage, clay plasters are often finished with lime plasters to add additional protection. <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=FJP6Bx_8xF0C&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=leichtlehm+building&source=bl&ots=-s9gWa_u1h&sig=7RnYYFjJOe7kcFiUCHCY5JdI4xA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4AxNUZKiF-Tn2QW-9YCgBQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=leichtlehm%20building&f=false</ref>It is natural for mold to form on the top layer of clay-slip during the first stages of drying. Once the clay slip has fully dried and all moisture has evaporated, no mold will be able to grow on the surface.Due to high levels of humidity present in the city of Arcata, California, it is vital that the final plaster is applied as soon as the infill has completed the drying period. <ref name="Building Green">Building Green,Second Edition, Lark Books A Division of Sterling Publishing.2009</ref>

;Lime Putty Sand Mortar
:Lime putty sand mortars are beneficial because of their slow setting rate that allows movement or settling of walls without causing damage. Unlike plasters that contain cement, lime putty sand mortars do not retain moisture from rain, this provides a breathable wall. High-Calcium lime putty can be expected produce a durable mortar that attains a rapid dry time in all climates.<ref>http://www.traditionalandsustainable.com/TSB/Lime_Putty_files/Lime_Use_Guide-2.pdf</ref>

;River Sand in Mortar
:The role of sand is to provide structural strength in a natural mortar. Sand should be attain a sharp angular structure, this will ensure that sand particles are able to interlock appropriately. Sand that attains a round structure will not interlock and mortar will be become less adhesive.<ref>http://www.traditionalandsustainable.com/TSB/Lime_Putty_files/Lime_Use_Guide-2.pdf</ref>

;Clay
:There are three main types of clay; montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite. Each of these variations attains a different lattice structure,directly effecting the way the clay reacts with saline and sodium. Montmorillonite clay is affected the most by sodium, causing it to disperse and swell upon reacting. Kaolinite clay attains the the weakest reaction to sodium of these threee clays and is less likely to experience dispersion or swelling.<ref>http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/basics_highlight.shtml</ref> When choosing the specific type of clay to use for a straw-slip mixture it is important to choose one that attains a clay content of no less then 50%.<ref>http://www.econesthomes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/IBC_LightStraw-Clay_FINAL12-31-11.pdf</ref>

;Slaking Clay
:Slaking refers to the breakdown of air-dry soil aggregates into smaller aggregates that occurs upon the immersion of water. This forms a clay-slip. The final consistency of clay post slaking depends on soil water content, soil texture, type of clay, organic matter, amount of water added, and the rate at which the water is added.<ref>http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/127277/Slaking-and-dispersion.pdf</ref>

;Borax
:20 Mule Team Borax contains 99.5% sodium tetra borate. This chemical is resistant to flame and pests. Sodium tetra borate prevents the growth of mold or mildew.<ref>http://www.20muleteamlaundry.com/about/what-is-borax/</ref>

;Cobb
:Cob is a form of earthen construction composed of sand, clay, and fiber (usually hay). Cobb's components are similar to that of adobe. In comparison to adobe, cobb allows for me freedom of shape in construction. Cobb's flexibility makes it a good material to use for patchwork prior to the application of a natural plaster.<ref> http://www.appropedia.org/Cobb</ref>

;Sodium
:Upon reacting with sodium, clay undergoes swelling and loses structure. A mixture that contains high levels of sodium would not be ideal for the consistency in which we want our beach grass-slip to withhold. <ref>http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/basics_highlight.shtml</ref>

;Salinity
:Soil water salinity levels depend on the type of soil. Soil water salinity leads to flocculation, causing small particles to bind together and form aggregates. <ref>http://waterquality.montana.edu/docs/methane/basics_highlight.shtml</ref>

===Timeline===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Week
! Cheyenne
! Elisabeth
! Jake
! Overall
! Realistic Timeline
|-
| Feb 11-17
|
|
|
| Research for test materials
|
|-
| Feb 18-24
|
|
| Upload:Objective
| Build test frames
|
|-
| Feb 25- Mar 3
| Upload:Literature Review
|
|
| Test bricks
|
|-
| Mar 4-10
| Collect beach grass
| Collect beach grass. Upload:Timeline and Criteria
| Upload:Budget
| Test plaster
|
|-
| Mar 11-17
|
| Collect beach grass/make test bricks
| Collect beach grass/make test bricks
| Start packing the wall
| Test bricks (wall under construction)
|-
| Mar 18-24 (Spring Break)
| Make Final Test Bricks/Research/Lit Review
|
|
| Continue packing the wall
| Start packing the wall
|-
| Mar 24-31
|
|
|
| Finish packing the wall
|
|-
| Apr 1-7
|
|
|
| Start plastering
| Continue packing the wall
|-
| Apr 8-14
| Test plaster
| Remove fencing
| Test plaster
|
| Finish packing the wall
|-
| Apr 15-21
|
|
|
| Cobb in critical areas
| Prepare for plaster
|-
| Apr 22-28
|
|
|
|
| Plaster
|-
| Apr 29- Mar 5
| Clean, scrape and sweep excess plaster
| Clean windows and surrounding walls
| Clean tools and equipment
| Finished!
| Paint the wall with lime, cleanup
|-
| Mar 6- Mar 11
| Update: Literature Review
| Update: Timeline, Budget
| Upload: Step by Step
|
| Final layer of plaster with pigment
|}

===Process===

==How to build your own==

{{How to
|title= Beach Grass Slip
|header1=
|header2=
|pics=
|size=
|File:Picking beachhgrass.jpg |Caption |1 | Acquire Materials: Beach Grass: Beach Grass turned out to be an excellent material to use for light clay insulation. The goal with this type of insulation is to create small air pockets that stop heat from passing through by limiting convection. The grass we used is particularly thick and tubular in nature. Unlike other, lighter forms of straw, this beach grass held its shape well throughout the process and dried very strong with many air pockets.
Here on the North Coast of California our beaches are home to an Invasive European Beach Grass (Ammophila Aernaria.) In 1901 this grass was brought to the Humboldt Coast in order to stabilize the sand along the railroad. The Friends of the Dunes (http://www.friendsofthedunes.org/) Humboldt Coastal Nature Center manages the restoration of the dunes and engages in regular pulling of the beach grass. This grass that the organization pulls is then piled up for it to dry which is where we mostly accessed it.[[Image:Collect_beachgrass.jpeg|300px|right]]
To obtain the grass, we had to drive to the beach (approximately 6 miles from campus) and hike along the beach trail approximately half a mile to the shore dunes. We found that the best way to transport the grass was to bring with us a large, plastic tarp that we would load up with grass and drag with rope in a line back to the truck. While selecting grass, we tried to take the driest grass with the least sand and that was not decomposing. The deeper into the piles we dug, the worse the beach grass was. Later on, we realized that we could get the highest quality grass by picking the dry undergrowth of living plants. This grass was lighter, dryer, and more intact that the dead grass in the piles. Also, this process helped create additional light space for native plants.
While there is no vehicle access to the dunes where the grass grows, there is horse access. Future builders should consider using horse or mule power to gather and transport this grass. Also, the act of picking grass is labor intensive. Utilizing a weed whacker or a scythe would be much more efficient. Clay: Finding Good Clay:
Clay is used as an adhesive to hold the grass together in its insulative shape. A clay slip is clay particles that have been suspended in water for application to a surface. There are many different types of clay all over the world and each acts differently. Clay that is found in the ground is usually mixed with sand, rocks and other particles. To test the ratio of clay to their particles, take a piece of the material, mix it up into a liquid slurry in a glass jar until it is blended completely. Then, let the mixture settle overnight. The heavy materials will settle first and you will be able to measure the percentage of clay to other particles. You want to find earth with the highest clay content as possible. We were using a grey clay that was about 90% clay.

| |Caption |2 | Sift Clay: Take a screen of half inch wire mesh and stretch it across a wooden frame to create a sifter. Grate the clay through the mesh while removing large rocks, soil and organic material. You can sift the clay directly into a bucket of water to start the slaking and stack functions

|File: SlakingClay.jpg |Caption |3 | A) Slake Clay: Clay really likes to absorb water but can only take so much. Slaking clay is the process of mixing clay particles with water to facilitate the absorption to its maximum degree. By doing so, you create a homogenous mixture of clay that has little variation in terms of present water. Once the clay is in small chunks you can blend the mixture with a large paint mixer until it is a smooth mixture. Let this sit at least overnight to make sure that all the clay has absorbed all the water that it can. There should be a few inches of clear water above the slaked clay to signify that the clay cannot absorb more water. B) Mix Clay with water: To create a clay slip, you want to mix the slaked clay with water. For the process of light clay grass insulation, the goal is to coat all surfaces of the grass with a thin layer of clay so that the grass sticks together into one firm form. Too much clay or sand, and the wall will conduct heat through it. Too little clay, and your grass will not be a firm enough structure to support your plastering or future pressures.It takes awhile for clay to slake completely (absorb maximum water.) After about 4 days of slaking we felt confident that it had finished expanding due to its swelling.

|File: Hammering.JPG |Caption |4 | Prepare the wall for beach grass slip.

# Prep Wood: because we live in Humboldt County, we want to prep our wood to resist mold before we add the grass slip. The moisture from this process can cause mold to grow and decay the wood studs from within. Therefore we give the studs a borax wash (borax dissolved in water) to protect it from mold.
# Insert Grip Nails: To provide support for the grass-slip panels, it is important to insert nails on all sides of the studs. The nails will then be filled around giving the grass-slip panels something to grip on to during later steps. We used galvanized nails because they are rust proof. You don't need a ton of nails, just scattered ever 3 inches or so.
# attach wire mesh
# using spacers

We hammered 2 inch rust-proof square nails into the wood frame. These nails would provide grip for the grass slip and prevent weakness to pressure. We then screwed wire mesh to the frame supported by random scraps of wood to provide shape for the sections as we filled the wall with beach grass. The wire mesh and wood could be applied haphazardly considering that we would remove it once the beach grass slip was dry.

| |Caption |5 | Mix clay slip, borax and water.In a 5 gallon bucket: Add about ⅓ bucket full Slaked Clay Add about 3 Cups of borax (if mold is a likely threat) Add Water and mix until the slip fulfills the following properties: Liquid Enough that is easily flows through and coats all the grass surface and coats all surfaces with a consistent layer of clay even after being shook.

|File:Clayhands.JPG |Caption |5 | Apply slip to beach grass. Clay-slip mixture should attain a consistency that evenly coats all of the beach grass. Slip mixtures that contain excess water will prevent beach slip from drying as a solid form. Slip mixtures that contain excess clay will impede the drying time of the wall. We used two different methods to apply the clay slip to the beach grass. The first was to fill up a bucket with clay slip and dip loose bundles of tangled beach grass into the bucket. Submerge completely and shake until it is not dripping before packing into the wall. When you grab a bundle of beach grass, the goal is to tangle it so that the blades of grass are no longer aligned in different directions.

[[Image:Dipping beachgrass slip.JPG|300px|right]]

The second method we used was a bulk application which turned out to be the faster and better method. Take about a wheelbarrow's worth of beach grass and pile it up on a plastic tarp. Take a buckets of straw slip and gradually add it to the pile of grass. Continuously mix the slip into the grass until it is all completely coated with clay. Similarly to kneading dough, keep mixing the grass until it is all evenly coated before deciding if you need to add more slip.

[[Image:Beachgrass_pouring.JPG|300px|center]]

||Caption |6 | Fill the wall. Using the wire mesh frames allowed us to simply stuff the wall with the dipped beach grass. We took large handfuls of beach grass, mashed it into a messy and loose ball, dipped it in the clay mix and gently placed it into the wall. In an effort to tangle the straw together we then pressed sections of this down after loosely filling it. This is to prevent small packages of straw from not tangling with other straw. Tight bundles of straw create problems in shape, contracting and drying time. It is important to fill the corners and edges tightly to keep the shape and provide a flat surface for plastering.

|File:Filled_beachgrass_wall.JPG |Caption |7 | Remove the wire mesh and support boards once the beach grass slip is dry and holds its shape. The wall is now ready for plaster.

| | | |

}}

{{How to
|title= Plaster
|header1=
|header2=
|pics=
|size=
|File:Lime_slaking.jpeg |Caption |1 | A) Slake Lime: Slaking lime is similar to the process of slaking clay as described above. Lime needs to be slaked for a substantial amount of time in order to ensure quality. While this amount of time depends on the location, temperature and other factors, we starting slaking the lime about one month before intended use. There should be about one inch of water left on top of the slaked lime when it is ready. B) Mix Lime: We used a paint mixer to mix the slaked lime until it has about the consistency of yogurt.
|File:Plaster in a bucket.JPG |Caption |2 | Combine the plaster ingredients. We used 1 part slaked lime, 3 parts river sand, and horse manure “to taste”, which was about 4 handfuls in our 5 gallon bucket. Combine these slowly while blending with a paint mixer. The final plaster should hold its shape and have noticeable fibers when broken apart.
|File:pvcpipe_hole.jpeg |Caption |3 | Something to consider: we inserted a piece of pvc pipe into the wall for putting a hose and/or extension cords through.
|File:Apply_plaster.jpg |Caption |4 | Before applying the plaster directly to the wall, it is very important to spray down the wall with water since the lime will absorb moisture, leading to cracks if there is not enough available moisture. We applied this plaster using our hands and cement applicators/scrapers. Pressing the plaster into the beach grass wall at the same time as smoothing a layer that was about 1/4in thick onto the wall worked well for us. We left this layer rough (not smoothed out with tools) in an effort to allow for more grip on the second layer of plaster.
|File:painted_with_lime.jpeg |Caption |5 | We painted the wall with slaked lime by using paint rollers so that the first layer of plaster would be sealed and presentable until the final layer could be applied.
|File: |Caption |7 |
|File: |Caption |8 |
|File: |Caption |9 |
|File: |Caption |10 |

| | | |

}}
===Budget===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Material
! Quantity
! Source
! Cost
! Total Cost
|-
| Beach Grass
| 6 truckloads
| Collected from Friends of the Dunes
| donated
| $0
|-
| Clay (90% clay)
| ¼ cubic yard
| Found on site
| $0
| $0
|-
| Borax
| 4
| Co-op
| $6
| $24
|-
| River Sand (plastering sand)
| ½ cubic yard
| Hensel’s Material
| $35
| $35
|-
| Lime (Type S-hydrated)
| 200 pounds
| CCAT
| $15/50 pounds
| $60
|-
| Moisture Meters
| 3
| ValueTesters.com
| $50
| $150
|-
| Building materials
| hammers, nails, screws, power drills, etc.
| CCAT
| donated
| $0
|-
| Chicken and ½ square in. mesh wire
| 150 square feet
| Ace Hardware
| $30 + donated
| $30
|-
| Buckets
| various sizes (1gal-55gal)
| CCAT
| donated
| $0
|-
| Tarps
| 2 large
| Acquired through CCAT
| donated
| $0
|-
| Horse manure
| 20 gallons -shredded
| Mad River Stables
| donated
| $0
|-
| Painting materials
| Rollers, scrapers, brushes, mixer
| CCAT + Ace Hardware
| $30 + donated
| $30
|-
| 6 tubes
| Caulking
| Ace Hardware
| $3
| $20
|-
| Gasoline/Driving costs
| 20 miles/gallon
| local gas stations
| about $4/gallon
| $16
|-
| Safety equipment
| goggles, gloves
| CCAT
| donated
| $0
|-
| Total
|
|
|
| $365
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Engr305 Appropriate Technology]]
[[Category:CCAT Building]]
[[Category:Projects]]

Atomic layer deposition:MOST

J.M.Pearce — Tue, 07 May 2013 00:34:15 GMT

J.M.Pearce: /* See also */

{{MOST}}
[[category:MOST methods]]

'''Atomic layer deposition''' (ALD) is a thin film deposition technique that is based on the sequential use of a gas phase chemical process. ALD reactions generally use two chemicals, typically called precursors. These precursors react with a surface one at a time in a sequential, self-limiting, manner. Thus it is possible to deposit a very precise thin film by exposing the precursors to the growth surface repeatedly. [[MOST]] uses ALD techniques to fabricate solar [[photovoltaic]] devices.

==MOST ALD==
* Jusung / JEL Atomic Layer Deposition ALD Chamber 200mm. This chamber was removed from a Jusung Eureka 2000 system using a Brooks MX-700 Cluster Platform.
==See also==
* [[Atomic layer deposition literature review]]
* [http://mcff.mtu.edu/mff/ MTU MFF]

HS RepRap electronics

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:20:41 GMT

Wijnen: Add images

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HS RepRap z axis

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:19:56 GMT

Wijnen:

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HS RepRap extruder

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:19:13 GMT

Wijnen: Add images (no be uploaded)

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HS RepRap y axis

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:18:16 GMT

Wijnen: Add images (no be uploaded)

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HS RepRap x axis

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:17:19 GMT

Wijnen: Add images (no be uploaded)

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HS RepRap frame

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:16:23 GMT

Wijnen: Add images (no be uploaded)

[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_0.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_1.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_2.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_3.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_4.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_5.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_6.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_7.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_8.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_9.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_10.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_frame_11.jpg]]

HS RepRap y carriage

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 18:15:47 GMT

J.M.Pearce:

=Y-carriage=
==Printed Parts==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Description
! Count
|-
| Belt dog/spacer
| 1
|-
| Left hand corner
| 2
|-
| Right hand corner
| 2
|-
| Bearing saddle
| 4
|}

==Vitamins==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Description
! Count
|-
| 185mm x 5mm carbon fiber rod
| 2
|-
| 200mm x 5mm carbon fiber rod
| 2
|-
| M3 x 16mm cap screw
| 4
|-
| M3 nut
| 12
|-
| M3 washer
| 8
|-
| Heated build platform
| 1
|-
| 10k ohm NTC thermistor
| 1
|-
| 400mm 16AWG speaker wire
| 1
|-
| 400mm 28AWG twisted pair
| 1
|-
| Small wire ties
| 10
|-
| 5 Minute two-part epoxy
| A dab'll do ya
|}

==Assembly - Summary==
# Prep printed parts
# Test fit components
# Epoxy parallel rods to corners
# Epoxy cross rods to bearing saddles
# Affix thermistor to heated bed
# Solder on conductors

==Assembly - Step-by-Step==
# Ream the screw holes in the corner pieces with a 3mm drill bit. Clean out nut traps with a sharp knife.
# Clear obstructions from the wire tie slots in the bearing saddles and any lumps on the surface where the bearings will rest.
# With a 5mm drill bit, ream the holes in the printed parts where the carbon fiber rod will pass. Note that the holes for the cross rods extend only half way through the bearing saddles. Do not over ream the holes; the carbon fiber rod should fit tightly in them.
# [[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_11.jpg|thumb|right|Assembled corner piece.]]Place an M3 x 16mm cap screw through the hole in a corner such that the head of the screw is on the side opposite the nut trap. Thread an M3 nut on the screw and pull the nut towards the trap. Use a 2.5mm Allen key to tighten the screw and pull the nut fully into the nut trap. Both the head of the screw and the nut should be fully in their respective recesses. Thread another M3 nut onto the screw. Repeat with remaining corner pieces.{{clear}}
# [[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_15.jpg|thumb|bearing saddles with bearings.]] Insert wire ties into their slots in a bearing saddle. Make sure that the bearing seat is clear of protrusions and firmly push a bearing into its seat in the saddle and secure it in place with the wire ties. Repeat with the remaining bearing saddles.{{clear}}
# For the following steps, keep the solder pads on the heated build platform nearest you, so text is properly oriented and facing you. Place a left and right corner piece at the top and bottom of the heated build platform oriented so that the holes for the carbon fiber rod are nearest the interior of the platform.
# [[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_13.jpg|thumb|Corner piece attached to heated build platform]]Attach the right corner pieces to the board as shown with the platform sandwiched between two washers and nuts. Do not tighten the nuts.{{clear}}
# [[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_18.jpg|thumb|Right corner piece with carbon fiber rod.]]Push one end of the 200mm long carbon fiber rods into the right corner piece as shown.{{clear}}
# [[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_19.jpg|thumb|Corner piece, saddles and rod]]Push on a pair of bearing saddles with the holes for cross rods facing towards the interior of the platform onto each of the parallel rods.{{clear}}
# Slip the left corner pieces onto the rods and then attach them to the build platform checking that the entire assembly fits together properly.
# Detach the left corner pieces from the platform and pull the parallel rod ends free from the corner pieces in preparation for epoxying the parallel rods to the corner pieces. Pull the cross rods out of the bearing saddles and set aside. Leave the bearing saddles in place on the parallel rods!
# Mix a small amount of epoxy and with a small applicator (toothpick-like) apply a small amount in the holes in the corner pieces where the parallel rods fit. Also apply a small amount to the ends of the parallel rods.
# Push the epoxy-wetted parts together and attach the corner pieces to the heated build platform assuring that the platform is sandwiched between washers and nuts. Finger-tighten the nuts.
# Insert a y-axis guide rod into the LM8UU bearings on one of the assembled sides to align the carbon fiber rod and corner pieces. Once the rod and corners are aligned and centered, tighten the nuts such that the corner pieces are firmly affixed to the platform. Repeat with the opposite side keeping mindful of the fact that the epoxy begins to set in five minutes.
# Let the epoxy set for 20 minutes while prepping plastic parts for the x-axis.
# After the epoxy has set for 20 minutes, loosen the nuts attaching the parallel rods to the platform but do not remove them.
# With the parallel rods loose, insert the ends of the cross rods into the bearing saddles and once in place, tighten the nuts so that the parallel rods are again firmly attached to the platform.
#[[File:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_0.jpg|thumb|Properly spaced cross rods.]]Space the saddles roughly equidistant from corners and push the belt dog from side to side to insure that the saddles are properly spaced. Once everything is in position, mix epoxy and with an applicator apply to all the joints on the saddles.{{clear}}
# Return the belt dog to the center of the cross rods and apply epoxy to those joints.

# Place the heated bed printed side up
# Bend the leads on the thermistor so that it acts as a tripod with the bead acting as one leg
# Thoroughly mix a small amount of epoxy. Apply a small amount to the middle of the heated build platform (circle-x). Roll the thermistor bead in epoxy and place the bead on the dab of epoxy on the heated build platform
# Allow the epoxy to set for 20 minutes

[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_0.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_1.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_2.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_3.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_4.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_5.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_6.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_7.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_8.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_9.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_10.jpg]]

[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_13.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_14.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_15.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_16.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_17.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_18.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_19.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_20.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_y-carriage_21.jpg]]

[[category:MOST methods]]

MOST multi file upload

Wijnen — Mon, 06 May 2013 16:12:27 GMT

Wijnen: add missing import statement to script.

{{MOST}}
[[category:MOST methods]]

Every once in a while, I need to take lots of pictures, which then need to be mass-uploaded to Appropedia. Doing this all one at a time is tedious. Therefore I wrote a small python script to do it for me.

The script will log in, go to the file upload page, and send an image with given description, then it will repeat the image sending until all files are done. Unless special treatment is given to you by the administrators, you will be regularly blocked by a captcha. The script does not try to handle this.

== System requirements ==
The script is written for use on a Debian GNU/Linux machine. It should work fine on anything that runs Python. However, it needs to be run from the commandline (with environment variables set for a comfortable experience). Windows users may find it very hard to do this.

== Using the script ==
The script must be run from the commandline. It takes the files to upload as arguments. Optionally, you can pass your login credentials as an argument as well, but normally you will want to pass them through an environment variable (see below). It is also possible to pass a description on the commandline; it can also be set with an environment variable. All images will have the same description, and will be published using the GFDL.

== Example ==
To upload some photos of a setup, you can use the following commands:

export APPROPEDIA_NAME=wijnen
export APPROPEDIA_PASSWORD=password
export APPROPEDIA_UPLOAD_DESCRIPTION='<nowiki>[[Category:MOST methods]]</nowiki> I took this image.'
./multi-upload photos/MOST_HSPrusa_photo*.jpg

== Environment variables ==
The commands to export the variables only have to be given once for each shell. It is easiest to set them in your shell resource file, which is automatically loaded at startup. In most cases, this will be a file named '.bashrc', which is located in your home directory. Add the three lines to it, and you never need to type them again.

== The script ==
Since it's not possible to upload plain text files to appropedia, I'll copy the script here (which I release CC-BY-SA by posting here, in addition to AGPL-3+, as the header says):

#!/usr/bin/python
# vim: set foldmethod=marker :

# {{{ Copyright 2013 Bas Wijnen <wijnen@debian.org>
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
# License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# }}}

# {{{ Imports.
import sys
import os
import urllib
import urllib2
import re
import mimetools
import mimetypes
import argparse
# }}}

# {{{ Commandline arguments.
a = argparse.ArgumentParser (description = "Upload multiple images to appropedia. Make sure their filenames are as you want them in appropedia. If you don't supply a username and password, the variables APPROPEDIA_{NAME,PASSWORD} are used.")
a.add_argument ('--name', help = 'Appropedia login name')
a.add_argument ('--password', help = 'Appropedia password')
a.add_argument ('--description', help = 'File description')
a.add_argument ('file', help = 'Files to upload', nargs = '+')

args = a.parse_args ()
name = args.name or os.getenv ('APPROPEDIA_NAME')
password = args.password or os.getenv ('APPROPEDIA_PASSWORD')
description = args.description or os.getenv ('APPROPEDIA_UPLOAD_DESCRIPTION')
assert name and password and description
# }}}

# {{{ Helper functions for file upload.
def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, files, BOUNDARY = None): # {{{
""" Encodes fields and files for uploading.
fields is a sequence of (name, value) elements for regular form fields - or a dictionary.
files is a sequence of (name, filename, value) elements for data to be uploaded as files.
Return (content_type, body) ready for urllib2.Request instance
You can optionally pass in a boundary string to use or we'll let mimetools provide one.
"""
if BOUNDARY is None:
BOUNDARY = '-----' + mimetools.choose_boundary() + '-----'
CRLF = '\r\n'
L = []
if isinstance(fields, dict):
fields = fields.items()
for (key, value) in fields:
L.append('--' + BOUNDARY)
L.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key)
L.append('')
L.append(value)
for (key, filename, value) in files:
filetype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or 'application/octet-stream'
L.append('--' + BOUNDARY)
L.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename))
if not filetype.startswith('text'):
L.append('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary')
L.append('Content-Type: %s' % filetype)
L.append('Content-Length: %d' % len(value))
L.append('')
L.append(value)
L.append('--' + BOUNDARY + '--')
L.append('')
body = CRLF.join(L)
content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY # XXX what if no files are encoded
return content_type, body
# }}}
def build_request(theurl, fields, files, txheaders=None): # {{{
"""Given the fields to set and the files to encode it returns a fully formed urllib2.Request object.
You can optionally pass in additional headers to encode into the opject. (Content-type and Content-length will be overridden if they are set).
fields is a sequence of (name, value) elements for regular form fields - or a dictionary.
files is a sequence of (name, filename, value) elements for data to be uploaded as files.
"""
content_type, body = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, files)
if not txheaders:
txheaders = {}
txheaders['Content-type'] = content_type
txheaders['Content-length'] = str(len(body))
return urllib2.Request(theurl, body, txheaders)
# }}}
# }}}

# {{{ Get token and cookie from login page.
page = urllib2.urlopen ('http://www.appropedia.org/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin')
cookie = page.info ()['Set-Cookie']
assert cookie.startswith ('appropedia_w1_session=')
assert ';' in cookie
cookie = cookie[:cookie.index (';')]

content = page.read ()
token = re.findall ('name="wpLoginToken" value="(.*?)"', content)
assert len (token) == 1
token = token[0]
# }}}

# {{{ Use token and log in.
data = (('wpLoginAttempt', 'Log in'), ('wpLoginToken', token), ('wpName', name), ('wpPassword', password))

login = urllib2.urlopen (urllib2.Request ('http://www.appropedia.org/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&action=submitlogin&type=login', urllib.urlencode (data), {'Cookie': cookie}))

# We don't actually use the login page.
# }}}

# {{{ Send files.
for file in args.file:
# {{{ Get token from upload page.
page = urllib2.urlopen (urllib2.Request ('http://www.appropedia.org/Special:Upload', None, {'Cookie': cookie}))
content = page.read ()
token = re.findall ('id="wpEditToken" type="hidden" value="(.*?)"', content)
assert len (token) == 1
token = token[0]
# }}}

# {{{ Build data.
filecontent = open (file, 'rb').read ()
filename = re.findall ('/?([^/]*$)', file)[0]
data = (
('wpDestFile', filename),
('wpUploadDescription', description),
('wpLicense', 'GFDL'),
('wpEditToken', token),
('title', 'Special:Upload'),
('wpDestFileWarningAck', '1'),
('wpUpload', 'Upload file'))
# }}}
# {{{ Send file.
page = urllib2.urlopen (build_request ('http://www.appropedia.org/Special:Upload', data, (('wpUploadFile', filename, filecontent),), {'Cookie': cookie}))
# }}}
# }}}

Transport modeling reform

PatSunter — Mon, 06 May 2013 02:37:12 GMT

PatSunter: /* Reference Works */

== Introduction ==

Planning for the current and future management of [[transport]] systems by urban and regional governments involves technical practices to understand the current transportation system of a region, and support decision-making and scenarios as to how it can respond to future needs.

While this is useful and necessary, since the latter part of the 20th century many critics have argued that the technical tools and practices used in transport planning had conceptual problems, in particular not sufficiently taking into account the problems associated with over-expansion of road networks, and increasing dominance of the private car.

In response, around the world various work has been done to reform transport planning practices, methods and tools in light of these concerns. One significant example of this was the Travel Model Improvement Project (TMIP) in the U.S., which began in the 1990s in correlation with the new Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA, 1991), and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This work aimed to make modelling tools and practices more responsive to the negative impacts of cars in transport such as local air pollution from exhaust fumes, and also better able to simulate alternative policies such as increased public transport and modified land-use policies.

Many other efforts are underway around the world, and such efforts are important given the very significant role transportation plays in both the quality-of-life of citizens in human settlements, and the environmental impacts they produce.

== Reference Works ==

* [[http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/blackbox/blackbox.pdf Inside the Blackbox: Making Transportation Models Work for Liveable Communities]], Beimborn, E & Kennedy, R, published by Citizens for a Better Environment and The Environmental Defense Fund. Is US-focused but gives a very helpful overview of traditional transport planning modeling and planning techniques, and opportunities for reforming them.
* Section 4 of the [[http://www.civitas.no/pdf/HiTrans2PublicTransportPlanningThe%20Networks.pdf HiTrans Best practice guide 2: Public Transport - Planning the Networks]], by Gustav Nielsen and several others in 2005, has a good discussion of modeling and analytical techniques compatible with emerging best-practice knowledge of public transport inter-modal networks.
* The LUTRAQ project in Portland (Land Use, TRansport and Air Quality) involved an effort to develop transport and land-use scenarios for the Portland, Oregon region in the 1990s that would accommodate expected population growth with significantly lower environmental impact. See the [[http://www.friends.org/resources/reports 1000 Friends of Oregon resources page]] for all major reports created during the project, including one specifically on [[http://www.friends.org/sites/friends.org/files/reports/LUTRAQ%20Volume%201%20Modeling%20Practices%2C%201991.pdf new approaches to modeling needed]] to better account for Transit-Oriented Development, and more active transport modes.

== Projects and Organisations ==

* The UK's [[http://www.bettertransport.org.uk Campaign for Better Transport]] engages in policy work so that modelling practice better represents the needs of public transport and active transport users - for example in arguing for the [[http://www.transportxtra.com/magazines/local_transport_today/news/?id=30955 potential effectiveness of transport behaviour change programs]].

== See also ==

* [[Sustainable transport]]
* [[Open Source GIS-T Public Transport Tools Review]]
* The [[OSSTIP]] project

[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:GIS]]

MOST HS RepRap parallel build overview

Wijnen — Thu, 02 May 2013 18:50:33 GMT

J.M.Pearce:

{{MOST}} [[category:MOST methods]]

'''MOST RepRap'''

=Before You Begin=

Pictures of parts follow this coding scheme:

*Silver: Frame (vertexes, two bar clamps, six wire holders, two Melzi board mounts)
*Black: X-axis (motor and idler ends, x-carriage, two belt terminators, one belt clamp, one end stop holder, one 12 tooth T5 pulley)
*White: Y-axis (motor mount, two belt terminators, one end stop holder, four bar clamps, y-carriage corners and bearing saddles, one 12 tooth T5 pulley)
*Yellow: Z-axis (two z-axis motor mounts, one z smooth rod clamp, two z-motor couplings, two bar clamps, one end stop holder)
*Red: Extruder (extruder drive body, idler and gears, extruder drive spacer with Bowden nut trap, extruder drive spacer without nut trap, extruder drive mount, Budaschnozzle Bowden mount)

Note that printed parts expected to function adjacent heated components (y-carriage parts, x-carriage, Budaschnozzle Bowden mount, extruder drive spacers) are printed with ABS. PLA tends to soften and lose integrity upon even minor heating and will certainly fail in critical components such as the Budaschnozzle Bowden mount.

Before assembling make sure you have all the parts necessary in the BOMs and the necessary tools.

This instruction is written for a team of two builders. As much as possible, the builders work independently.

==Main alterations from standard Prusa==
* A [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:35596 lightweight carbon fiber rod y-carriage] that has the capacity to increase y-travel to 250mm and increase print speed
* 3mm Bowden extruder and we are using a Lulzbot pre-built extruders Budaschnozzles
* New [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:24799 z-drive coupling]
* There are other minor mods like redesigning the end stop holders using non-standard x-axis ends and the handy little [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:31482 belt terminators] for providing tension belts while reducing the length of the belts
* Cost was kept down by using the [http://reprap.org/wiki/Melzi Melzi board], but partially offset by the more expensive pre-fabricated Lulzbot [http://www.lulzbot.com/?q=products/budaschnozzle-12-w-05mm-nozzle Budaschnozzle] for the extruder.

==Tools==
* Wrenches: (2) 13mm, 7mm, 5.5mm
* Hex key (Allen key) set: 5, 4, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5mm
* Measuring tape
* Needle nose pliers
* Utility knife blades - used as scrapers to clean the sharp edges of printed parts
* Drill bit size 5/16" (8mm), #9 (0.196", or 5mm) 1/8" (3mm) (to clean out holes). These are most comfortably handled with a printed handle.
* Wood jigs (290mm, 234mm) pictures below
* Gloves – to prevent cutting fingers on threaded rod and sharp edges of printed parts
* White lithium grease (to lubricate bearings)
* Torpedo or bubble level
* File
* M8 die recommended to clean up cut threaded rods
* zip ties
* small vice-grips to hold drill bits for reaming
* pencil sharpener
* silver epoxy
* wire strippers
[[image:1 jigs.JPG|300px]]

==Building==
The table below lists the order in which things are built. Each page starts with a BOM for that part.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Person 1 !! Person 2
|-
|[[HS_RepRap_y_carriage|Y carriage]]||[[HS_RepRap_frame|Frame]]
|-
|[[HS_RepRap_x_axis|X axis]]||[[HS_RepRap_y_axis|Y axis]]
|-
|[[HS_RepRap_extruder|Extruder]]||[[HS_RepRap_z_axis|Z axis and frame alignment]]
|-
|[[HS_RepRap_braiding|Braid motor wires]]||[[HS_RepRap_electronics|Electronics]]
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|[[HS_RepRap_bed|Attach and level print bed]]
|}

After all is done, the result should look like this:
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_complete_0.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_complete_1.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_complete_2.jpg]]
[[Image:MOST_HSPrusa_complete_3.jpg]]

[[Category:3D printing]]

Engineering 305/Project template and grading

Lonny — Tue, 30 Apr 2013 02:06:46 GMT

Lonny: /* Literature Review */

[[File:Default.png|thumb|left|CAPTION TEXT]]
{{Tocright}}
==Abstract==
<center>''Short abstract describing the project from background to conclusion''</center>

==Background==
Describe the background of the project. Make sure to cover who, what, why, when and where…

==Problem statement==
Start your project objective statement in the format, "The objective of this project is to..."

===Criteria===
Include a brief intro to the criteria and then include a table with constraints and weights (0-10 highest). Feel free to use the code from examples, such as [[CCAT pedal powered TV#Evaluation Criteria]].

Grading Criteria for previous sections:
* Formatting (should look good, sortable table for criteria) +20
* Thoroughness of content (who, what, when, were, etc.) +40
* Considers audience (this will be read by people outside the US and in the future, consider things such as most people do not know where Arcata is) +30
* Extra (e.g. images) +10

== Literature Review ==
Introduce the literature review briefly and then use heading and subheadings for topics. This should focus on information… NO PLAGIARISM! Make sure to see assignments on Moodle.<ref>For example there you will see the recommendation to use [[Help:Footnotes]].</ref>

Grading criteria for Literature Review:
* Formatting (should look good, see Appropedia suggested formatting) +20
* Thoroughness of research (at least 3 books and 1 peer reviewed journal per person... lots of credible web refs) +40
* Uses reference format +30
* Extra (amazing sources) +10

==Construction==
Very complete description of final project. How it is made, maintained, used, etc. This large section should have lots of pictures. Use the [[Help:Images#Galleries]] and probably [[Template:How_to]] (e.g. [[Barrel O' Fun Worm Bin Instructions]]).

===Maintenance Instructions===
Description of maintenance. Probably a small table with tasks and money/time each will take.

===Timeline===
Introduce the timeline and include a table of the timeline.

Grading criteria for timeline:
* Spelling and grammar +15
* Completeness of timeline +35
* Table formatting +15
* Timeline introduced +15
* Separate columns for propose and actual completion date.

===Costs===
Description of costs, donations, the fact that this is just proposed, etc.
See http://www.appropedia.org/Help:Table_examples#Cost_Table for a very nice looking table format.

Grading criteria for costs:
* Formatting (should look good, see http://www.appropedia.org/Help:Table_examples#Cost_Table formatting) +20
* Thoroughness and up-to-dateness of budget (should display necessary components, including donations, have an introduction, etc) +40
* Mathematical accuracy +30
* Extra (sortable, etc) +10

==Conclusion==

===Testing results===
Describe the testing results.
===Discussion===
Discuss the testing results.
===Lessons learned===
Discuss lessons were learned during this project and what you would do different next time.
===Next steps===
Discuss any next steps for the project as it goes on into the future.

==Team==
Introduce team and semester in the following format:
*[[User:Lonny|Lonny Grafman]]
*for each team member.

Grading criteria for the remaining sections:
*Grammar and spelling +10
*Formatting +10
*Depth, breadth and accuracy of content +70
*Project documentation's potential for impact (e.g. reproduction) +10

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<nowiki>Make sure to include other relevant categories at the bottom, e.g. [[Category:CCAT]], [[Category:Pedal_power]], etc.</nowiki>

[[Category:Engr305 Appropriate Technology]]

AT Sourcebook/Layout

RichardF — Mon, 29 Apr 2013 01:32:31 GMT

RichardF: format break

{{#if: {{{link|}}} |Online copy of '''[{{{link|}}} {{#if: {{{name|}}} |{{{name|article}}} | article}}]'''. | {{#if: {{{file1|}}} |Onsite copy of '''[[File:{{{file1|}}}]]'''. | Content currently unavailable.}} {{#if: {{{file2|}}} | Onsite copy of '''[[File:{{{file2|}}}]]'''. }}}}

{{#if: {{{bib|}}} |'''Bibliographic Information:''' {{{bib|}}} |}} {{#if: {{{copyright|}}} |'''Copyright Information:''' {{{copyright|}}} |}} {{#if: {{{paraphrased|}}} |{{Notice Paraphrase}} |}} <includeonly>{{DEFAULTSORT:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} {{#if: {{{cat1|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat1|}}}]] |}} {{#if: {{{cat2|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat2|}}}]] |}} {{#if: {{{cat3|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat3|}}}]] |}} {{#if: {{{cat4|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat4|}}}]] |}} {{#if: {{{cat5|}}} |[[Category:{{{cat5|}}}]] |}}</includeonly><noinclude><hr>

== AT Sourcebook citation subpage example==

{{:AT Sourcebook/Layout
|link =http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/JF/419/08-319.pdf
|name =Agroforestry Species: A Crop Sheets Manual
|bib =Nair, P.K.R., 1980, "Agroforestry Species: A Crop Sheets Manual," International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 336.
|copyright =© 1980
|paraphrased=y
}}"<"noinclude">" INSERT TEXT HERE "</"noinclude">" '''Note.''' Remove "<"noinclude">" and "</"noinclude">" quotes on page.

==Layout template==
* Use '''"<"noinclude">"''' and '''"</"noinclude">"''' tags to keep text and the subpage category only on the citation subpage (''without the quotation marks'', needed here to properly display}.
** Make sure the '''<nowiki>"<"noinclude">"</nowiki>''' tag ''immediately'' follows the closing layout brackets to avoid extra line breaks on section pages.
** Like this: '''}}<nowiki>"<"noinclude">"</nowiki>'''
** Add text immediately after the '''"<"noinclude">"''' tag.
** Add '''<nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}</nowiki>''' and '''<nowiki>[[Category:AT Sourcebook subpages]]</nowiki>''' at the bottom of each citation subpage.
<pre>
{{:AT Sourcebook/Layout
|link =
|name =
|file1 =
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|copyright =
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|cat2 =
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}}"<"noinclude">"


{{DEFAULTSORT:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:AT Sourcebook subpages]]
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SCRAP Humboldt upcycled bicycle trailer instructions

Coreyhustead — Sun, 28 Apr 2013 21:05:42 GMT

LMK392: updated poster pic

[[File:Team_Poster_TrailerParkBoys_215.jpg|700px|]]
==Building the Bicycle Trailer==
These are the steps that our team The Trailer Park Boys used to construct our bicycle trailer. The components below include a wheel chair, a conduit frame, a road sign tub, a cover, the tongue, and hitch. Instructions are listed below for each component.

==Preparing the Wheelchair==
The wheelchair is an essential item in our design.
*Disassemble wheelchair into individual parts.
*Determine which parts of the wheelchair frame will remain.
*Remove excess material from wheel chair frame.
*Grind and file cuts
*The wheelchair frame will be the starting point from which the rest of the frame will be constructed.

{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin wheel chair disassemble.jpg | Disassembled wheelchair
| File:Up cycled coffin wheelchair calculation.JPG | Determining where the cuts are to be made.
| File:Up cycled coffin wheelchair cuts.jpg| Making Cuts
}}
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin wheel chair shaving.jpg| Shave off rough ends
}}

==The Frame==
The primary material of the frame was galvanized 3/4" conduit. Small sections of standard water pipe where used as well.
*After acquiring conduit, sketch a rough layout for the frame
*Using a conduit bender, bend the conduit appropriately based out your layout. (Note practicing with the conduit bend beforehand is good idea)
*Cut the water pipe into eight four inch sections, these will be used to attach the conduit to the wheelchair frame.
*Braze or weld the water pipe to the wheelchair.
*Cut eight six inch section of conduit and cut parallel half circles in the end, these will separate the two horizontal loops of the frame
*Tack weld the frame together and check for general fit before permanently welding the frame together.
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin frame measurements.jpg | Rough sketch.
| File:Up cycled coffin bends.jpg | Using a conduit bender to bend conduit.
| File:Up cyled coffin conduit cuts.jpg | Four pieces of cut water pipe.
}}
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin braze frame.JPG| Braze the larger bends of conduit to the wheelchair
| File:Up cycled coffin frame complete.jpg | Tack weld the smaller cuts to the conduit frame for temporary stability
}}

==Street Sign Tub==
The tub was constructed entirely out of two aluminum street signs.
*Measure dimensions of your frame to sketch dimensions of your tub.
*Use a jig saw to cut the signs to your dimensions.
*Two sections of angle iron clamped to a table can be used as a solid base to make the appropriate bends in the sign.
*Use a large round object if rounded bends need to be made.
*Using extra sections of your sign for backing strips, pop rivet the tub together. (It helps to place the tub in the frame before riveting)
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin tub measurements.jpg | Tub dimensions
| File:Up cycled coffin jigsaw cuts.png | Cut the signs using a jig saw
| File:Up cycled coffin bending the road sign.png | Use a mallet and a piece of wood to hammer the road sign that is set against a sharp, straight edge.
| File:Up cycled coffin making bends.png | The back end of the trailer is rounded. We used a rounded piece of aluminum to hand bend the tub to the correct position.
| File:Up cycled coffin bends.png | One side bent to the correct position.
| File:Up cycled coffin tub modifications.png | Tabs cut out aluminum to be used for riveting
| File:Up cycled coffin poprivits.png | Pop riveting the tub together
| File:Up cycled coffin metal tub final.jpg | The completed road sign
}}

==Cover Installation==
We used Kokotat material supplied by SCRAP Humboldt for it's great defense from the elements
*Take measurements of the tub dimensions for a rough cut. Add additional length to drop down the sides for snaps and for vertical slack (in case payloads are taller than sidewalls).
*Once the cover is rough cut, lay atop the tub to fold, cut and trim as needed for a more finished fitting.
*Acquire snaps and separate female and male parts.
*Drill holes through the tub and pop rivet the male snaps in place.
*Use a proper punch to secure female snaps to Kokotat.
{{Gallery
| File:Sewing_Cover.jpeg | Sewing the cover.
| File:MaleSnap.jpg | Male ends fastened to tub.
| File:FemaleSnap.jpg | Female ends fastened to the cover.
}}

=Tongue Instillation=
We used conduit to construct the trailers tongue as well for maximum stability.
*The first bend you want to make is a 90 degree bend that lies parallel with the front of the trailer
*Next the pipe will need to be bent so that it has a lift from the ground, rotate and make another bend so that the desired section of the pipe is ten inches off of the ground
*The tongue needs to be attached to the frame. Our solutions was to mold some of the excess road sign into a shell that fit around both the frame and the tongue and bolt road sign shell and tongue together.
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin tongue.jpg | Here is how our tongue came out. It has two different types of bends so it can be hitched to the bike.
| File:Up cycled coffin tongue attatchment.jpg| The tongue once it is fastened with bolts.
}}

=Hitch Construction=
The primary components of the hitch are an aluminum slug, heim joint, angle iron, and hitch pin.
*The aluminum slug was fitting to the inside of the open end of the tongue.
*The aluminum slug was then drilled and tapped appropriately for the already acquired heim joint.
*Next the slug was fastened to the conduit via machine screws.
*A nut with a lock washer was threaded onto the heim joint prior to threading heim joint into the slug. This allows the heim joint to be fixed in a horizontally position
*The receiving end of the hitch is simply a small section of 1/4" angle iron that has be shaped and drilled to fit the rear axle diameter and the hitch pin.
{{Gallery
| File:Up cycled coffin joint female end.jpg | This aluminum slug that is used to connect the heim joint and tongue together.
| File:Up cycled coffin male end of joint.jpg| The heim joint before it is threaded into the aluminum slug
| File:Hitch1.jpeg | The heim joint is threaded into the aluminum slug which is fastened to the end of the tongue
| File:Hitch2.jpeg| The complete and assembled hitch assembly.
}}

Conservation Development

Bob GMU — Fri, 26 Apr 2013 16:39:07 GMT

Bob GMU:

Suburban areas are expanding outward, encroaching upon our natural environment and occupying land that could otherwise be utilized pragmatically. What is the answer to combating urban and suburban sprawl? Adopting Conservation Development may prove a promising, long-term solution to improvident land development.

'''A History of Conventional Subdivisions'''

Since the first suburb was built in the 1950’s, America’s demand for subdivision expansion has surpassed the point of moderation. According to Inside Game/Outside Game by David Rusk, the development of urban areas in the United States spread from 208,000 square miles to 585,000 square miles between 1950 and 1990. Due to ongoing growth, many of these suburbs eventually transitioned from residential communities to “Edge Cities” border lining urban areas. Edge Cities are normally equipped with their own shopping, entertainment, and business districts that compete with urban area city centers.

Just outside these Edge Cities are the “Exurbs” or commuter towns. These suburbs consist mainly of residential communities for the surrounding multifarious commercial businesses. Over the years, many of these communities experienced an accelerated rate of population growth due to conventional subdivision. A superb example is the residential land development in northern Virginia. Across Prince William and Loudoun counties, immense newly constructed subdivisions outline the horizon. Low density zoning also plays a crucial part in subdivision development. Certain districts only permit one residence per acre. This leads to single family homes built on wasted, over-sized plots of land.

Researchers have found the development of conventional subdivisions generate numerous environmental problems such as:

- Wasteful use of land and resources

- Destruction of forests, farmland, and natural habitats

- Excessive use of water and deadly fertilizer

'''The Solution'''

A viable method for regulating the rate subdivisions are constructed is by implementing conservation development. Conservation development assists with actively preserving our terrain, such as fields, natural wildlife habitats, and farmland. The goal of this method is to produce communities while sustaining the natural habitat. A study performed in 2008 documented the differences between 10 conservation development projects in the eastern United States compared to conventional subdivisions. The results indicated the territory established using conservation development largely surpassed subdivisions in maintaining local ecosystems.

Homes within these developments steadily increase in value. Researchers at Colorado State University noted a 20 to 29% higher listing price for homes in conservation developments compared to conventional subdivisions. However, home values in these developments are more inclined to appreciate faster than conventional subdivisions.

While land development is an inevitable force, how we progress from here will affect our environment regardless. George Mason University’s [http://som.gmu.edu/realestate/ Center for Real Estate Entrepreneurship] advises the rising population growth rate and housing needs will continue putting pressure on the twenty-one local jurisdictions in the region. By implementing conservation development as a means for developing our land, we commit to constructing higher value communities while protecting our vulnerable ecosystem.

Open wind lens

Regis710 — Tue, 23 Apr 2013 06:17:26 GMT

Regis710:

== '''Open Wind Lens (OWL):''' Wind Turbine modified prototype ==

=== Background ===

There is an increasingly big necessity to supply the huge [http://www.appropedia.org/Energy energy] demand in the World, but also Environmental Protection is a crucial aspect. Considering that the Humanity and rest of living beings directly depend on the Planet's condition. Nowadays, the challenge is to ensure [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security energy security] through sustainable, feasible and accessible options.

Among the areas of interest include:
* Biomass
* Wind
* Solar
* Shale gas
* Cellulosic ethanol
* Geothermal

{{Gallery
|width=180
|height=135
|lines=3
|Image:Geothermal.jpg|Fig 1: Waiaraki Geothermal Power Station, Taupo New Zealand
|Image:Solar Energy.jpg|Fig 2: Solar Panel
|Image:Wind Energy.jpg|Fig 3: Eolic Energy
}}

For the purpose of this material, the principal area is Wind.

==== Wind Energy ====

You would think that the production of energy from wind has a number of complications in terms of air flow, wind direction, and the costs of equipment, maintenance, or even problems for gaseous pollutants, among others. However, wind energy is really advantageous under the right conditions.

Over time, wind has always been used as an energy source and today has been considered as a significant source of energy due to its accessibility and low cost comparing to other sources of energy as cellulosic ethanol at the present time. Furthermore, the power obtained depends significantly on the wind speed.

=== Proposal ===
Imitating the engineering of jet engines and considering [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle Bernoulli's principle], performance can be significantly improved. As a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_lens wind lens], the hoop structure which surrounds the blades diverts air away from the exhaust outflow behind the blades. The turbulence generated create a low pressure zone behind the turbine, causing greater wind to pass through the turbine instead of being an obstruction of air flow. Causing a faster rotating speed, and also significant increase in its power output. [http://www.eco-tube.com/v/ENERGY/New_Wind_Power_cheaper_than_nuclear.aspx (Video about how the wind lens concept works)]

[[Image:Flow around a wind turbine with win lens.jpg|thumb|Fig 4: Flow around a wind turbine with win lens]]

==== Description ====

[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Open Wind lens] it is an alternative for increased efficiency-per-area, blade safety and reduced noise in comparison to the conventional design of wind turbines. It is a [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printer 3D printing] model that can increase power output 2-5 times, depending how well the shroud is designed.

{{gallery
|width=190
|height=145
|lines=2
|Image:Image OWL.jpg|Fig 5: OWL
|Image:Close up Open Wind Lens.jpg|Fig 6: Close up, Open Wind Lens
}}

Blades are around 1 m diameter in consideration as a good safety margin of strength and make construction easily manageable for a very small team. The structure is designed to accept up to a 35 mm diameter pole.

{{gallery
|width=190
|height=145
|lines=2
|Image:Structure with a pole.jpg|Fig 7: Structure with a 35 mm diameter pole
}}

The design is inspired by [http://www.scoraigwind.com/ Hugh Piggott's "Wind Turbine Recipe Book"], 2009 metric edition, and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB5CawKfE2M FloDesign's] concept designs.

It is important to consider that this project is still a work in progress.

==== Applications ====
It could be the energy source needed for low-power applications in home, really accesible and versatile considering that it is intented to work in a wide operational range of wind speed.

In a large scale, a massive wind lens power plant could be the energy source of an entire region or country depending on the output power and favorable conditions.

References:
#http://www.appropedia.org/Energy
#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security
#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_lens
#[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Open Wind lens], published on August 4th, 2012.
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle Bernoulli's principle]
#[http://www.eco-tube.com/v/ENERGY/New_Wind_Power_cheaper_than_nuclear.aspx Video about how the wind lens concept works]
#[http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/3/4/634 A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology], by Yuji Ohya and Takashi Karasudani. Open Access.
#[http://www.scoraigwind.com/ Hugh Piggott's "Wind Turbine Recipe Book"], 2009 metric edition.
#[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB5CawKfE2M New wind Turbine FloDesign]

Characteristics of self-assembled ultrathin Nafion films

J.M.Pearce — Mon, 22 Apr 2013 23:58:57 GMT

J.M.Pearce: /* Source */

{{MOST}}
[[category:Fuel cells]]
[[category:MOST completed projects and publications]]

==Background==
'''Nafion''' is a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer, which is being studied here for use in a proton conductor for [[proton exchange membrane]] (PEM) [[fuel cells]] because of its excellent thermal and mechanical stability.

==Source==
* Devproshad K. Paul, Kunal Karan, Aristides Docoslis, Javier B. Giorgi, and Joshua Pearce, [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma4002319 Characteristics of Self-Assembled Ultrathin Nafion Films], ''Macromolecules '' Article ASAP April 2013 DOI: 10.1021/ma4002319

==Abstract==
[[image: Nafion.gif|right]] Self-assembled Nafion films of varying thickness were generated on SiO2 terminated silicon wafer by immersion in Nafion dispersions of different concentrations. The impact of solvent/dispersion media was probed by preparing films from two different types of Nafion dispersions—IPA-diluted dispersion and Nafion-in-water dispersion. The thickness of films was ascertained by three different techniques: variable angle [[spectroscopic ellipsometry]] (VASE), [[atomic force microscopy]] (AFM), and [[X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy]] (XPS). The three techniques yielded consistent nominal thicknesses of 4, 10, 30, 55, 75, 110, 160, and 300 nm for films self-assembled from IPA-diluted Nafion dispersions of concentrations 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt %, respectively. Films generated from 0.25–5.0 wt % Nafion-in-water dispersions generated comparable thicknesses. An interesting finding of our work is the observation of bimodal surface wettability, investigated by water contact angle. The sub-55 nm films were found to exhibit hydrophilic surface whereas the thicker films showed hydrophobic surface similar to those reported for Nafion membranes. Employing XDLVO theory, surface energies of the hydrophobic, 160 nm film was found to be similar to that reported for Nafion membrane whereas those for the hydrophilic 4 nm film yielded high electron-accepting/proton-donating parameters resulting in an enhanced surface polarity. It can be concluded that the structure and properties of the ultrathin (<55 nm) Nafion films are distinct from those of the thicker (but still submicrometer) films, which are likely similar to those of the well-studied Nafion membranes. No significant effect of dispersion type was observed for 10–300 nm thick films.

Index of sustainability articles

RichardF — Sun, 21 Apr 2013 11:40:19 GMT

RichardF: /* See also */ + 1

This page is an '''index of sustainability articles''' on Appropedia and Wikipedia. See the [[Portal:Sustainability#Selected topics|Sustainability Portal Selected topics]] section for a concise list of related Appropedia articles.

{{AlphanumericTOC| align=center| nobreak=| numbers=yes| externallinks=| references=| top=|}}

==0-9==
1907 populations{{w|1907 populations}}

== A ==
Adiabatic lapse rate{{w|Adiabatic lapse rate}} -
Air pollution control{{w|Air pollution control}} -
Air pollution dispersion modeling{{w|Air pollution dispersion modeling}} -
Allotment (gardening){{w|Allotment (gardening)}} -
[[Alternative energy]] -
American Green Chamber of Commerce{{w|American Green Chamber of Commerce}} -
[[Anaerobic digestion]] -
Anthropogenic{{w|Anthropogenic}} -
Anthroposystem{{w|Anthroposystem}} -
[[Applied Sustainability]] -
[[Appropriate technology]] -
[[Aquaculture]] -
Aquatic ecosystem{{w|Aquatic ecosystem}} -
[[Ashden Awards]]

== B ==
Back-to-the-land movement{{w|Back-to-the-land movement}} -
Bagasse{{w|Bagasse}} -
Behavioral ecology{{w|Behavioral ecology}} -
Biobutanol{{w|Biobutanol}} -
Biodegradable plastics{{w|Biodegradable plastics}} -
[[Bioenergy]] -
Bioenergy Village{{w|Bioenergy Village}} -
Biofuel in Brazil{{w|Biofuel in Brazil}} -
Biofuel in the United States{{w|Biofuel in the United States}} -
[[Biofuel]] -
Biofuelwatch{{w|Biofuelwatch}} -
[[Biogas]] -
Biogas powerplant{{w|Biogas powerplant}} -
Biogeochemistry{{w|Biogeochemistry}} -
Blue bag{{w|Blue bag}}

== C ==
Carbon accounting{{w|Carbon accounting}} -
Carbon Economy{{w|Carbon Economy}} -
[[Carbon footprint]] -
Catchwater{{w|Catchwater}} -
Causal layered analysis{{w|Causal layered analysis}} -
Center for Environmental Technology{{w|Center for Environmental Technology}} -
Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production{{w|Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production}} -
Clean technology{{w|Clean technology}} -
Cleaner production{{w|Cleaner production}} -
[[Climate change]] -
Coal depletion{{w|Coal depletion}} -
Commission on Sustainable Development{{w|Commission on Sustainable Development}} -
[[Compost]] -
[[Composting]] -
Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies{{w|Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies}} -
Conservation biology{{w|Conservation biology}} -
Conservation Commons{{w|Conservation Commons}} -
Conservation development{{w|Conservation development}} -
Conservation ethic{{w|Conservation ethic}} -
Conservation movement{{w|Conservation movement}} -
Consumables{{w|Consumables}} -
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques{{w|Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques}} -
Cornucopian{{w|Cornucopian}} -
Corporate social responsibility{{w|Corporate social responsibility}}
Corporate sustainability{{w|Corporate sustainability}} -
Cradle to Cradle Design{{w|Cradle to Cradle Design}}

== D ==
[[Deforestation]] -
Demography{{w|Demography}} -
Depopulation{{w|Depopulation}} -
[[Desertification]] -
Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport{{w|Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport}} -
Diseases of poverty{{w|Diseases of poverty}} -
Downsizer{{w|Downsizer}} -
Drawbridge mentality{{w|Drawbridge mentality}}

== E ==
Earth Charter{{w|Earth Charter}} -
Earth observation satellite{{w|Earth observation satellite}} -
Earthscan{{w|Earthscan}} -
Eco hotels{{w|Eco hotels}} -
Eco-efficiency{{w|Eco-efficiency}} -
[[Eco-industrial park]] -
Eco-innovation and eco-development{{w|Eco-innovation and eco-development}} -
Eco-sufficiency{{w|Eco-sufficiency}} -
Ecoforestry{{w|Ecoforestry}} -
Ecolabel{{w|Ecolabel}} -
Ecological deficit{{w|Ecological deficit}} -
Ecological economics{{w|Ecological economics}} -
[[Ecological footprint]] -
Ecological humanities{{w|Ecological humanities}} -
Ecological literacy{{w|Ecological literacy}} -
[[Ecological sanitation]] -
Ecological threshold{{w|Ecological threshold}} -
Ecologically sustainable development{{w|Ecologically sustainable development}} -
Economics of sustainability{{w|Economics of sustainability}} -
Ecosharing{{w|Ecosharing}} -
Ecosystem{{w|Ecosystem}} -
Ecotax{{w|Ecotax}} -
Ecotechnology{{w|Ecotechnology}} -
[[Ecotourism]] -
[[Ecovillages]] -
[[Electric vehicle]] -
[[Emissions trading]] -
[[Energy conservation]] -
Energy content of biofuel{{w|Energy content of biofuel}} -
Energy crop{{w|Energy crop}} -
Energy density{{w|Energy density}} -
Energy descent{{w|Energy descent}} -
Energy development{{w|Energy development}} -
Energy economics{{w|Energy economics}} -
Efficient energy use{{w|Efficient energy use}} -
Energy Globe Award{{w|Energy Globe Award}} -
Energy Policy Act of 2005{{w|Energy Policy Act of 2005}} -
Energy saving modules{{w|Energy saving modules}} -
Energy security{{w|Energy security}} -
Environmental accounting{{w|Environmental accounting}} -
Environmental and social studies{{w|Environmental and social studies}} -
Environmental archaeology{{w|Environmental archaeology}} -
Environmental audits{{w|Environmental audits}} -
Environmental benefits of vegetarianism{{w|Environmental benefits of vegetarianism}} -
Environmental biotechnology{{w|Environmental biotechnology}} -
Environmental Change Network{{w|Environmental Change Network}} -
Environmental chemistry{{w|Environmental chemistry}} -
Environmental compensation{{w|Environmental compensation}} -
Environmental concerns with electricity generation{{w|Environmental concerns with electricity generation}} -
Environmental consulting{{w|Environmental consulting}} -
Environmental control system{{w|Environmental control system}} -
Environmental defense{{w|Environmental defense}} -
Environmental design{{w|Environmental design}} -
Environmental design and planning{{w|Environmental design and planning}} -
Environmental disaster{{w|Environmental disaster}} -
Environmental determinism{{w|Environmental determinism}} -
Environmental economics{{w|Environmental economics}} -
Environmental effects of fishing{{w|Environmental effects of fishing}} -
Environmental effects on physiology{{w|Environmental effects on physiology}} -
Environmental engineering{{w|Environmental engineering}} -
Environmental enterprise{{w|Environmental enterprise}} -
Environmental ethics{{w|Environmental ethics}} -
Environmental factor{{w|Environmental factor}} -
Environmental finance{{w|Environmental finance}} -
Environmental geography{{w|Environmental geography}} -
Environmental geology{{w|Environmental geology}} -
Environmental gradient{{w|Environmental gradient}} -
Environmental hazard{{w|Environmental hazard}} -
Environmental health{{w|Environmental health}} -
Environmental impact assessment{{w|Environmental impact assessment}} -
Environmental impact report{{w|Environmental impact report}} -
Environmental Information Regulations 2004{{w|Environmental Information Regulations 2004}} -
Environmental journalism{{w|Environmental journalism}} -
Environmental justice{{w|Environmental justice}} -
[[Environmental law]] -
Environmental Law Service{{w|Environmental Law Service}} -
Environmental Life Force{{w|Environmental Life Force}} -
Environmental management{{w|Environmental management}} -
Environmental management scheme{{w|Environmental management scheme}} -
Environmental Measurements Laboratory{{w|Environmental Measurements Laboratory}} -
Environmental medicine{{w|Environmental medicine}} -
Environmental microbiology{{w|Environmental microbiology}} -
Environmental Modeling Center{{w|Environmental Modeling Center}} -
Environmental movement{{w|Environmental movement}} -
Environmental movement in New Zealand{{w|Environmental movement in New Zealand}} -
Environmental movement in the United States{{w|Environmental movement in the United States}} -
Environmental planning{{w|Environmental planning}} -
Environmental preservation{{w|Environmental preservation}} -
Environmental pricing reform{{w|Environmental pricing reform}} -
Environmental protection in japan{{w|Environmental protection in japan}} -
[[Environmental psychology]] -
Environmental Quality Improvement Act{{w|Environmental Quality Improvement Act}} -
Environmental racism{{w|Environmental racism}} -
Environmental remediation{{w|Environmental remediation}} -
Environmental Research Letters{{w|Environmental Research Letters}} -
Environmental resistance{{w|Environmental resistance}} -
Environmental restoration{{w|Environmental restoration}} -
Environmental Risk Management Authority{{w|Environmental Risk Management Authority}} -
Environmental science{{w|Environmental science}} -
Environmental security{{w|Environmental security}} -
Environmental skepticism{{w|Environmental skepticism}} -
Environmental sociology{{w|Environmental sociology}} -
Environmental standard{{w|Environmental standard}} -
Environmental studies{{w|Environmental studies}} -
Environmental suit{{w|Environmental suit}} -
Environmental Sustainability Index{{w|Environmental Sustainability Index}} -
Environmental technology{{w|Environmental technology}} -
Environmental Technology Laboratory{{w|Environmental Technology Laboratory}} -
Environmental Technology Verification Program{{w|Environmental Technology Verification Program}} -
Environmental toxins and fetal development{{w|Environmental toxins and fetal development}} -
Environmental transport association{{w|Environmental transport association}} -
Environmental vandalism{{w|Environmental vandalism}} -
Environmental vegetarianism{{w|Environmental vegetarianism}} -
Environmental, Safety and Health Communication{{w|Environmental, Safety and Health Communication}} -
[[Environmentalism]] -
EPA Sustainability{{w|EPA Sustainability}} -
Epidemics{{w|Epidemics}} -
Ethanol fuel{{w|Ethanol fuel}} -
Ethical consumerism{{w|Ethical consumerism}} -
Eugenics{{w|Eugenics}} -
European Biofuels Technology Platform{{w|European Biofuels Technology Platform}}

== F ==
[[Famine]] -
Farmer field school{{w|Farmer field school}} -
Five Capitals{{w|Five Capitals}} -
Food Race{{w|Food Race}} -
Food Routes Network{{w|Food Routes Network}} -
[[Food security]] -
Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008{{w|Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008}} -
Foreshoreway{{w|Foreshoreway}}

== G ==
[[Gasification]] -
Global Environment Outlook{{w|Global Environment Outlook}} -
Global Reporting Initiative{{w|Global Reporting Initiative}} -
[[Global warming]] -
Glossary of climate change{{w|Glossary of climate change}} -
Glossary of environmental science{{w|Glossary of environmental science}} -
Green anarchy{{w|Green anarchy}} -
Green banking{{w|Green banking}} -
Green brands{{w|Green brands}} -
[[Green building]] -
[[Green cities]] -
[[Green cleaning]] -
[[Green computing]] -
Green conventions{{w|Green conventions}} -
Green crude{{w|Green crude}} -
Green development{{w|Green development}} -
Green Earth Market{{w|Green Earth Market}} -
Green energy design{{w|Green energy design}} -
Green gross domestic product{{w|Green gross domestic product}} -
Green museum{{w|Green museum}} -
Green Revolution{{w|Green Revolution}} -
Green syndicalism{{w|Green syndicalism}} -
Ground-coupled heat exchanger{{w|Ground-coupled heat exchanger}}

== H ==
Hannover Principles{{w|Hannover Principles}} -
Heating oil{{w|Heating oil}} -
Holocene extinction event{{w|Holocene extinction event}} -
Hubbert Peak Theory{{w|Hubbert Peak Theory}} -
Human development index{{w|Human development index}} -
Human development theory{{w|Human development theory}} -
Human migration{{w|Human migration}} -
Humanistic capitalism{{w|Humanistic capitalism}} -
[[Hybrid vehicle]] -
Hydrogen technologies{{w|Hydrogen technologies}}

== I ==
Immigration{{w|Immigration}} -
Immigration reduction{{w|Immigration reduction}} -
Import substitution industries{{w|Import substitution industries}} -
Inclusive business{{w|Inclusive business}} -
Industrial biotechnology{{w|Industrial biotechnology}} -
[[Industrial ecology]] -
[[Industrial symbiosis]] -
Industrial wastewater treatment{{w|Industrial wastewater treatment}} -
Inhabitat{{w|Inhabitat}} -
Institute for Sustainable Communication{{w|Institute for Sustainable Communication}} -
Integrated catchment management{{w|Integrated catchment management}} -
Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture{{w|Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture}} -
International Institute for Environment and Development{{w|International Institute for Environment and Development}} -
International Sustainable Energy Agency{{w|International Sustainable Energy Agency}} -
International Year of Forests{{w|International Year of Forests}}

== J ==
Joint Forest Management{{w|Joint Forest Management}}

== K ==
Kauaian Institute{{w|Kauaian Institute}} - Kyoto Protocol{{w|Kyoto Protocol}}

== L ==
Langkawi Declaration{{w|Langkawi Declaration}} -
[[Life cycle assessment]] -
Lifeboat ethics{{w|Lifeboat ethics}} -
List of climate change topics{{w|List of climate change topics}} -
List of conservation topics{{w|List of conservation topics}} -
List of environmental health hazards{{w|List of environmental health hazards}} -
[[List of environmental issues]] -
List of environmental studies topics{{w|List of environmental studies topics}} -
List of global sustainability statistics{{w|List of global sustainability statistics}} -
List of large wind farms{{w|List of large wind farms}} -
List of most overpopulated countries{{w|List of most overpopulated countries}} -
List of religious populations{{w|List of religious populations}} -
List of renewable energy topics by country{{w|List of renewable energy topics by country}} -
List of sustainability principles{{w|List of sustainability principles}} -
List of vegetable oils{{w|List of vegetable oils}} -
[[Local food]] -
Low impact development{{w|Low impact development}} -
Low-carbon economy{{w|Low-carbon economy}} -
Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies{{w|Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies}}

== M ==
Maldevelopment{{w|Maldevelopment}} -
Material efficiency{{w|Material efficiency}} -
[aterial input per unit of service{{w|Material input per unit of service}} -
Medieval demography{{w|Medieval demography}} -
Megalopolis (city type){{w|Megalopolis (city type)}} -
Melbourne Principles{{w|Melbourne Principles}} -
Metapattern{{w|Metapattern}} -
Mitigation of peak oil{{w|Mitigation of peak oil}} -
Multiple chemical sensitivity{{w|Multiple chemical sensitivity}} -
Micro-Sustainability{{w|Micro-Sustainability}}

== N ==
National Venture Capital Association{{w|National Venture Capital Association}} -
[[Natural building]] -
Natural cleaning product{{w|Natural cleaning product}} -
Natural resource management{{w|Natural resource management}} -
[[Net metering]] -
Not just for profit{{w|Not just for profit}} -
Nurgaliev's law{{w|Nurgaliev's law}}

== O ==
O2 Global Network{{w|O2 Global Network}} -
Oceanway{{w|Oceanway}} -
Over-consumption{{w|Over-consumption}} -
[[Overpopulation]]

== P ==
Participatory technology development{{w|Participatory technology development}} -
Peak coal{{w|Peak coal}} -
Peak copper{{w|Peak copper}} -
Peak gas{{w|Peak gas}} -
[[Peak oil]] -
Peak uranium{{w|Peak uranium}} -
[[Permaculture]] -
Permeable paving{{w|Permeable paving}} -
Photovoltaic array{{w|Photovoltaic array}} -
Photovoltaics in transport{{w|Photovoltaics in transport}} -
Population ageing{{w|Population ageing}} -
Population biology{{w|Population biology}} -
[[Population control]] -
Population decline{{w|Population decline}} -
[[Population density]] -
Population ecology{{w|Population ecology}} -
[[Population growth]] -
Population pyramid{{w|Population pyramid}} -
Promession{{w|Promession}} -
Public ecology{{w|Public ecology}}

== R==
Rain garden{{w|Rain garden}} -
Rainwater tank{{w|Rainwater tank}} -
Reconciliation ecology{{w|Reconciliation ecology}} -
[[Recycling]] -
Reef Check{{w|Reef Check}} -
Renewable energy development{{w|Renewable energy development}} -
[[Renewable energy]] -
Renewable resources{{w|Renewable resources}} -
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development{{w|Rio Declaration on Environment and Development}} -
Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth{{w|Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth}}

== S ==
Seafood watch{{w|Seafood watch}} -
[[Self-sufficiency]] -
Seven generation sustainability{{w|Seven generation sustainability}} -
Silicon valley{{w|Silicon valley}} -
[[Simple living]] -
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center{{w|Smithsonian Environmental Research Center}} -
Soil conservation{{w|Soil conservation}} -
[[Soil erosion]] -
Soil health{{w|Soil health}} -
[[Solar cell]] -
Solar heating{{w|Solar heating}} -
Solar lamp{{w|Solar lamp}} -
[[Solar power]] -
Solar power satellite{{w|Solar power satellite}} -
Solar savings fraction{{w|Solar savings fraction}} -
Spaceship earth{{w|Spaceship earth}} -
[[Straight vegetable oil]] -
Strategic Environmental Assessment{{w|Strategic Environmental Assessment}} -
Strategic Sustainable Development{{w|Strategic Sustainable Development}} -
Strong versus weak sustainability{{w|Ecological economics#Strong versus weak sustainability}} -
[[Sustainability]]{{w|Sustainability}} -
Sustainability accounting{{w|Sustainability accounting}} -
Sustainability Advocates{{w|Sustainability Advocates}} -
Sustainability Appraisal{{w|Sustainability Appraisal}} -
Sustainability books{{w|Sustainability books}} -
Sustainability governance{{w|Sustainability governance}} -
Sustainability modelling{{w|Sustainability modelling}} -
Sustainability organisations{{w|Sustainability organisations}} -
Sustainability reporting{{w|Sustainability reporting}} -
Sustainability stubs{{w|Sustainability stubs}} -
Sustainable advertising{{w|Sustainable advertising}} -
[[Sustainable agriculture]] -
Sustainable architecture{{w|Sustainable architecture}} -
Sustainable art{{w|Sustainable art}} -
[[Sustainable building]] -
[[Sustainable business]] -
[[Sustainable city]] -
[[Sustainable community]] -
[[Sustainable design]] -
[[Sustainable development]] -
Sustainable distribution{{w|Sustainable distribution}} -
Sustainable food system{{w|Sustainable food system}} -
[[Sustainable energy]] -
Sustainable fashion{{w|Sustainable fashion}} -
Sustainable forest management{{w|Sustainable forest management}} -
Sustainable graphic design{{w|Sustainable graphic design}} -
Sustainable habitat{{w|Sustainable habitat}} -
Sustainable industrie]{{w|Sustainable industries}} -
Sustainable landscape architecture{{w|Sustainable landscape architecture}} -
Sustainable lighting{{w|Sustainable lighting}} -
[[Sustainable living]] -
Sustainable national income{{w|Sustainable national income}} -
Sustainable packaging{{w|Sustainable packaging}} -
Sustainable practices by country{{w|Sustainable practices by country}} -
Sustainable procurement{{w|Sustainable procurement}} -
Sustainable product development{{w|Sustainable product development}} -
Sustainable product development and design{{w|Sustainable product development and design}} -
Sustainable regional development{{w|Sustainable regional development}} -
Sustainable resource extraction{{w|Sustainable resource extraction}} -
[[Sustainable technology]] -
Sustainable tourism{{w|Sustainable tourism}} -
Sustainable tourism crc{{w|Sustainable tourism crc}} -
[[Sustainable transport]] -
Sustainable urban drainage systems{{w|Sustainable urban drainage systems}} -
Sustainable urban infrastructure{{w|Sustainable urban infrastructure}} -
EPIC Sustainable Living Expo{{w|EPIC Sustainable Living Expo}}

== T ==
The 2010 Imperative{{w|The 2010 Imperative}} -
The good life{{w|The good life}} -
The Human Farm (book){{w|The Human Farm (book)}} -
The Institution of Environmental Sciences{{w|The Institution of Environmental Sciences}} -
The Natural Step{{w|The Natural Step}} -
The People & Planet Green League{{w|The People & Planet Green League}} -
The Science of Survival{{w|The Science of Survival}} -
[[Tragedy of the commons]] -
[[Transition Towns]] -
Tricycle Inc.{{w|Tricycle Inc.}}

== U ==
United Nations Environment Programme{{w|United Nations Environment Programme}} -
Urban density{{w|Urban density}} -
Urban horticulture{{w|Urban horticulture}} -
Urban oasis{{w|Urban oasis}} -
[[Urban sprawl]]

== V ==
Value of Earth{{w|Value of Earth}} -
Variable retention{{w|Variable retention}} -
Vegetable oil economy{{w|Vegetable oil economy}}

== W ==
[[Waste management]] -
[[Waste vegetable oil]] -
Waste water treatment{{w|Waste water treatment}} -
[[Water conservation]] -
[[Water crisis]] -
[[Water purification]] -
Wave farm{{w|Wave farm}} -
White flight{{w|White flight}} -
[[Wind power]] -
Wind power in the United Kingdom{{w|Wind power in the United Kingdom}} -
[[Wind turbine]] -
World energy consumption{{w|World energy consumption}} -
World largest cities{{w|World largest cities}}

== See also ==
* [[Portal:Sustainability]]
* [[Glossary of sustainability terms]]
* [[List of environmental issues]]
* [[List of sustainable agriculture topics]]
* Lists of environmental topics{{w|Lists of environmental topics}}
* List of conservation topics{{w|List of conservation topics}}

{{attrib wikipedia|Index of sustainability articles}}

[[Category:Lists|Sustainability articles]]
[[Category:Sustainability lists| ]]
[[Category:Indexes of articles|Sustainability]]

Transport informatics

PatSunter — Sun, 21 Apr 2013 04:46:31 GMT

PatSunter: Adding better links between sections, improving headings, better intro.

{{topic header| default.png |Transport informatics}}

== Introduction ==

"Transport informatics" refers to the practice of generating, assessing, and re-purposing information about [[transport]] networks and systems to be useful for human understanding and action.

Transport systems are very rich in information, and traditional ways of gathering such information such as human-administered surveys are now being complemented by increasingly low-cost information technologies such as sensors, GPS navigation in vehicles, even potentially mobile phone locations, etc. The growth of the internet infrastructure means such information can also be more widely spread and utilised. Once collected, this information can be potentially put to useful purposes, such as supporting analysis and display through a [[GIS]] system, or applications to support people to access transport systems more easily via smartphones or on-street displays.

However, concerns do exist in regards to both control of the information (who collects it, what licence it is made available under, and whether it is stored in a useful standard), and in some cases privacy issues for individuals whose movements may be trackable.

== See Also ==

* [[Urban informatics]]
* [[Community Informatics]]
* [[Open Source GIS-T Public Transport Tools Review]] Project on Appropedia to review open source Transport informatics software relevant to public transport planning.

== External Links ==

* [[https://www.facebook.com/pages/ZetabytesOpen-Systems/487950324572454 World Streets Zetabytes/Open Systems Dialogue Network]]
* [[http://www.planningtoolexchange.org/browse/results/content_type%3Atools%20taxonomy%3A593 Tools tagged 'transportation' at the Orton Planning Tools Exchange]]
* [[http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2008/04/transport-infor.html Post on transport informatics on Dan Hall's City of Sound blog]]
* [[http://urban-informatics.net/category/transport/ Transport category of Arup's Urban Informatics site]]

[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Transport informatics]]

Graphserver

PatSunter — Sun, 21 Apr 2013 04:37:34 GMT

PatSunter:

Started in 2004 by MIT Researcher Bradley Martin-Anderson, GraphServer is an Open Source multi-modal public transport trip router, written in Python.

One of the uses of GraphServer was providing the back-end computations as part of the Transit Time Maps visual application on the Walk Score website.

Much of the core capability of Graphserver was also ported into the [[OpenTripPlanner]] tool.

== External links ==

* http://graphserver.github.com/graphserver
* Regarding Walk Score usage:
** [[http://www.humantransit.org/2012/11/the-need-for-maps-of-your-freedom.html Jarrett Walker discusses the use of Graphserver in Walkscore.com's Transit Maps]]
** http://blog.walkscore.com/2009/03/transit-and-real-estate/
** [[http://archive.is/5GAW Walkscore.com "technology preview" using Graphserver in their archive]]

[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Community informatics]]
[[Category:Transport informatics]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:GIS]]

Mapumental

PatSunter — Sun, 21 Apr 2013 04:26:19 GMT

PatSunter:

Mapumental (http://mapumental.com) was developed by the UK NGO MySociety and launched in 2009, with support from Channel 4 who helped purchase access to needed data, and Stamen Design. It was able to show isochronal time maps for journeys to UK Destinations.

Originally the project’s code was published as Open Source and queries could be run over the web on an invited beta basis. However, later the project was made proprietary in an effort to convert it to an income-generating source for MySociety’s other activities.

== External Links ==

* http://www.mysociety.org

[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Community informatics]]
[[Category:Transport informatics]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:GIS]]

Mapnificent

PatSunter — Sun, 21 Apr 2013 04:24:00 GMT

PatSunter:

Mapnificent (http://mapnificent.net) was developed by Stefan Wehrmayer, and was “inspired by [[Mapumental]]”. Whilst not as computationally complex or accurate as Mapumental, it can parse [[GTFS]] data to show travel time maps to destinations in multiple cities around the globe, and is currently free to use.

The results are integrated and displayed with Google Maps.

The first version’s source code is available, whilst the developer claims later versions will be published soon.

[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Community informatics]]
[[Category:Transport informatics]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:GIS]]

Welcome to Appropedia/Announcements/Layout

RichardF — Sat, 20 Apr 2013 23:40:59 GMT

RichardF: default border transparent

<div style="border: 1px solid {{{border color|transparent}}}; margin: 1px;">
{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: {{{color|}}}; text-align: left;"
| {{#if: {{{image|who-logo.jpg}}} | [[Image:{{{image|who-logo.jpg}}}|{{{width|250x250px}}}]] }}
| style="color: green; padding: 4pt;" |<big>{{{text|Have an innovative eHealth or assistive device solution targeting developing settings? See [http://www.who.int/medical_devices/en/ World Health Organization's innovative eHealth and assistive devices solutions for low-resource settings 2013]. Due dates extended to April 19 for eHealth and April 30 for assistive devices. }}}</big>
|}</div><noinclude>

==Layout template==
<pre>
{{:Welcome to Appropedia/Announcements/Layout
|border color=
| color=
| image=
| width=
| text=
}}
</pre>

[[Category:Welcome to Appropedia|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
</noinclude>

Electric Mountain Board

Gem30 — Sat, 20 Apr 2013 22:28:20 GMT

Gem30: /* Costs */

[[File:MountainBoard1.JPG|thumb|right|Electric Mountain Board.]]

<center>I've been working with electric bikes for almost 3 years now and as I was browsing my favorite site looking for new ideas I stumbled upon a electric mountain board and started doing research. I started becoming more and more interested in working with rc motors and finally took the plunge making one for myself. ''</center>

==Parts==
Board: MBS Comp 95x from MBS Mountainboards.

Motor: Turnigy SK3 6364 from [http://www.hobbyking.com/hobbyking/store/index.asp HobbyKing]

Sprockets : Scooter sprocket and Motor Sprocket from [http://www.electricscooterparts.com Electric Scooter Parts]

Aluminum pieces: from the scrap yard

The batteries, controller, and throttle were all ordered from [http://www.hobbyking.com/hobbyking/store/index.asp HobbyKing]

Batteries: Two 22.2v 5Ah lipo batteries.

Controller: 150amp car ESC

Throttle: Wireless 2.4 ghz

Other parts: Wire, electrical tape, wire connectors, nuts and bolts, zip ties, tie down straps.

==How to Build==
{{How to
| title=How to Build your own Electric Mountain Board
| size=180
| File:Mbs-comp-95x.png | Figure 1: MBS Comp 95X. (Photo by Garrett McElroy)
|1| Gather your needed parts and supplies. Most important determine which motor you want and what board you want to use. Also you will need these tools.
Tools Used:
Socket set,
Sawhorses,
Hacksaw (or equivalent),
Hammer,
Adjustable wrenches,
Hex key wrenches,
Pliers,
Clamps,
Drill and bits,
Grinder ( or equivalent),
Metal files,
Wire stripper,
Chain breaker,
soldering iron.

| File:Aluminiumscrap.JPG| Figure 2: L channel (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|2| Went to the scrap yard and found some aluminum L-channel. This is what I used to make motor mount/bracket piece form.

| File:Mount1.JPG | Figure 3: Main part of mount (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|3| I measured, cut and drilled the holes for the mount using the truck as your template since it will be bolted to the truck using the pre-existing brake mounting holes.

| File:Mount2.JPG | Figure 3: Main part of mount (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|3b| I also cut a v out of the center to allow for the mount to sit flush and allow for side to side movement of the truck.

| File:MOtormount.JPG | Figure 4: motor mount . (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|4| Using pieces cut from the aluminum, a piece scavenged from another project I was able to come up with this mount. ( This will be different for everyone ) Once the mount was made I mounted the motor using the mounting screws that were provided.

| File:Drive sprocket.png | Figure 5: Sprocket mounting. (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|5| Using the brake disc provided with the mountain board as a mount for the drive sprocket I drilled the holes and bolted it up making sure there was enough space for the chain to clear.
[[File:Screen Shot 2013-04-18 at 8.46.44 PM.png |thumb|right| Disc mount used as mounting plate for drive sprocket.]]

| File:Chainalignment.JPG | Figure 6: . (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|6| After I mounted the drive sprocket to the wheel I installed the motor side sprocket and the chain. ( NOTE* You need to grind down a flat spot on the motor shaft so that the set screw has a flat surface to lock down on.) Also check for chain alignment before tightening down the set screw.

| File:Controller wireing label.JPG | Figure 7: . (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|7| I mounted the controller using industrial 3m velcro as well as the receiver for the wireless remote.

| File:Batterymonitors2.JPG | Figure 8: Battery packs wired up and ready to go. (Photo by Garrett McElroy )
|8| After getting everything mounted and ready I hooked up the batteries in parallel to give me 22.2v 10ah and used Velcro strapping to hold it to the board.

}}

== Costs ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
| '''Material''' ||'''Cost ($)'''||'''Quantity'''||'''Total ($)'''
|-
| Mountain Board
|align="right"| 369.99|| 1
|align="right"| 369.99
|-
| Turnigy SK3 6364
|align="right"| 67.31 + shipping||1
|align="right"| 79.24
|-
| Motor sprockets
|align="right"|9.95|| 1
|align="right"|9.95
|-
| Drive sprockets
|align="right"|15.95|| 1
|align="right"|15.95
|-
| Motor Controller
|align="right"|62.55|| 1
|align="right"|73.55
|-
| Chain
|align="right"|11.22|| 1
|align="right"|11.22
|-
| Aluminium L-Channel
|align="right"|13.56|| 1
|align="right"|13.56
|-
| Wireless Controller 2.4ghz
|align="right"|19.70|| 1
|align="right"|25.89
|-
| Turnigy 22.2v Lipo
|align="right"|46.66|| 2
|align="right"|85.32
|-
|colspan="3" align="right"|TOTAL COST
|align="right"|684.67
|}

== Conclusions ==

{{#widget:YouTube|id=e_zXc_O_ulk}}

== Contact details ==

'''[[User:Gem30|Garrett McElroy]]'''



[[Category:Projects]]

Extended urban metabolism model

PatSunter — Sat, 20 Apr 2013 01:44:23 GMT

Chriswaterguy: /* External links */ Category:Built environment (we also need a category for models and a category for ecosystems, once we have them.)

The Extended urban metabolism model is an effort to model, conceptualise and support measurement of the sustainability of an urban region. It was developed by Prof Peter Newton, Prof Peter Newman, and Dr Bob Birrell among others while developing the Australian State of the Environment report in 2001.

[[Image:ExtendedUrbanMetabolicModel.gif|right]]

In brief, it conceives of a city as a "metabolism", where the inputs are various types of resources such as energy and materials, the desired outputs are human wellbeing and prosperity, and the negative outputs are things such as waste, pollution, etc. Thus is this framing, the goal is to reform cities through behaviour change of residents and better [[urban planning]] so the desired benefits of cities can be maintained and increased, while reducing the throughput of physical resources needed and reducing negative externalities.

To understand a cities' performance in therms of the urban metabolic model would require a corresponding [[indicator frameworks]] project to be set up.

== External links ==

* http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/settlements/introduction.html
* http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/infra/daproject/bangkok/documents/presentations/14_Session%205%20-%20Newton.pdf

[[Category:Built environment]]

Indicator frameworks

PatSunter — Sat, 20 Apr 2013 01:37:17 GMT

PatSunter: Adding links to Orton family foundation re Indicators tools and projects.

Indicator frameworks are measures that allow assessing how well some system of interest is performing, usually with the intent of improving that performance towards a desired goal.

In terms of sustainability, indicators can help measure important aspects of environmental impact or contribution at the individual, household, organisational, or regional, national, or international level.

Computer information systems are often helpful for communicating and allowing interaction with a set of indicators. For example, a [[GIS]] system could be used to support understanding environmental and other indicators at the city or regional-level.

== External links ==

== Tools/Methods involving Indicators Frameworks for Urban and Regional Planning ==

* [[http://www.planningtoolexchange.org/browse/results/content_type%3Atools%20taxonomy%3A586 Tools tagged 'indicators' at Orton Planning Tools Exchange]]

=== Example urban indicator projects ===

* [[http://www.planningtoolexchange.org/browse/results/content_type%3Aprojects%20taxonomy%3A586 Projects tagged 'indicators' at Orton Planning Tools Exchange]]

* [[http://www.bostonindicators.org Boston Indicators Project]], Boston, Massachusetts, USA. It is linked to the [[http://metrobostondatacommon.org/ Metro Boston Data Common]] project, an interesting [[Open data]] initiative.
* In Melbourne, Australia, the Australian Institute of Urban Studies (AIUS) has led 2 important indicator projects:
** The [[http://www.aius.org.au/transport/ Transport, Accessibility and Mobility Indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne project]]
** The [[http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/ Environmental Indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne project]]
* Also in Melbourne, [[http://www.communityindicators.net.au/ Community Indicators Victoria]] provides a variety of measures of community wellbeing, including environmental, aggregated at the local government level.

[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Information technology]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:GIS]]

Land value capture

PatSunter — Sat, 20 Apr 2013 01:00:16 GMT

PatSunter:

Land value capture (LVC) refers to an urban planning approach that aims to support paying for improved public infrastructure in an area by at least partially recouping the increment in land values in the area resulting from the improved infrastructure.

For example, LVC has been used to fund improvements to [[Public transport]] networks, especially heavy rail, in cities such as [[London]], in the United Kingdom.

== Interwiki links ==

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_capture

== External links ==

* http://valuecapture.org/
* http://www.transpotohealthlink.com/value-capture.html

[[Category:Urban planning]]
[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

AT Sourcebook/Forestry

RichardF — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 20:46:53 GMT

RichardF: typo fix

== Forestry ==
:'''''[[AT Sourcebook#Forestry|View main article]]'''''

*[http://villageearth.org/pages/sourcebook/forestry Direct link to AT Sourcebook Chapter]
----

* [[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Agroforestry Species: A Crop Sheets Manual|Agroforestry Species: A Crop Sheets Manual]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Agroforestry Species: A Crop Sheets Manual}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Barnacle Parp's Chain Saw Guide|Barnacle Parp's Chain Saw Guide]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Barnacle Parp's Chain Saw Guide|Barnacle Parp's Chain Saw Guide}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/The Chainsaw and the Lumbermaker|The Chainsaw and the Lumbermaker]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/The Chainsaw and the Lumbermaker|The Chainsaw and the Lumbermaker}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/China: Forestry Support for Agriculture|China: Forestry Support for Agriculture]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/China: Forestry Support for Agriculture|China: Forestry Support for Agriculture}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Constructing and Operating a Small Solar Heated Lumber Dryer|Constructing and Operating a Small Solar Heated Lumber Dryer]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Constructing and Operating a Small Solar Heated Lumber Dryer|Constructing and Operating a Small Solar Heated Lumber Dryer}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Crosscut Saw Manual|Crosscut Saw Manual]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Crosscut Saw Manual|Crosscut Saw Manual}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Environmentally Sound SmallScale Forestry Projects|Environmentally Sound SmallScale Forestry Projects]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Environmentally Sound SmallScale Forestry Projects|Environmentally Sound SmallScale Forestry Projects}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Firewood Crops|Firewood Crops]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Firewood Crops|Firewood Crops}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forest Farming|Forest Farming]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forest Farming|Forest Farming}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/A Forest Tree Seed Directory|A Forest Tree Seed Directory]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/A Forest Tree Seed Directory|A Forest Tree Seed Directory}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forestry Case Studies|Forestry Case Studies]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forestry Case Studies|Forestry Case Studies}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forestry for Local Community Development|Forestry for Local Community Development]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Forestry for Local Community Development|Forestry for Local Community Development}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Frame Saw Manual|Frame Saw Manual]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Frame Saw Manual|Frame Saw Manual}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Land Clearance|Land Clearance]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Land Clearance|Land Clearance}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Leucaena|Leucaena]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Leucaena|Leucaena}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Make Your Own Precision Milled Lumber from Logs and Trees: Alaskan MKII|Make Your Own Precision Milled Lumber from Logs and Trees: Alaskan MKII]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Make Your Own Precision Milled Lumber from Logs and Trees: Alaskan MKII|Make Your Own Precision Milled Lumber from Logs and Trees: Alaskan MKII}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines|Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines|Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Natural Durability and Preservation of One Hundred Tropical African Woods|Natural Durability and Preservation of One Hundred Tropical African Woods]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Natural Durability and Preservation of One Hundred Tropical African Woods|Natural Durability and Preservation of One Hundred Tropical African Woods}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/An Overview of Possible Uses of Sawdust|An Overview of Possible Uses of Sawdust]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/An Overview of Possible Uses of Sawdust|An Overview of Possible Uses of Sawdust}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/People and Trees|People and Trees]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/People and Trees|People and Trees}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Planning for Agroforestry|Planning for Agroforestry]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Planning for Agroforestry|Planning for Agroforestry}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Practical Guide to Dryland Farming: Planting Tree Crops|Practical Guide to Dryland Farming: Planting Tree Crops]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Practical Guide to Dryland Farming: Planting Tree Crops|Practical Guide to Dryland Farming: Planting Tree Crops}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya|A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya|A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees|The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees|The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Reforestation in Arid Lands|Reforestation in Arid Lands]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Reforestation in Arid Lands|Reforestation in Arid Lands}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Savanna Afforestation in Africa|Savanna Afforestation in Africa]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Savanna Afforestation in Africa|Savanna Afforestation in Africa}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Short Rotation Forestry|ShortRotation Forestry]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Short Rotation Forestry|ShortRotation Forestry}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Small and Medium Sawmills in Developing Countries|Small and Medium Sawmills in Developing Countries]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Small and Medium Sawmills in Developing Countries|Small and Medium Sawmills in Developing Countries
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Timber Drying Manual|Timber Drying Manual]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Timber Drying Manual|Timber Drying Manual}}
----
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Tree Crops|Tree Crops]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Tree Crops|Tree Crops}}
--
*[[AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Tree Planting in Africa South of the Sahara|Tree Planting in Africa South of the Sahara]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Forestry/Tree Planting in Africa South of the Sahara|Tree Planting in Africa South of the Sahara}}
----
*[[Original:Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools]]
{{Original:Wood Harvesting with Hand Tools}}
----

{{DEFAULTSORT:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:AT Sourcebook subpages]]

AT Sourcebook/Local Self-Reliance

RichardF — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 18:22:05 GMT

RichardF: simplify for layout links

== Local Self-Reliance ==
:'''''[[AT Sourcebook#Local Self-Reliance|View main article]]'''''

*[http://villageearth.org/pages/sourcebook/appropriate-technology-and-local-self-reliance Direct link to AT Sourcebook Chapter]

*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=QjpWAAAAMAAJ&q=Alternative+Development+Strategies+and+Appropriate+Technology&dq=Alternative+Development+Strategies+and+Appropriate+Technology&ei=JkiUS-bCKIOMlASm78GFDw&cd=1 Alternative Development Strategies and Appropriate Technology] - Science Policy for an Equitable World Order. Diwan, Romesh and Livingston, Dennis. 1933. USA: Pergamon Press Inc, (c) 1979. 0-08-023891-2

*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=JCWMAAAAIAAJ&q=Another+Development:+Approaches+and+Strategies&dq=Another+Development:+Approaches+and+Strategies&ei=Z0mUS-ihKIfulQTlp7X4BA&cd=1 Another Development: Approaches and Strategies]. Nerfin, Marc. 1975. Sweden: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, (c) 1977. 91-85214-06-X

*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=5L9DHAAACAAJ&dq=Appropriate+Technology+in+Social+Context:+An+Annotated+Bibliography&ei=5EmUS9mwM5-klAT1q-2DAQ&cd=1 Appropriate Technology in Social Context: An Annotated Bibliography]. French, David. 1977. USA: Agency for International Development.

*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=ycMNAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Breakdown+of+Nations&ei=Y0qUS9__EJCkkASAwrzTCw&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Breakdown of Nations] - The study of economies, military forces, government programs, labor unions, businesses, neightbourhoods, and all other human endeavour. Kohr, Leopold. 1978. USA: E. P. Dutton, (c) 1978. 0-525-47529-X

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=yq5PAAAAMAAJ&q=A+Landscape+for+Humans+-+A+case+study+of+the+potentials+for+ecologically+guided+development+in+an+uplands+region.&dq=A+Landscape+for+Humans+-+A+case+study+of+the+potentials+for+ecologically+guided+development+in+an+uplands+region.&cd=1 A Landscape for Humans] - A case study of the potentials for ecologically guided development in an uplands region. van Dresser, Peter. 1972. USA: The Lighting Tree, (c) 1972. 0-89016-005-8

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=oX-6AAAAIAAJ&dq=Learning+from+China+-+A+Report+on+Agriculture+and+the+Chinese+People's+Communes&cd=1 Learning from China- A Report on Agriculture and the Chinese People's Communes]. FAO Study Mission. 1977. Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (c) 1977. 92-8521009-0.
----

* [[AT Sourcebook/Local Self-Reliance/Local Responses to Global Problems: A Key to Meeting Basic Human Needs|Local Responses to Global Problems: A Key to Meeting Basic Human Needs]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Local Self-Reliance/Local Responses to Global Problems: A Key to Meeting Basic Human Needs|Local Responses to Global Problems: A Key to Meeting Basic Human Needs}}
----
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=eOavOQrxcqYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rural+Small-Scale+Industry+in+the+People's+Republic+of+China&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People's Republic of China.] Perkins, Dwight, et al. 1977. Berkeley : Universit of California Press, (c) 1977. 0-0520-03284.

*[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vLXxNAAACAAJ&dq=rural+University+-+Learning+about+education+and+development&cd=1 Rural University - Learning about education and development.] Arbab, Farzam. 1984. Canada: International Development Research Centre, (c) 1984. 0-88936-427-3

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=bDBrQgAACAAJ&dq=Small+Scale+Cement+Plants.&cd=1 Small Scale Cement Plants.] Sigurdson, Jon. 1977. London : Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., (c) 1977. 0-903031-46-9.
----

* [[AT Sourcebook/Local Self-Reliance/Soft Technologies, Hard Choices|Soft Technologies, Hard Choices]]
{{:AT Sourcebook/Local Self-Reliance/Soft Technologies, Hard Choices|Soft Technologies, Hard Choices}}
----
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=2AiFAAAAIAAJ&q=Technologies+for+Basic+Needs&dq=Technologies+for+Basic+Needs&cd=1 Technologies for Basic Needs].Singer, Hans. 1977. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation, (c) 1977. 92-2-101774-5

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=KyuHQgAACAAJ&dq=Technology+for+Ujamaa+Village+Development+in+Tanzania&cd=1 Technology for Ujamaa Village Development in Tanzania]. Vail, David J.. 1975. Syracuse, U.S.A.:Maxwell School of Cititizenship and Public Affairs, (c) 1975. 74-25876

*[http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=20070650324167MT&q=towards+village+industry+a+strategy+for+development&uid=788391348&setcookie=yes Towards Village Industry - A Strategy for Development]. Berg, Liv; Nimpuno, Krisno;van Zwanenberg, Roger. 1978. United Kingdom: Intermidiate Technology Publications Ltd., (c) 1978. 0-903031-52-3

[[Category: International development]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
[[Category:AT Sourcebook subpages]]

Melbourne Sustainable Transport Reform

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 10:08:34 GMT

PatSunter: /* External Links */

[[Melbourne]]'s transport system, while including extensive tram (light rail), rail, and bus networks, is very dominated by use of the private car for most travel.

Several efforts to reform this are underway. Some significant resources and organisations involved in this effort are listed below.

== Interwiki ==

* [[Greenlivingpedia:Transporting Melbourne to a sustainable future]]

== External Links ==

=== Public Interest Organisations and Campaigns ===

* http://www.ptua.org.au - The Victorian Public Transport Users Association
* http://www.pt4me2.org.au - a campaign for better transport initiated by local governments and the Melbourne Transport Forum.

=== Knowledge-sharing efforts ===

(That involve a significant sustainable transport element)

* http://www.thinkingtransport.org.au - transport good practices clearinghouse set up by Local Governments
* Archives of the Going Solar website (not available on web currently?) (Some are at http://www.thinkingtransport.org.au/category/news-categories/newsletter?page=8)
* http://www.sustainablemelbourne.com/tag/sustainable-urban-transport/

=== Organisations and Research Projects ===

* GAMUT - Australasian Center for the Governance and Management of Urban Transportation - http://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au/gamut
* MTF - The Melbourne Transport Forum - http://www.mtf.org.au

=== Maps and Indicator Projects ===

* The [[http://www.aius.org.au/transport/ Transport, Accessibility and Mobility Indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne project]], by the Australian Institute for Urban Studies along with other collaborators.

[[Category:Melbourne]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Transport]][[Category:Public transport]]

Melbourne

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 09:57:38 GMT

Chriswaterguy: /* External Links */

{{topic header| default.png |Melbourne}}

'''Melbourne''' is the capital city of Victoria, [[Australia]].

Melbourne like other large cities has multiple [[sustainability]] initiatives going on.
Some of these are:

* [[Melbourne Sustainable Transport Reform]]

See also the external links to high-level projects below.

== Context ==

Melbourne has a temperate climate with changeable weather and frequent winds. Suitable [[urban design]] for these conditions must include windbreaks and sheltered nooks, for example small parks which catch the sun in the colder months but offer protection from wind.

[[Urban sprawl]] is very advanced, but [[public transport]] is relatively good, by Australian standards, especially within approximately 10 km of the city centre.

== Interwiki ==

* [[Wikipedia:Melbourne]]
* [[Greenlivingpedia:Category:Melbourne]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.ecoinnovationlab.com VEIL - Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab]
* [http://www.sustainablemelbourne.com Sustainable Melbourne]
* [http://www.slf.org.au/ The Melbourne Sustainable Living Festival/Foundation] - held annually every February.
* [http://www.greenlivingpedia.org/Special:Search?search=Melbourne&go=Go Melbourne pages on Greenlivingpedia]
* [http://www.futuremelbourne.com.au Collaborative wiki-developed plan for the future of the City of Melbourne] (developed 2008-09)

[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Melbourne]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Public Transport Prioritisation

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 09:38:57 GMT

PatSunter: moved Public Transport Prioritisation to Public transport prioritisation: Updating to follow Appropedia policy on name capitalisation.

Public Transport Prioritisation means managing the transport system so that public transport has priority over car and truck traffic, e.g. at intersections, or by e.g. giving buses dedicated lanes.

== External links ==

* http://pages.greencitystreets.com/improve-public-transport/traffic-signal-priority
* http://busmeister.wikispaces.com/intro_TSP
* Nash, A & Sylvia, R, 2001, ''Implementation of Zurich's Transit Priority Program'', Mineta Transportation Institute, http://www.andynash.com/nash-publications/Nash2001-Zurich-PT-MTI-01-13.pdf
*

[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Travel Time Maps

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 09:26:28 GMT

PatSunter:

[[Image:SomersetHouse60mArr3pmZoom12.jpg|thumb|right|Sample output from Mapumental project/tool, Public transport travel times to reach Somerset House in London by 3pm.]]

"Travel Time Maps" allow understanding how far in a region an individual can reach by a certain mode of transport, from a given starting location and starting time. Their more technical name is Isochronal maps (Iso= same, chronos=time, therefore lines reachable in the same time).

Travel Time Maps are proposed as useful by public transport researchers (such as on Jarett Walker's blog Human Transit) in helping people think about their transport system in terms of a geography of mobility and accessibility.

Creating these maps using [[GIS]] platforms and relevant [[open data]] is now becoming simpler and more attainable.

== See Also ==

* [[Open Source GIS-T Public Transport Tools Review]]
* [[OSSTIP]] Project

== External links ==

* http://www.humantransit.org/2012/11/the-need-for-maps-of-your-freedom.html
* http://opentripplanner.com/2012/07/visualizing-urban-accessibility-with-opentripplanner-analyst
* http://www.mapnificent.net - Free simple travel time maps for cities with a public [[GTFS]] feed integrated into Google maps
* http://www.mapumental.com - UK provider of Travel time maps service (originally free, now commercial)

[[Category:Public transport]][[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Information technology]][[Category:GIS]]
[[Category:Community informatics]]
[[Category:Transport informatics]]

Zurich

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 09:11:06 GMT

PatSunter:

''(General introduction sourced from [[Wikipedia:Zurich]])''

Zurich (German: Zürich, German pronunciation: [ˈtsyːrɪç]; Swiss German: Züri) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. The municipality has approximately 390,000 inhabitants, and the Zurich metropolitan area 1.83 million. Zurich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country.

From a sustainability point of view it is known as one of the medium-size cities in the developed world with an excellent and well patronised public transport system. One of their 'secrets to success' was a sustained program of both [[Integrated Multimodal Network Planning]], and also [[Public Transport Prioritisation]] by ensuring trams had as much continuous travel at intersections as possible.

This public transport system is extensively discussed for example in the book ''Transport for Suburbia: Beyond the Automobile Age'' (see below).

== Interwiki links ==

* [[Wikipedia:Zurich]]

== External links ==

* http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Transport_for_Suburbia.html - See especially Chapter 8.

Andy Nash also has some excellent resources here:
* Nash, A & Sylvia, R, 2001, ''Implementation of Zurich's Transit Priority Program'', Mineta Transportation Institute, http://www.andynash.com/nash-publications/Nash2001-Zurich-PT-MTI-01-13.pdf
* http://busmeister.wikispaces.com/city_zurich
* http://www.andynash.com/zrh-pages/anZRHhome.html

[[Category:Green living]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Public transport]]
[[Category:Stubs]]

Integrated Multimodal Network Planning

PatSunter — Fri, 19 Apr 2013 08:54:18 GMT

PatSunter: moved Integrated Multimodal Network Planning to Integrated multimodal network planning: Changing capitalisation to comply with Appropedia best practices.

The concept of Integrated Multimodal Network Planning means that:

* Public transport networks should aim to provide a good level of service to access an entire urban region, not just a city center;
* The key to a good system is well-organised, legible routes with fast, effective and easy interchanges between services;
* Different routes must be planned to complement each other - not compete (which usually means having a regulatory authority with strategic planning responsibility and authority over the network);
* The mechanism for allowing quick transfers between lines is to
* Ticketing systems for the network should support easy transfers between lines, and treat all modes (eg train, tram or light rail, bus) the same as far as possible.

The concept has been developed by public transport developers and researchers progressively over several decades. A particularly good examples of it in practice pointed to by relevant experts is [[Zurich]], in Switzerland. Even in countries with high level of individual car ownership, cities providing a fast and integrated public transport network, such as [[Vancouver]] and [[Toronto]], have also found public transport to be a much more effective option and better patronised than in other comparable cities.

Coupled with [[Public Transport Prioritisation]] measures and traffic-calming of automobiles, public transport integrated network planning can be an important step towards a more balanced and hopefully environmental sustainable transport system in urban regions.

== Tools and Indicators compatible with this concept ==

Several computer GIS tools, including those based on [[Open Source]] software, can support understanding and improving a city's transit network compatible with this goal of an integrated network, such as [[Travel Time Maps]]. See [[Open Source GIS-T Public Transport Tools Review]] for more.

== See Also ==

* The Open Source Sustainable Transport Informatics Platform [[OSSTIP]] Project.

== External Links ==

* "HiTrans Best Practice Guides 2: Public Transport - Planning the Networks", (http://www.civitas.no/pdf/HiTrans2PublicTransportPlanningThe%20Networks.pdf) lead-authored by Gustav Nielsen - explains the integrated multimodal network planning concept, provides detailed examples, and tools for supporting this;
* "Network Design for Public Transport Success: Theory and Examples", by Gustav Nielsen and Truls Lange, (presented at the 2010 Thredbo Transport conference) : http://www.thredbo-conference-series.org/downloads/thredbo10_papers/thredbo10-themeE-Nielsen-Lange.pdf
* The book "Transport for Suburbia: Beyond the Automobile Age", by Dr Paul Mees (http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Transport_for_Suburbia.html)
* The blog http://www.humantransit.org provides many good articles compatible with this network planning goal.

[[Category:Green living]]
[[Category:Sustainable cities]]
[[Category:Transport]]
[[Category:Public transport]]

Glossary of sustainability terms

Joeturner — Wed, 17 Apr 2013 16:43:51 GMT

Chriswaterguy: /* H */ link hitchhiking

[[File:Sustainable development and hierarchy of needs.png|thumb|upright=2.0|[[Sustainable development|Sustainable tools]]
<ref name=Adams>Adams, W.M. (2006). [http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_future_of_sustanability.pdf "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century."] Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006. Retrieved on: 2009-07-25.</ref> to meet fundamental human needs.{{w|Maslow's hierarchy of needs}}]]

This is a '''glossary of terms used in sustainability'''.

Sustainability is expressed as meeting present environmental, social, and economic needs without compromising these factors for future generations.<ref name=Adams /><ref>United Nations General Assembly (1987) [http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm ''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future'']. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 - Development and International Co-operation: Environment. Retrieved on: 2009-02-15.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm |title=''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future''; Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 - Development and International Co-operation: Environment; Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development; Paragraph 1 |author=United Nations General Assembly |date=March 20, 1987 |work= |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>. These are some of the terms used with brief descriptions.

{{main|Portal:Sustainability}}
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==0-9==
*'''100-year flood{{w|100-year_flood}}''' – a flood with 1 in 100 chance of occurring in any given year (used as a safety requirement for the construction industry.)
*'''20/30/10 standard''' - 20 mg/l Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), 30 mg/l Suspended Solids (SS), 10 units of E. coli: the water quality standard for greywater use in toilets, laundry and surface irrigation.

*'''"20-20-20" term''' - EU's ambition to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 20% by the year 2020 and at the same time produce 20% of its energy requirements by renewable energies on its own territory
*'''3Rs''' - (sustainability) reduce, reuse, recycle. <ref>
[http://www.nrdc.org/thisgreenlife/0802.asp http://www.nrdc.org/thisgreenlife/0802.asp]
</ref> see [[Wikipedia:Waste hierarchy]]

*'''4Rs''' - (sustainability) reduce, reuse, recycle, recover (energy)<ref>
[http://www.iisd.org/business/tools/bt_4r.aspx http://www.iisd.org/business/tools/bt_4r.aspx]
</ref>. Sometimes also "renew,"<ref>
[http://the4rsramblings.blogspot.co.uk/ http://the4rsramblings.blogspot.co.uk/]
</ref> or "rot"<ref>
[http://www.cvsan.org/content/4rs-reduce-reuse-recycle-rot http://www.cvsan.org/content/4rs-reduce-reuse-recycle-rot]
</ref> (as in [[composting]] and making [[biogas]]). see [[Wikipedia:Waste hierarchy]]
*'''5Rs''' - (sustainability) reduce, remanufacture, reuse, recycle, recover. Or refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, restore <ref>
[http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=355512684965&oid=308529782735 http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=355512684965&oid=308529782735]
</ref>. Or a bunch of other words beginning with R<ref>
[http://www.sierraclubgreenhome.com/co2-carbon-dioxide-center/the-3rs-and-beyond/ http://www.sierraclubgreenhome.com/co2-carbon-dioxide-center/the-3rs-and-beyond/]
</ref>. see [[Wikipedia:Waste hierarchy]]

==A==
*'''[[AT]]''' - abbreviation used for [[appropriate technology]] or [[alternative technology]]
*'''abiotic'''{{w|abiotic}} - non-living chemical and physical factors of the environment (see also biotic){{w|biotic component}}.
*'''absorption pit'''{{w|soakaway}} (soakaway) – a hole dug in permeable ground and filled with broken stones or granular material and usually covered with earth allowing collected water to soak into the ground.
*'''absorption'''{{w|absorption (chemistry)}} - one substance taking in another, either physically or chemically.

*'''abundance'''- in economics contributes to resilience and is an essential component of thrivability. Important when considering post-scarcity. see [[Wikipedia:Post-scarcity economy]]
*'''acclimation'''{{w|acclimation}} - the process of an organism adjusting to chronic change in its environment.
*'''acid'''{{w|acid}} - a substance which reacts with a base, in liquid form has a pH below 7. see [[Wikipedia:pH]]
*'''acid mine drainage'''{{w|acid mine drainage}} - the outflow of acidic water from [[metal]] [[mining|mines]] or [[coal]] mines.
*'''[[acid rain]]''' - rain or other forms of precipitation that is unusually acidic.

*'''acre'''{{w|acre}} - an area of land containing 43,560 square feet in any shape; also, the equivalent of a square 209 feet on a side, a circle with a radius of 117.75 feet, approximately 1.5 football fields, 10 square chains, 160 square rods, or 4,480 square yards.
*'''adaptation'''{{w|adaption}} - a characteristic of an organism that has been favoured by natural selection.
*'''adaptive radiation'''{{w|adaptive radiation}} - closely related species that look very different, as a result of having adapted to widely different ecological niches.
*'''adsorption''' {{w|adsorption}} - one substance taking up another at its surface.
*'''aerobic''' {{w|aerobic organism}} - requiring air or oxygen; used in reference to decomposition processes that occur in the presence of oxygen.
*'''aerosols''' {{w|aerosols}} - solid or liquid particles suspended within the atmosphere.
*'''affluenza'''{{w|affluenza}} - as defined in the book of the same name<ref>Hamilton, C. & Denniss, R. (2005). ''Affluenza: when too much is never enough.'' Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, Sydney.</ref> 1. the bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses. 2. an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the Australian dream. 3. an unsustainable addiction to economic growth. The traditional Western environmentally unfriendly high consumption life-style: a play on the words affluence and influenza cf. froogle, freegan.
*'''afforestation''' {{w|afforestation}} - planting new forests on lands that have not been recently forested.
*'''[[agroforestry]]''' - (sustainability) an ecologically based farming system, that, through the integration of trees in farms, increases social, environmental and economic benefits to land users.
*'''[[air pollution]]''' - the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent.
*'''[[albedo]]''' - reflectance; the ratio of light from the Sun that is reflected by the Earth's surface, to the light received by it. Unreflected light is converted to infrared radiation (heat), which causes atmospheric warming (see "radiative forcing"). Thus, surfaces with a high albedo, like snow and ice, generally contribute to cooling, whereas surfaces with a low albedo, like forests, generally contribute to warming. Changes in land use that significantly alter the characteristics of land surfaces can alter the albedo.
*'''algal bloom''' {{w|algal bloom}} - the rapid and excessive growth of algae; generally caused by high nutrient levels combined with other favourable conditions. Blooms can deoxygenate the water leading to the loss of wildlife.
*'''alien species'''{{w|alien species}} - see [[Wikipedia:introduced species]].
*'''alloy''' {{w|alloy}} - composite blend of materials made under special conditions. Metal alloys like brass and bronze are well known but there are also many plastic alloys.
*'''[[alternative fuels]]''' - fuels like ethanol and compressed natural gas that produce fewer emissions than the traditional fossil fuels.
*'''[[anaerobic digestion]]''' - the biological degradation of organic materials in the absence of oxygen to yield methane gas (that may be combusted to produce energy) and stabilised organic residues (that may be used as a soil additive).
*'''anaerobic respiration''' {{w|anaerobic respiration}} - not requiring air or oxygen; used in reference to decomposition processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
*'''ancient forest''' {{w|ancient forest}} - see old growth forest{{w|old growth forest}}.
*'''anoxic''' {{w|Hypoxia (environmental)}} - - with abnormally low levels of oxygen.
*'''anthropogenic''' {{w|human impact on the environment}} - man-made, not natural.
*'''anthroposophy''' {w|anthroposophy}} - spiritual philosophy based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner (25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) which postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development - more specifically through cultivating conscientiously a form of thinking independent of sensory experience. Steiner was the initiator of biodynamic gardening.
*'''application efficiency''' - (sustainability) the efficiency of watering after losses due to runoff, leaching, evaporation, wind etc.

*'''appropriate living''' - the principles of [[Context|appropriateness]] (as expressed in [[appropriate technology]]) applied to everyday questions of [[green living]].
*'''appropriated carrying capacity''' - another name for the Ecological Footprint, but often used in referring to the imported ecological capacity of goods from overseas.
*'''[[aquaculture]]''' - the cultivation of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions.
*'''aquifer''' {{w|aquifer}} – a bed or layer yielding water for wells and springs etc.; an underground geological formation capable of receiving, storing and transmitting large quantities of water. Aquifer types include: confined (sealed and possibly containing “fossil” water); unconfined (capable of receiving inflow); and Artesian (an aquifer in which the hydraulic pressure will cause the water to rise above the upper confining layer).
*'''arable land''' {{w|arable land}} - land that can be used for growing crops.

*'''arcologies''' {{w|archology}} - a set of architectural design principles for enormous habitats (hyperstructures) of extremely high human population density, popularized by architect Paolo Soleri. see [[wikipedia:Paolo Soleri]]
*'''atmosphere''' {{w|atmosphere}} – general name for the layer of gases around a material body; the Earth's atmosphere consists, from the ground up, of the troposphere (which includes the planetary boundary layer or peplosphere, the lowest layer), stratosphere, mesosphere, ionosphere (or thermosphere), exosphere and magnetosphere.
*'''autotroph''' {{w|autotroph}} - an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
*'''available water capacity''' {{w|available water capacity}} – that proportion of soil water that can be readily absorbed by plant roots.
*'''avoidance''' – (sustainability) the first step in the waste hierarchy{{w|waste heirarchy}} where waste generation is prevented (avoided).

==B==
*'''backflow''' - movement of water back to source e.g. contaminated water in a plumbing system.
*'''baffle'''{{w|baffle}} - (landscape design) an obstruction to trap debris in drainage water.
*'''bagasse'''{{w|bagasse}} - the fibrous residue of sugar cane milling used as a fuel to produce steam in sugar mills.
*'''[[baseload power]]''' - the steady and reliable supply of energy through the grid. This is punctuated by bursts of higher demand known as “peak-load”. Supply companies must be able to respond instantly to extreme variation in demand and supply, especially during extreme conditions. Gas generators can react quickly while coal is slow but provides the steady "baseload". Renewable energies are generally not available on demand in this way.

*'''base of the pyramid''' {{w|base of the pyramid}} - the largest, but poorest socio-economic group. In global terms, this is the four billion people who live on less than $2 per day, typically in developing countries - often referred to as the "Bottom of the Pyramid" or just the "BoP".<ref>
[http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/node/589 see http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/node/589 for example of usage]
</ref> see [http://cts.vresp.com/c/?eClips/44a243cde6/c3428893ad/60c91acb12/id=15&tab=TabPodcastsPage this podcast on BoP]
*'''batters''' - (landscape design) the slope of earthworks such as drainage channels.
*'''best practice'''{{w|best practice}} - a process, technique, or innovative use of technology, equipment or resources or other measurable factors that have a proven record of success.
*'''bioaccumulation'''{{w|bioaccumulation}} - the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of a living organism.
*'''biocapacity'''{{w|biocapacity}} - a measure of the biological productivity of an area. This may depend on natural conditions or human inputs like farming and forestry practices; the area needed to support the consumption of a defined population.
*'''biocoenosis''' {{w|biocoenosis}} (alternatively, '''biocoenose ''' or '''biocenose ''') – all the interacting organisms living together in a specific habitat (or biotope).
*'''[[biodegradable waste|biodegradable]]'''{{w|biodegradable}} - capable of being decomposed through the action of organisms, especially bacteria.
*'''[[biodiversity]]''' - the variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations; includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity.
*'''bioelement''' - an element required by a living organism.
*'''[[bioenergy]]''' - used in different senses: in its most narrow sense it is a synonym for biofuel, fuel derived from biological sources. In its broader sense it encompasses also biomass, the biological material used as a biofuel, as well as the social, economic, scientific and technical fields associated with using biological sources for energy.
*'''[[biofuel]]''' - the fuel produced by the chemical and/or biological processing of biomass. Biofuel will either be a solid (e.g. charcoal), liquid (e.g. ethanol) or gas (e.g. methane).
*'''[[biogas]]''' - landfill gas and sewage gas, also called biomass gas.
*'''biogeochemical cycle'''{{w|biochemical cycle}} - a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic ("bio-") and abiotic ("geo-") parts of an ecosystem.
*'''biogeochemical cycles'''{{w|biochemical cycles}} - the movement of chemical elements between organisms and non-living components of the atmosphere, aquatic systems and soils.
*'''biological oxygen demand'''{{w|biological oxygen demand}} (BOD) - a chemical procedure for determining how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water.
*'''biological pest control'''{{w|biological pest control}} - a method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) that relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.
*'''biological productivity''' - (bioproductivity) the capacity of a given area to produce biomass; different ecosystems (i.e. pasture, forest, etc.) will have different levels of bioproductivity. Biological productivity is determined by dividing the total biological production (how much is grown and living) by the total area available.
*'''biologically productive land''' - is land that is fertile enough to support forests, agriculture and / or animal life. All of the biologically productive land of a country comprises its biological capacity. Arable land is typically the most productive area.
*'''[[biomass]]''' - the materials derived from photosynthesis (fossilised materials may or may not be included) such as forest, agricultural crops, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, and municipal and industrial wastes; the quantity of organic material present in unit area at a particular time mostly expressed as tons of dry matter per unit area; organic matter that can be used as fuel.
*'''biome'''{{w|biome}} - a climatic and geographically defined area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, often referred to as ecosystems.
*'''biophysical'''{{w|biophysical}} - the living and non-living components and processes of the ecosphere. Biophysical measurements of nature quantify the ecosphere in physical units such as cubic metres, kilograms or joules.
*'''bioregion'''{{w|bioregion}} - (ecoregion) an area comprising a natural ecological community and bounded by natural borders.
*'''bioremediation'''{{w|bioremediation}} - a process using organisms to remove or neutralise contaminants (e.g. petrol), mostly in soil or water.
*'''biosolids'''{{w|biosolids}} - nutrient-rich organic materials derived from wastewater solids (sewage sludge) that have been stabilised through processing.
*'''biosphere'''{{w|biosphere}} - the part of the Earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform.
*'''biosphere'''{{w|biosphere}} - the zone of air, land and water at the surface of the earth that is occupied by living organisms; the combination of all ecosystems on Earth and maintained by the energy of the Sun; the interface between the hydrosphere, geosphere and atmosphere.
*'''biotic potential''' {{w|biotic potential}} - the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum environmental conditions.
*'''biotic''' {{w|biotic component}} - relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms. (see also abiotic{{w|abiotic}}).
*'''birth rate'''{{w|birth rate}} - number of people born as a percentage of the total population in any given period of time; number of live births per 1000 people.
*'''[[blackwater]]''' - household wastewater that contains solid waste i.e. toilet discharge.
*'''bluewater''' - collectible water from rainfall; the water that falls on roofs and hard surfaces usually flowing into rivers and the sea and recharging the ground water. In nature the global average proportion of total rainfall that is blue water is about 40%. Blue water productivity in the garden can be increased by improving irrigation techniques, soil water storage, moderating the climate, using garden design and water-conserving plantings; also safe use of grey water.
*'''boreal'''{{W|boreal ecosystem}} - northern; cold temperate Northern Hemisphere forests that grow where there is a mean annual temperature < 0°C.

*'''bottom up approach''' - the piecing together of systems to give rise to grander systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception. This strategy often resembles a "seed" model, whereby the beginnings are small but eventually grow in complexity and completeness. However, "organic strategies" may result in a tangle of elements and subsystems, developed in isolation and subject to local optimization as opposed to meeting a global purpose. Contrast with a top down approach.
*'''broad-acre farm''' - commercial farm covering a large area; usually a mixed farm in dryland conditions.
*'''Brundtland Commission Report''' - a UN report, Our Common Future, published in 1987 and dealing with sustainable development and the policies required to achieve it, which the report characterizes as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

*'''busway'''{{w|Bus_rapid_transit}} - high-capacity bus [[transit]] systems. These became the poster child of affordable, efficient and sustainable public transport systems thanks to the success of [[Curitiba transportation]]. This has been emulated elsewhere, with varying degrees of success. The system in [[Jakarta]] has been plagued with problems, notably a greatly delayed rollout and inadequate capacity, resulting in delays and crowding. The design of the bus stations raises safety concerns, especially at many bus stops where passengers wait at open doors above the busy roadway, with no safety barrier.

==C==
*'''C3 & C4 plants'''{{w|C3 & C4 plants}} – C4 plants comprise about 5% of all plants, are most abundant in hot and arid conditions, and include crops like sugar cane and soybeans. During photosynthesis they form molecules with 4-carbon atoms and saturate at the given level of CO2. C3 plants, the other 95%, photosynthesise to form 3 carbon molecules and increase photosynthesis with as CO2 levels increase.
*'''calorie{{w|calorie}}''' – a basic measure of energy that has been replaced by the SI unit the joule; in physics it approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C which is about 4.184 joules. The Calories in food ratings (spelled with a capital C) and nutrition are ‘big C’ Calories or kcal.
*'''calorific value{{w|calorific value}}''' – the energy content of a fuel measured as the heat released on complete combustion.
*'''cancer{{w|cancer}}''' – a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastatic (spread to other locations in the body).
*'''capillary action{{w|capillary action}}''' (wicking) – water drawn through a medium by surface tension.
*'''car pooling{{w|car pooling}}''' – giving people lifts to help reduce emissions and traffic.
*'''carbon budget{{w|carbon budget}}''' – a measure of carbon inputs and outputs for a particular activity.
*'''[[carbon credit]]''' – a market-driven way of reducing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions; it allows an agent to benefit financially from an emission reduction. There are two forms of carbon credit, those that are part of national and international trade and those that are purchased by individuals. Internationally, to achieve Kyoto Protocol objectives, ‘caps’ (limits) on participating country’s emissions are established. To meet these limits countries, in turn, set ‘caps’ (allowances or credits: 1 convertible and transferable credit = 1 metric tonne of {{CO2}}-e emissions) for operators. Operators that meet the agreed ‘caps’ can then sell unused credits to operators who exceed ‘caps’. Operators can then choose the most cost-effective way of reducing emissions. Individual carbon credits would operate in a similar way cf. carbon offset.
*'''carbon cycle{{w|carbon cycle}}''' – the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
*'''Carbon Dioxide Equivalent{{w|Carbon Dioxide Equivalent}}''' ({{CO2}}e ) – the unit used to measure the impacts of releasing (or avoiding the release of) the seven different greenhouse gases; it is obtained by multiplying the mass of the greenhouse gas by its global warming potential. For example, this would be 21 for methane and 310 for nitrous oxide. 1 Ton of NH3 contributes 23 times as much as 1 ton of CO2, hence 1 ton of NH3 is equivalent to 23 CO2e, or 1 NH3=23 CO2e.
 
*'''[[carbon dioxide]]''' – a gas with the chemical formula {{CO2}}; the most abundant greenhouse gas emitted from fossil fuels.
*'''carbon equivalent{{w|carbon equivalent}}''' (C-e) – obtained by multiplying the {{CO2}}-e by the factor 12/44.
*'''[[carbon footprint]]''' – a measure of the carbon emissions that are emitted over the full life cycle of a product or service and usually expressed as grams of {{CO2}}-e.
*'''carbon labelling{{w|Carbon emission label}}''' – use of product labels that display greenhouse emissions associated with goods (www.carbontrustcertification.com for product carbon footprint methodology).
*'''carbon neutral{{w|carbon neutral}}''' – activities where net carbon inputs and outputs are the same. For example, assuming a constant amount of vegetation on the planet, burning wood will add carbon to the atmosphere in the short term but this carbon will cycle back into new plant growth.
*'''carbon pool{{w|carbon pool}}''' – a storage reservoir of carbon.
*'''carbon sink{{w|carbon sink}}''' – any carbon storage system that causes a net removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
*'''carbon source{{w|carbon source}}''' – opposite of carbon sink; a net source of carbon for the atmosphere.
*'''carbon stocks{{w|carbon stocks}}''' – the quantity of carbon held within a carbon pool at a specified time.
*'''carbon taxes{{w|carbon taxes}}''' – a surcharge on fossil fuels that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
*'''carcinogen{{w|carcinogen}}''' – a substance, radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of cancer or in the facilitation of its propagation.
*'''carrying capacity{{w|carrying capacity}}''' – the maximum population that an ecosystem can sustain cf. biocapacity.
*'''catchment area{{w|Drainage basin}}''' – the area that is the source of water for a water supply whether a dam or rainwater tank.
*'''cell{{w|Cell (biology)}}''' – (biology) the structural and functional unit of all known living organisms and is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living
*'''CFC{{w|Chlorofluorocarbon}}''' – chlorofluorocarbon. CFCs are potent greenhouse gases which are not regulated by the Kyoto Protocol since they are covered by the Montreal Protocol.
*'''chlorinated hydrocarbon{{w|chlorinated hydrocarbon}}''' – see organochloride{{w|organochloride}}
*'''chlorofluorocarbons{{w|chlorofluorocarbon}}''' – one of the more widely known family of haloalkanes{{w|haloalkane}}.
*'''circular metabolism{{w|circular metabolism}}''' – a system in which wastes, especially water and materials, are reused and recycled cf. linear metabolism.
*'''Class A pan{{w|Class A pan}}''' – (water management) an open pan used as a standard for measuring water evaporation.
*'''cleaner production{{w|cleaner production}}''' – the continual effort to prevent pollution, reduce the use of energy, water and material resources and minimise waste – all without reducing production capacity.
*'''clearcutting {{w|clearcutting}}''' – a forestry or logging practice in which most or all trees in a forest sector are felled.
*'''[[climate change]]''' – a change in weather over time and/or region; usually relating to changes in temperature, wind patterns and rainfall; although may be natural or anthropogenic, common discourse carries the assumption that climate change is anthropogenic.
*'''[[climate]]''' – the general variations of weather in a region over long periods of time; the "average weather" cf. weather.

*'''coercion''' - process of making participants engage with a process by force rather than by convincing argument and education. Amartya Sen{{w|Amartya Sen}} contrasts China's use of coercion in tackling issues such as birthrate with Kerala's participatory approach which has been at least successful in terms of those particular outcomes.
*'''[[cogeneration]]''' – the simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat from the combustion of the same fuel source.
*'''[[cohousing]]''' – clusters of houses having shared dining halls and other spaces, encouraging stronger social ties while reducing the material and energy needs of the community.
*'''coir{{w|coir}}''' – fibre of the coconut.
*'''commercial and industrial waste{{w|commercial and industrial waste}}''' – (waste management) solid waste generated by the business sector as well as that created by State and Federal government, schools and tertiary institutions. Does not include that from the construction and demolition industry.
*'''commingled materials{{w|commingled materials}}''' – (waste management) materials mixed together, such as plastic bottles, glass, and metal containers. Commingled recyclable materials require sorting after collection before they can be recycled.

*'''commune'''{{w|commune}} - an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work and income.
*'''Comparative Risk Assessment{{w|Comparative Risk Assessment}}''' – a methodology which uses science, policy, economic analysis and stakeholder participation to identify and address areas of greatest environmental risk; a method for assessing environmental management priorities. The US EPA ([http://www.epa.gov/seahome/comprisk.html www.epa.gov/seahome/comprisk.html]) offers free software which contains the history and methodology of comparative risk, as well as many case studies.
*'''compensation point{{w|compensation point}}''' – the point where the amount of energy produced by photosynthesis equals the amount of energy released by respiration.
*'''[[compost]]''' – the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic matter.
*'''[[composting]]''' – the biological decomposition of organic materials in the presence of oxygen that yields carbon dioxide, heat, and stabilised organic residues that may be used as a soil additive.
*'''confined aquifer{{w|confined aquifer}}''' – aquifers that have the water table above their upper boundary and are typically found below unconfined aquifers.

*'''conflict resolution'''{{w|conflict resolution}} - the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict.
*'''conspicuous consumption{{w|conspicuous consumption}}''' – the lavish spending on goods and services that are acquired mainly for the purpose of displaying income or wealth rather than to satisfy basic needs of the consumer.
*'''construction and demolition waste{{w|construction and demolition waste}}''' – (waste management) includes waste from residential, civil, and commercial construction and demolition activities, such as fill material (e.g. soil), asphalt, bricks and timber. C&D waste excludes construction waste which is included in the municipal waste stream. C&D waste does not generally include waste from the commercial and industrial waste stream.
*'''consumer democracy{{w|consumer democracy}}''' – using your economic capacity to promote your values.
*'''consumer{{w|consumer}}''' – organism, human being, or industry that maintains itself by transforming a high-quality energy source into a lower one cf. Producer, primary production.
*'''consumption (ecology){{w|consumption (ecology)}}''' – the use of resources by a living system, the inflow and degradation of energy that is used for system activity.
*'''consumption (economics){{w|consumption (economics)}}''' – part of disposable income (income after taxes paid and payments received) that is not saved, essentially the goods and services used by households; this includes purchased commodities at the household level (such as food, clothing, and utilities), the goods and services paid for by government (such as defence, education, social services and health care), and the resources consumed by businesses to increase their assets (such as business equipment and housing).
*'''contour ploughing{{w|contour ploughing}}''' (contour farming) – the farming practice of plowing across a slope following its contours. The rows formed have the effect of slowing water run-off during rainstorms so that the soil is not washed away and allows the water to percolate into the soil.
*'''controlled burning{{w|controlled burning}}''' – a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.
*'''Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species{{w|Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species}}''' (CITES) – International agreement among 167 governments aiming to ensure that cross-border trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need (see: http://www.cites.org)
*'''Corporate Social Responsibility{{w|Corporate Social Responsibility}}''' – integration of social and environmental policies into day-to-day corporate business.
*'''covenants{{w|Covenant (law)}}''' – formal agreements or contracts, often between government and industry sectors. The national packaging covenant and sustainability covenants are examples of voluntary covenants with a regulatory underpinning. Land covenants protect land for wildlife into the future.
*'''crop coefficient{{w|crop coefficient}}''' (Kc) – (water management) a variable used to calculate the evapotranspiration of a plant crop based on that of a reference crop.
*'''crop evapotranspiration{{w|crop evapotranspiration}}''' (ETc) – (water management) is the crop water use – the daily water withdrawal.
*'''[[crop rotation]]''' (crop sequencing) – the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same space in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped.
*'''crude oil{{w|crude oil}}''' – naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons under normal temperature and pressure.
*'''cullet{{w|cullet}}''' – crushed glass that is suitable for recycling by glass manufacturers.
*'''cultural eutrophication{{w|cultural eutrophication}}''' - the process that speeds up natural eutrophication because of human activity.
*'''cultural services{{w|cultural services}}''' – the non-material benefits of ecosystems including refreshment, spiritual enrichment, knowledge, artistic satisfaction.
*'''culture jamming{{w|culture jamming}}''' – altering existing mass media to criticise itself (e.g. defacing advertisements with an alternative message). Public activism opposing commercialism as little more than propaganda for established interests, and the attempt to find alternative expression.
*'''culvert{{w|culvert}}''' – drain that passes under a road or pathway, may be a pipe or other conduit.
*'''cut and fill{{w|cut and fill}}''' – removing earth from one place to another, usually mechanically.
*'''cyanobacteria{{w|cyanobacteria}}''' (Cyanophyta or blue-green algae) – a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
*'''cyclone{{w|cyclone}}''' – intense low pressure weather systems; mid-latitude cyclones are atmospheric circulations that rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and are generally associated with stronger winds, unsettled conditions, cloudiness and rainfall. Tropical cyclones (which are called hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere) cause storm surges in coastal areas.

==D==
*'''[[DDT]]''' - a chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a pesticide that is a persistent organic pollutant{{w|persistent organic pollutant}}.
*'''debt-for-Nature Swap{{w|debt-for-Nature Swap}}''' - a financial transaction in which a portion of a developing nation's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in conservation measures.
*'''decomposers{{w|decomposers}}''' – consumers, mostly microbial, that change dead organic matter into minerals and heat.
*'''[[deforestation]]''' - the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for agriculture, urban use, development, or wasteland.
*'''dematerialisation{{w|Dematerialization}}''' – decreasing the consumption of materials and resources while maintaining quality of life.
*'''[[desalination]]''' producing potable or recyclable water by removing salts from salty or brackish water. This is done by three methods: distillation/freezing; reverse osmosis using membranes and electrodialysis; ion exchange. At present, all these methods are energy intensive.
*'''desert{{w|desert}}''' – an area that receives an average annual precipitation of less than 250mm rain per year or an area in which more water is lost than falls as precipitation.
*'''[[desertification]]''' - the degradation of land in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various climatic variations, but primarily from human activities.
*'''detritivore{{w|detritivore}}''' (detritus feeder) - animals and plants that consume detritus (decomposing organic material), and in doing so contribute to decomposition and the recycling of nutrients.
*'''detritus{{w|detritus}}''' - non-living particulate organic material (as opposed to dissolved organic material).
*'''[[developing countries]]''' – development of a country is measured using a mix of economic factors (income per capita, GDP, degree of modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), degree of industrialisation, proportion of economy devoted to agriculture and natural resource extraction) and social factors (life expectancy, the rate of literacy, poverty). The UN-produced Human Development Index (HDI) is a compound indicator of the above statistics. There is a strong correlation between low income and high population growth, both within and between countries. In developing countries, there is low per capita income, widespread poverty, and low capital formation. In developed countries there is continuous economic growth and a relatively high standard of living. The term is value-laden and prescriptive, as it implies a natural transition from "undeveloped" to "developed" when such transitions can instead be imposed. Although poverty and physical deprivation are clearly undesirable, it does not follow that it is therefore desirable for "undeveloped" economies to move towards affluent Western-style "developed" free market economies. The terms "industrialised" and "non-industrialised" are no different in this assumption.
*'''dfE{{w|dfE}}''' – design for the environment; dfE considers 'cradle to grave' costs and benefits associated with material acquisition, manufacture, use, and disposal.
*'''dfM{{w|dfM}}''' – design for manufacturing; designing products in such a way that they are easy to manufacture.
*'''dfS{{w|dfS}}''' – design for sustainability; an integrated design approach aiming to achieve both environmental quality and economic efficiency through the redesign of industrial systems.
*'''dfX{{w|dfX}}''' – design for assembly/disassembly, re-use. recycle.
*'''dieback{{w|Forest dieback}}''' – (arboriculture) a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed, either by parasites or due to conditions such as acid rain.
*'''dietary energy supply{{w|dietary energy supply}}''' – food available for human consumption, usually expressed in kilocalories per person per day.
*'''dioxin{{w|Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds}}''' - any one of a number of chemical compounds that are persistent organic pollutants{{w|persistent organic pollutant}} and are carcinogenic{{w|carcinogenic}}.
*'''distributed water{{w|distributed water}}''' – (water management) purchased water supplied to a user; this is usually through a reticulated mains system (but also through pipes and open channels, irrigation systems supplied to farms).
*'''diversion rate{{w|diversion rate}}''' – (waste disposal) the proportion of a potentially recyclable material that has been diverted out of the waste disposal stream and therefore not directed to landfill.
*'''divertible resource{{w|divertible resource}}''' – (water management) the proportion of water runoff and recharge that can be accessed for human use.
*'''downcycling{{w|downcycling}}''' – (waste management) recycling in which the quality of an item is diminished with each recycling.
*'''downstream{{w|downstream (manufacturing)}}''' – those processes occurring after a particular activity e.g. the transport of a manufactured product from a factory to the wholesale or retail outlet cf. upstream.

*'''do no harm''' {{w|First,_do_no_harm}} - the Hippocratic oath 'first do no harm' sworn by doctors, but it has other important applications. In international development and crisis relief, for example, NGOs and aid agencies can potentially do serious damage. see [[Good intentions, disastrous outcomes]]<ref>
[http://www.cdainc.com/cdawww/project_profile.php?pid=DNH&pname=Do%20No%20Harm http://www.cdainc.com/cdawww/project_profile.php?pid=DNH&pname=Do%20No%20Harm]
</ref>
*'''drainage{{w|drainage}}''' – (water management) that part of irrigation or rainfall that runs off an area or is lost to deep percolation.
*'''drawdown{{w|drawdown (hydrology)}}''' – (water management) drop in water level, generally applied to wells or bores.
*'''dredging{{w|dredging}}''' - (water management) the repositioning of soil from an aquatic environment, using specialized equipment, in order to initiate infrastructural and/or ecological improvements.
*'''drift net{{w|drift net}}''' - a type of fishing net used in oceans, coastal seas and freshwater lakes.
*'''drinking water{{w|drinking water}}''' – (potable water) – water fit for human consumption in accordance with World Health Organisation guidelines.
*'''[[drip irrigation]]''' – (water management) a drip hose placed near the plant roots so minimising deep percolation and evaporation.
*'''driver{{w|driver (ecology)}}''' – (ecology) any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. A direct driver is one that unequivocally influences ecosystem processes and that can be measured.
*'''drop-off centre{{w|drop-off centre}}''' – (waste management) a location where discarded materials can be left for recycling.
*'''[[drought]]''' – an acute water shortage relative to availability, supply and demand in a particular region. An extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.
*'''dryland salinity{{w|dryland salinity}}''' - (water management) accumulation of salts in soils, soil water and ground water; may be natural or induced by land clearing

==E==
*'''eco-{{w|eco-}}''' - a prefix now added to many words indicating a general consideration for the environment e.g. ecohousing, ecolabel, ecomaterial.
*'''eco-asset{{w|eco-asset}}''' – a biological asset that provides financial value to private land owners when they are maintained in or restored to their natural state.
*'''ecolabel{{w|ecolabel}}''' - seal or logo indicating a product has met a certain environmental or social standards.
*'''ecological deficit{{w|ecological deficit}}''' - of a country or region measures the amount by which its Ecological Footprint exceeds the ecological capacity of that region.
*'''Ecological Footprint{{w|Ecological Footprint}}''' (Eco-footprint, Footprint)– a measure of the area of biologically productive land and water needed to produce the resources and absorb the wastes of a population using the prevailing technology and resource management schemes; a measure of the consumption of renewable natural resources by a human population, be it that of a country, a region or the whole world given as the total area of productive land or sea required to produce all the crops, meat, seafood, wood and fibre it consumes, to sustain its energy consumption and to give space for its infrastructure.
*'''ecological niche{{w|ecological niche}}''' - the habitat of a species or population within its ecosystem.
*'''ecological succession{{w|ecological succession}}''' - the more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community with time.
*'''ecological sustainability{{w|ecological sustainability}}''' - the capacity of ecosystems to maintain their essential processes and function and to retain their biological diversity without impoverishment.
*'''ecologically sustainable development{{w|ecologically sustainable development}}''' - using, conserving and enhancing the human community's resources so that ecological processes, on which all life depends, can be maintained and enriched into the future.
*'''[[ecology]]''' - the scientific study of living organisms and their relationships to one another and their environment; the scientific study of the processes regulating the distribution and abundance of organisms; the study of the design of ecosystem structure and function.
*'''externality{{w|externality}}''' – a cost or benefit that are not borne by the producer or supplier of a good or service. In many environmental situations environmental deterioration may be caused by a few while the cost is borne by the community; examples would include overfishing, pollution (e.g. production of greenhouse emissions that are not compensated for in any way by taxes etc.), the environmental cost of land-clearing etc.
*'''ecoregion{{w|ecoregion}}''' - (bioregion) the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath "realm" or "ecozone{{w|ecozone}}".
*'''ecosystem boundary{{w|ecosystem boundary}}''' – the spatial delimitation{{w|delimitation}} of an ecosystem usually based on discontinuities of organisms and the physical environment.
*'''ecosystem services{{w|ecosystem services}}''' - the role played by organisms, without charge, in creating a healthy environment for human beings, from production of oxygen to soil formation, maintenance of water quality and much more. These services are now generally divided into four groups, supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural.
*'''ecosystem{{w|ecosystem}}''' - a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment all interacting as a functional unit.
*'''e-cycling{{w|e-cycling}}''' – recycling electronic waste.
*'''effective rainfall{{w|effective rainfall}}''' – the volume of rainfall passing into the soil; that part of rainfall available for plant use after runoff, leaching, evaporation and foliage interception.
*'''energy efficiency{{w|efficient energy use}}''' - using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.

*'''effluent{{w|effluent}}''' - a discharge or emission of liquid, gas or other waste product.
*'''El Niño''' - a warm water current which periodically flows southwards along the coast of Ecuador and Peru in South America, replacing the usually cold northwards flowing current; occurs once every five to seven years, usually during the Christmas season (the name refers to the Christ child); the opposite phase of an El Niño is called a La Niña.
*'''[[embodied energy]]''' - the energy expended over the entire life cycle of a good or service cf. emergy.
*'''emergent property{{w|emergent property}}''' – a property that is not evident in the individual components of an object or system.
*'''emergy{{w|emergy}}''' – “energy memory” all the available energy that was used in the work of making a product directly and indirectly, expressed in units of one type of available energy (work previously done to provide a product or service); the energy of one type required to make energy of another.
*'''emission standard{{w|emission standard}}''' - a level of emissions that, under law, may not be exceeded.
*'''emissions intensity{{w|emissions intensity}}''' – emissions expressed as quantity per monetary unit.
*'''[[emissions trading]]''' – see carbon trading.
*'''emissions{{w|Exhaust gas}}''' - substances such as gases or particles discharged into the atmosphere as a result of natural processes of human activities, including those from chimneys, elevated point sources, and tailpipes of motor vehicles.
*'''[[endangered species]]''' – a species which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in number, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters.
*'''energetics{{w|energetics}}''' – the study of how energy flows within an ecosystem: the routes it takes, rates of flow, where it is stored and how it is used.
*'''[[energy]]''' - a property of all systems which can be turned into heat and measured in heat units.
: * ''available energy'' – energy with the potential to do work (exergy);
: * ''delivered energy'' – energy delivered to and used by a household, usually gas and electricity;
: * ''direct energy'' - the energy being currently used, used mostly at home (delivered energy) and for fuels used mainly for transport;
: * ''embodied energy'' - t the energy expended over the entire life cycle of a good or service OR the energy involved in the extraction of basic materials, processing/manufacture, transport and disposal of a product OR the energy required to provide a good or service;
: * ''geothermal energy'' – heat emitted from within the Earth’s crust as hot water or steam and used to generate electricity after transformation;
: * ''hydro energy'' – potential and kinetic energy of water used to generate electricity;
: * ''indirect energy'' – the energy generated in, and accounted for, by the wider economy as a consequence of an agent’s actions or demands;
: * ''kinetic energy'' - the energy possessed by a body because of its motion;
: * ''nuclear energy'' - energy released by reactions within atomic nuclei, as in nuclear fission or fusion (also called atomic energy);
: * ''operational energy'' – the energy used in carrying out a particular operation;
: * ''potential energy'' – the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or condition e.g. coiled springs and charged batteries have potential energy;
: * ''primary energy'' – forms of energy obtained directly from nature, the energy in raw fuels(electricity from the grid is not primary energy), used mostly in energy statistics when compiling energy balances;
: * ''solar energy'' – solar radiation used for hot water production and electricity generation (does not include passive solar energy to heat and cool buildings etc.);
: * ''secondary energy'' – primary energies are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient secondary forms such as electrical energy and cleaner fuels;
: * ''stationary energy'' – that energy that is other than transport fuels and fugitive emissions, used mostly for production of electricity but also for manufacturing and processing and in agriculture, fisheries etc.;
: * ''tidal/ocean/wave energy''– mechanical energy from water movement used to generate electricity;
: * ''useful energy'' – available energy used to increase system production and efficiency;
: * ''wind energy'' – kinetic energy of wind used for electricity generation using turbines

*'''energy accounting{{w|energy accounting}}''' – measuring value by the energy input required for a good or service. A form of accounting that builds in a measure of our impact on nature (rather than being restricted to human-based items).
*'''energy audit''' - a systematic gathering and analysis of energy use information that can be used to determine energy efficiency improvements. The Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 3598:2000 Energy Audits defines three levels of audit.
*'''Energy Footprint{{w|Energy Footprint}}''' - the area required to provide or absorb the waste from coal, oil, gas, fuelwood, nuclear energy and hydropower: the Fossil Fuel Footprint is the area required to sequester the emitted {{CO2}} taking into account {{CO2}} absorption by the sea etc.
*'''energy management{{w|energy demand management}}''' - A program of well-planned actions aimed at reducing energy use, recurrent energy costs, and detrimental greenhouse gas emissions.
*'''energy recovery{{w|energy recovery}}''' – the productive extraction of energy, usually electricity or heat, from waste or materials that would otherwise have gone to landfill.
*'''energy-for-land ratio{{w|energy-for-land ratio}}''' - the amount of energy that can be produced per hectare of ecologically productive land. The units used are gigajoules per hectare and year, or GJ/ha/yr. For fossil fuel (calculated as {{CO2}} assimilation) the ratio is 100 GJ/ha/yr.
*'''enhanced greenhouse effect{{w|enhanced greenhouse effect}}''' - the increase in the natural greenhouse effect resulting from increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases due to emissions from human activities.
*'''ENSO{{w|ENSO}}''' (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) a suite of events that occur at the time of an El Niño; at one extreme of the cycle, when the central Pacific Ocean is warm and the atmospheric pressure over Australia is relatively high, the ENSO causes drought conditions over eastern Australia cf. El Niño, Southern Oscillation.
*'''environment''' - the external conditions, resources, stimuli etc. with which an organism interacts.
*'''environmental flows{{w|environmental flows}}''' - river or creek water flows that are allocated for the maintenance of the waterway ecosystems.
*'''environmental indicator{{w|environmental indicator}}''' - physical, chemical, biological or socio-economic measure that can be used to assess natural resources and environmental quality.
*'''environmental movement{{w|environmental movement}}''' (environmentalism) - both the conservation and green movements; a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights.
*'''environmental science{{w|environmental science}}''' - the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.
*'''epidemiology{{w|epidemiology}}''' - the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine.
*'''[[erosion]]''' - displacement of solids (sediment, soil, rock and other particles) usually by the agents of currents such as, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms.
*'''''Escherichia coli{{w|Escherichia coli}}''''' (''E. coli'') – a bacterium used as an indicator of faecal contamination and potential disease organisms in water.
*'''estuary{{w|estuary}}''' - a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
*'''ethical consumerism{{w|ethical consumerism}}''' - buying things that are made ethically i.e. without harm to or exploitation of humans, animals or the natural environment. This generally entails favoring products and businesses that take account of the greater good in their operations.
*'''ethical living{{w|ethical living}}''' – adopting lifestyles, consumption and shopping habits that minimise our negative impact, and maximise our positive impact on people, the environment and the economy cf. consumer democracy, sustainable living.
*'''[[eutrophication]]''' - the enrichment of waterbodies with nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, which stimulates the growth of aquatic organisms.
*'''[[eutrophication]]''' - an increase in chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus, in an ecosystem.
*'''euxenic{{w|euxenic}}''' - with extremely low oxygen cf. anoxic.
*'''evaporation{{w|evaporation}}''' – water converted to water vapour.
*'''evapotranspiration{{w|evapotranspiration}}''' (ET) – the water evaporating from the soil and transpired by plants.
*'''e-waste{{w|e-waste}}''' - electronic waste, especially mobile phones, televisions and personal computers.
*'''extended producer responsibility{{w|extended producer responsibility}}''' (EPR) (product take-back) - a requirement (often in law) that producers take back and accept responsibility for the responsible disposal of their products; this encourages the design of products that can be easily repaired, recycled, reused or upgraded.
*'''external water footprint{{w|external water footprint}}''' – the embodied water of imported goods cf. internal water footprint.
*'''externality{{w|externality}}''' – (environmental economics) by-products of activities that affect the well-being of people or damage the environment, where those impacts are not reflected in market prices. The costs (or benefits) associated with externalities do not enter standard cost accounting schemes. The environment is often cited as a negatively affected externality of the economy (see economic externality).
*'''extinction event{{w|extinction event}}''' - (mass extinction, extinction-level event, ELE) - a sharp decrease in the number of species in a relatively short period of time.
*'''extinction{{w|extinction}}''' - the cessation of existence of a species or group of taxa, reducing biodiversity.

==F==

*'''family planning{{w|family planning}}''' - the planning of when to have children,and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans.
*'''feedback{{w|feedback}}''' – flow from the products of an action back to interact with the action.
*'''feedlot{{w|feedlot}}''' (feedyard) - a type of Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) (also known as "factory farming") which is used for finishing livestock, notably beef cattle, prior to slaughter.
*'''fertigate{{w|fertigate}}''' – apply fertiliser through an irrigation system.
*'''fertility rate{{w|fertility rate}}''' - number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 44 years cf. birth rate, mortality rate.
*'''[[fertilizers]]''' (also spelled fertilisers) - compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves.
*'''flyway{{w|flyway}}''' - the flight paths used in bird migration. Flyways generally span over continents and often oceans.

*'''food co-op'''{{w|Food_co-op}} - food distribution outlet organized as a cooperative - for example the Oklahoma food co-op<ref>
[http://www.oklahomafood.coop/ http://www.oklahomafood.coop/]
</ref>
*'''food chain{{w|food chain}}''' (food webs, food networks and/or trophic networks) - the feeding relationships between species within an ecosystem{{w|ecosystem}}.

*'''food desert{{w|food desert}}''' - are places that are not served by grocery stores, often because they are lower class areas, and therefore not profitable. The residents often don’t have access to transport. They are ideal settings for urban farms.
*'''[[food miles]]''' - the emissions produced and resources needed to transport food and drink around the globe.
*'''[[food security]]''' - food produced in sufficient quantity to meet the full requirements of all people i.e. total global food supply equals the total global demand. For households it is the ability to purchase or produce the food they need for a healthy and active life (disposable income is a crucial issue). Women are typically gatekeepers of household food security. For national food security, the focus is on sufficient food for all people in a nation and it entails a combination of national production, imports and exports. Food security always has components of production, access and utilisation.
*'''Footprint{{w|Ecological footprint}}''' – (Ecological Footprint) in a very general environmental sense a "footprint" is a measure of environmental impact. However, this is usually expressed as an area of productive land (the footprint) needed to counteract the impact.
*'''forage{{w|forage}}''' - the plant material (mainly plant leaves) eaten by grazing animals.
*'''[[forest]]''' – land with a canopy cover greater than 30%.
*'''[[fossil fuel]]''' - any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as coal, oil and natural gas (produces carbon dioxide when burnt); fuels formed from once-living organisms that have become fossilized over geological time.
*'''fossil water{{w|fossil water}}''' – groundwater that has remained in an aquifer for thousands or millions of years; when geologic changes seal the aquifer preventing further replenishment, the water becomes trapped inside and is then referred to as fossil water. Fossil water is a limited resource and can only be used once.
*'''freegan{{w|freegan}}'''<ref>[http://www.freegan.info] Freegan web site</ref> - a person using alternative strategies for living based on limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption of resources. Freegans embrace community, generosity, social concern, freedom, cooperation, and sharing - in opposition to materialism, moral apathy, competition, conformity, and greed. The most notorious freegan strategy is "urban foraging" or "[[dumpster diving]]{{w|dumpster diving}}". This technique involves rummaging through the garbage of retailers, residences, offices, and other facilities for useful goods. The word freegan is compounded from "free" and "vegan". cf. affluenza, froogle.
*'''freon{{w|freon}}''' - DuPont's trade name for its odourless, colorless, nonflammable, and noncorrosive chlorofluorocarbon{{w|chlorofluorocarbon}} and hydrochlorofluorocarbon{{w|hydrochlorofluorocarbon}} refrigerants, which are used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems Fair trade - a guarantee that a fair price is paid to producers of goods or services; it includes a range of other social and environmental standards including safety standards and the right to form unions.
*'''freshwater{{w|freshwater}}''' - water containing no significant amounts of salt; potable water suitable for all normal uses cf. potable water.
*'''front{{w|Weather front}}''' – (weather) the boundary between warm (high pressure) and cold (low pressure) air masses.
*'''froogle{{w|froogle}}'''<ref>[http://www.freecycle.org] freegan web site</ref><ref>Levine, J. (2004). Not buying it: my year without shopping. Amazon.com</ref> - a play on the word frugal; people who lead low-consumption life-styles: a person who is part of a new movement towards self-sufficiency and waste-reduction achieved by bartering goods and services especially through the internet, making their own products, soap, clothes, and breeding chickens and goats, growing their own food, baking their own bread, harvesting their own water and energy, and helping to develop a sense of community. Sometimes referring to people who have made a resolution to only buy essentials for a particular period of time cf. freegan, affluenza.
*'''fugitive emissions{{w|fugitive emissions}}''' - in the context of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, these are greenhouse gases emitted from fuel production itself including, processing, transmission, storage and distribution processes, and including emissions from oil and natural gas exploration, venting, and flaring, as well as the mining of black coal.
*'''full-cost pricing{{w|full-cost pricing}}''' - the pricing of commercial goods—such as electric power—that includes not only the private costs of inputs, but also the costs of the externalities required by their production and use cf. externality.

==G==
*'''G8{{w|G8}}''' - The Group of Eight is an international forum for the world's major industrialised democracies that emerged following the 1973 oil crisis and subsequent global recession. It includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US which represents about 65% of the world economy.
*'''Gaia hypothesis{{w|Gaia hypothesis}}''' - an ecological [[hypothesis{{w|hypothesis}} that proposes that living and nonliving parts of the earth are a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism{{w|organism}}.
*'''gene pool{{w|gene pool}}''' - the complete set of unique alleles{{w|allele}} in a species or population.
*'''Generalist and specialist species|generalist species{{w|Generalist and specialist species}}''' - those able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
*'''gene{{w|gene}}''' - a locatable region of genomic sequence{{w|genomic sequence}}, corresponding to a unit of [[inheritance{{w|inheritance}}, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions.
*'''genetic diversity{{w|genetic diversity}}''' - one of the three levels of [[biodiversity{{w|biodiversity}} that refers to the total number of genetic characteristics.
*'''[[greenhouse effect]]''' - the process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.
*'''[[greenhouse gas]]''' - components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect{{w|greenhouse effect}}.
*'''[[green manure]]''' - a type of cover crop grown primarily to add nutrients and organic matter to the soil.
*'''Green Revolution{{w|Green Revolution}}''' - the ongoing transformation of [[agriculture{{w|agriculture}} that led in some places to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s.
*'''[[groundwater]]''' - water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formation.
*'''garden organics{{w|garden organics}}''' - organics derived from garden sources e.g. prunings, grass clippings.
*'''genetic engineering{{w|genetic engineering}}''' - the use of various experimental techniques to produce molecules of DNA containing new genes or novel combinations of genes, usually for insertion into a host cell for cloning; the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism; the modification of genetic material by man that would otherwise be subject to the forces of nature only.
*'''genome{{w|genome}}''' – the total genetic composition of an organism<ref>[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Genetic_engineering] on-line dictionary for genetic engineering</ref>
*'''geosphere{{w|geosphere}}''' - the solid part of planet Earth, the main divisions being the crust, mantle, and liquid core. The lithosphere is the part of the geosphere that consists of the crust and upper mantle.
*'''[[geothermal]]''' energy - energy derived from the natural heat of the earth contained in hot rocks, hot water, hot brine or steam.
*'''global acres{{w|global acres}}''' see global hectares.
*'''global dimming{{w|global dimming}}''' – a reduction in the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth due to light diffusion as a result of air pollution and increasing levels of cloud. A phenomenon of the last 30–50 years.
*'''economic globalization{{w|economic globalization}}''' - the emerging international economy characterized by free trade in goods and services, unrestricted capital flows and more limited national powers to control domestic economies.
*'''global hectares{{w|global hectares}}''' - acres/hectares that have been adjusted according to world average biomass productivity so that they can be compared meaningfully across regions; 1 global hectare is 1 hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity.
*'''global warming potential{{w|global warming potential}}''' - a system of multipliers devised to enable warming effects of different gases to be compared.
*'''[[global warming]]''' – the observable increase in global temperatures considered mainly caused by the human induced enhanced greenhouse effect trapping the Sun’s heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
*'''globalisation{{w|globalisation}}''' – the expansion of interactions to a global or worldwide scale; the increasing interdependence, integration and interaction among people and organisations from around the world. A mix of economic, social, technological, cultural, and political interrelationships.
*'''glyphosate{{w|glyphosate}}''' – the active ingredient in the herbicide RoundupTM.
*'''[[governance]]''' – the decision-making procedure; who makes decisions, how they are made, and with what information. The structures and processes for collective decision-making involving governmental and non-governmental actors.<ref>Nye, J.S. & Donohue, J. (eds) 2000. Governance in a globalizing world. Brookings Institution, Washington.</ref>
*'''green architecture{{w|green architecture}}''' - building design that moves towards self-sufficiency sustainability by adopting circular metabolism.
*'''[[green design]]''' - environmentally sustainable design.
*'''[[green power]]''' - Electricity generated from clean, renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, biomass and hydro power) and supplied through the grid.
*'''green products{{w|green products}}''' and services - products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose. Green products or services may include, but are not limited to, those which contain recycled content, reduce waste, conserve energy or water, use less packaging, and reduce the amount of toxics disposed or consumed.
*'''green purchasing{{w|green purchasing}}''' - purchasing goods and services that minimise impacts on the environment and that are socially just.
*'''Green Star (Australia)|Green Star{{w|Green Star (Australia)}}''' – a voluntary building rating for green design covering 9 impact categories up to 6 stars which equals world leader.
*'''green waste{{w|green waste}}''' (green organic material or green organics, sometimes referred to as "green wealth") - plant material discarded as non-putrescible waste - includess tree and shrub cuttings and prunings, grass clippings, leaves, natural (untreated) timber waste and weeds (noxious or otherwise).
*'''[[green]]''' – (sustainability) like ‘eco’ - a word frequently used to indicate consideration for the environment e.g. green plumbers, green purchasing etc., sometimes used as a noun e.g. the Greens.
*'''[[greenhouse effect]]''' - the insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about {{convert|60|°F|°C|abbr=on}} warmer than it would be otherwise cf. enhanced greenhouse effect.
*'''[[greenhouse gases]]''' - any gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect; gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and from human activity, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. Water vapor (H2O) is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are a natural part of the atmosphere and include carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}), methane (CH4, persisting 9-15 yrs with a greenhouse warming potential (GWP) 22 times that of {{CO2}}), nitrous oxide (N2O persists 120 years and has a GWP of 310), ozone (O3),hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.
*'''greenlash{{w|greenlash}}''' – dramatic changes in the structure and dynamic behaviour of ecosystems.
*'''[[greenwash|greenwashing]]''' - companies that portray themselves as environmentally friendly when their business practices do not back this up. Generally applies to excessive use of green marketing{{w|green marketing}} and packaging when this does not take account of the total ecological footprint.
*'''greenwater{{w|greenwater}}''' – water replenishing soil moisture, evaporating from soil, plant and other surfaces, and transpired by plants. In nature the global average amount of rainfall becoming green water is about 60%. Of the green water about 55% falls on forests, 25% on grasslands and about 20% on crops. We can increase green water productivity by rainwater harvesting, increased infiltration and runoff collection. Green water cannot be piped or drunk (cannot be sold) and is therefore generally ignored by water management authorities but it is crucial to plants in both nature and agriculture and needs careful management as an important part of the global water cycle.
*'''[[greywater]]''' – household waste water that has not come into contact with toilet waste; includes water from baths, showers, bathrooms, washing machines, laundry and kitchen sinks.
*'''gross primary productivity{{w|gross primary productivity}}''' - total carbon assimilation.
*'''[[groundwater]]''' – water found below the surface – usually in porous rocks, or soil, or in underground aquifers.
*'''growth{{w|growth (disambiguation)}}''' – increase in size, weight, power etc.

==H==
*'''habitat{{w|habitat}}''' - an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species.
*'''hard waste{{w|hard waste}}''' - household garbage which is not normally accepted into rubbish bins by local councils, e.g. old stoves, mattresses.
*'''[[heat]]'''– energy derived from the motion of molecules; a form of energy into which all other forms of energy may be degraded.

*'''hectare''' - 1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 square metres = (100 metres)² 2.47 U.S. survey acres 107,639 square feet
*'''herbicide{{w|herbicide}}''' – a chemical the kills or inhibits growth of a plant.
*'''herbivory{{w|herbivory}}''' - predation in which an organism known as an herbivore, consumes principally [[autotroph]]s{{w|autotroph}} such as plants, algae and photosynthesizing bacteria.
*'''heterotroph{{w|heterotroph}}''' (chemoorganotrophy) - an organism that requires organic substrates to obtain its carbon for growth and development.
*'''hierarchy{{w|hierarchy}}''' – an organisation of parts in which control from the top (generally with few parts), proceeds through a series of levels (ranks) to the bottom (generally of many parts) cf. heterarchy.
*'''high density polyethylene{{w|high density polyethylene}}''' (HDPE) - A member of the polyethylene family of plastics and is used to make products such as milk bottles, pipes and shopping bags. HDPE may be coloured or opaque.

*'''[[hitchhiking]]''' (also called lifting or thumbing) - a form of transport, in which the traveller tries to get a lift (ride) from another traveller, usually a car or truck driver. It's a more sustainable form of transport than driving your own car, but it still requires people to drive cars in general. see [http://hitchwiki.org/ http://hitchwiki.org/]
*'''homoclime{{w|homoclime}}''' – a region with the same climate as the one under investigation.
*'''horsepower{{w|horsepower}}''' (hp) = 745.7 watts.
*'''homeostasis{{w|homeostasis}}''' - the property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, that regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
*'''Horton overland flow{{w|Horton overland flow}}''' - the tendency of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded [[infiltration capacity{{w|infiltration capacity}} and [[depression storage capacity{{w|depression storage capacity}}.
*'''house energy{{w|house energy}}''' rating - an assessment of the energy efficiency of residential house or unit designs using a 5 star scale.
*'''household metabolism{{w|household metabolism}}''' - the passage of food, energy, water, goods, and waste through the household unit in a similar way to the metabolic activity of an organism cf. industrial metabolism.
*'''[[humus]]''' - organic material in soil lending it a bark brown or black colouration.
*'''human equivalent{{w|human equivalent}}''' (He) - the approximate human daily energy requirement of 12,500 kJ or its approximate energy generating capacity at basal metabolic rate which is equivalent to about 80 watts (3.47222kWh/day). A 100 watt light bulb therefore runs at 1.25 He.
*'''[[humus]]''' – semi-persistent organic matter in the soil that can no longer be recognised as tissue.
*'''hydrocarbons{{w|hydrocarbons}}''' - chemicals made up of carbon and hydrogen that are found in raw materials such as petroleum, coal and natural gas, and derived products such as plastics.
*'''[[hydroelectric power]]''' - the electrical power generated using the power of falling water.
*'''hydrological cycle{{w|hydrological cycle}}''' (water cycle) - the natural cycle of water from evaporation, transpiration in the atmosphere, condensation (rain and snow), and flows back to the ocean (e.g. rivers).
*'''hydrosphere{{w|hydrosphere}}''' - all the Earth's water; this would include water found in the sea, streams, lakes and other waterbodies, the soil, groundwater, and in the air.

==I==

*'''if it's yellow, let it mellow; if it is brown, flush it down''' - saying to promote reduced toilet flushing and [[water conservation]]. This is good advice in American toilets with their high water levels, but in so-called "European-style toilets" (also used in Australia and other countries) this leads to a higher concentration of urine, and an unpleasant smell if left. However, modern European-style toilets have a half-flush, suitable for use with urine. see also [[ultra light flush]]
*'''incineration{{w|incineration}}''' - combustion (by chemical oxidation) of waste material to treat or dispose of that waste material.
*'''indicator species{{w|indicator species}}''' - any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment.
*'''[[industrial agriculture]]''' - a form of modern farming that involves industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops.
*'''Industrial Revolution{{w|Industrial Revolution}}''' - a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions.
*'''infiltration (hydrology){{w|infiltration (hydrology)}}''' – movement of water below topsoil to the plant roots and below.
*'''Infiltration (hydrology){{w|Infiltration (hydrology)}}''' - the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
*'''indicators{{w|Environmental indicator}}'''– quantitative markers for monitoring progress towards desired goals.
*'''[[industrial ecology]]''' (term int. Harry Zvi Evan 1973) - the observation that nature produces no waste and therefore provides an example of sustainable waste management. Natural Capitalism espouses industrial ecology as one of its four pillars together with energy conservation, material conservation, and redefinition of commodity markets and product stewardship in terms of a service economy. Publications:<ref>Journal of Industrial Ecology (since 1997)</ref><ref>International Society for Industrial Ecology (since 2001)</ref><ref>Progress in Industrial Ecology (since 2004)</ref>

*'''insectiary''' - areas staffed with those types of plants which will attract beneficial insects. Insectiaries must provide food, water, shelter and space to grow new bugs. Forage might be introduced for direct insect consumption or for prey, also for nesting etc. Also may include watercourses, pebbles etc.
*'''insecticide{{w|insecticide}}''' - a pesticide used to control insects in all developmental forms.
*'''[[Integrated Pest Management]]''' (IPM) - a pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and the strategic use of pesticides.
*'''[[intercropping]]''' - the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time.
*'''in-stream{{w|in-stream}}''' use - the use of freshwater where it occurs, usually within a river or stream: it includes hydroelectricity, recreation, tourism, scientific and cultural uses, ecosystem maintenance, and dilution of waste.
*'''[[integrated pest management]]''' (IPM) – pest management that attempts to minimise chemical use by using several pest control options in combination. The goal of IPM is not to eliminate all pests but to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels; an ecologically based pest control strategy that relies heavily on natural mortality factors and seeks out control tactics that disrupt these factors as little as possible.
*'''integrated product life-cycle management{{w|integrated product life-cycle management}}''' - management of all phases of goods and services to be environmentally friendly and sustainable.

*'''interdependence''' - idea that specialization and cooperation gives many benefits so individuals and communities that depend on others may be more sustainable than individuals or communities that depend only on themselves. [[Cities]] are places of interdependence - rural environments are the typical settings for proposed self-sufficient utopias but are not practical for current population levels. Cities with medium to high [[population density]] make [[transport]] more efficient and facilitate interaction, and enable people to more easily meet and collaborate. contrast with [[Self-sufficiency]]
*'''inter-generational equity{{w|inter-generational equity}}''' – the intention to leave the world in the best possible condition for future generations.
*'''[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]''' (IPCC) - the IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Programme to provide the scientific and technical foundation for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), primarily through the publication of periodic assessment reports.<ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</ref>
*'''internal water footprint{{w|internal water footprint}}''' – the water embodied in goods produced within a country (although these may be subsequently exported) cf. external water footprint.
*'''intrinsic value{{w|intrinsic theory of value}}''' – the value of something that is independent of its utility.
*'''irrigation index{{w|irrigation index}}''' – an efficiency indicator showing degree of match between applied and used water. Ideal rating = 1, an Ii of 1.5 means an oversupply of water by 50%.
*'''irrigation scheduling{{w|irrigation scheduling}}''' – watering plants according to their needs.
*'''[[irrigation]]''' – watering of plants, no matter what system is used.
*'''ISO 14001{{w|ISO 14001}}'''- The international standard for companies seeking to certify their environmental management system. International Organisation for Strandardisation (ISO) 14001 standard was first published in 1996 specifying the requirements for an environmental management system in organization (companies and institutions) with the goal of minimizing harmful effects on the environment and the goal of continual improvement of environmental performance.

==J==
*'''joule{{w|joule}}''' (J)– the basic unit of energy; the equivalent of 1 watt of power radiated or dissipated for 1 second. Natural gas consumption is usually measured in megajoules (MJ), where 1 MJ = 1, 000,000 J. On large accounts it may be measured in gigajoules (GJ), where 1 GJ = 1 000,000,000 J.

==K==
*'''kerbside collection{{w|kerbside collection}}''' - collection of household recyclable materials (separated or co-mingled) that are left at the kerbside for collection by local council services.
*'''keystone species{{w|keystone species}}''' - a species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment relative to its abundance, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and help in determine the types and numbers of various others species in a community.
*'''Kyoto Protocol{{w|Kyoto Protocol}}''' - an international agreement adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. The Protocol sets binding emission targets for developed countries that would reduce their emissions on average 5.2 percent below 1990 levels.

==L==
*'''[[land use]]''', Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) - land uses and land-use changes can act either as sinks or as emission sources. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of global emissions result from LULUCF activities. The Kyoto Protocol allows parties to receive emissions credit for certain LULUCF activities that reduce net emissions.
*'''[[landfill]]'''- solid waste disposal in which refuse is buried between layers of soil, a method often used to reclaim low-lying ground; the word is sometimes used as a noun to refer to the waste itself.
*'''[[landfill gas]]''' – the gas emissions from biodegrading waste in landfill, including {{CO2}}, CH4, and small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen with traces of toluene, benzene and vinyl chloride.
*'''landfill levy{{w|landfill levy}}''' - levy applied at differential rates to municipal, commercial and industrial and prescribed wastes disposed to licensed landfills the levies used to foster the environmentally sustainable use of resources and best practice in waste management.
*'''landfill prohibition{{w|landfill prohibition}}''' - The banning of a certain material or product type from disposal to landfills. Occurs occasionally, for example, where a preferable waste management option is available.
*'''[[landfill]]''' (dump or tip and historically as a midden) - a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
*'''land use planning{{w|land use planning}}''' - a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical way.
*'''leaching{{w|Leaching (pedology)}}''' – the movement of chemical in the upper layers of soil into lower layers or into groundwater by being dissolved in water.
*'''lithosphere{{w|lithosphere}}''' - the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet.
considered ideal for gardening and agricultural uses.
*'''leachate{{w|leachate}}''' (waste) - the mixture of water and dissolved solids (possibly toxic) that accumulates as water passes through waste and collects at the bottom of a landfill site.
*'''leaf area index{{w|leaf area index}}''' (LAI) – the ratio of photosynthetic leaf area to ground area covered (optimal for photosynthesis = 3-5) . LAI is often optimised by shifts in leaf angle, a form of solar tracking.
*'''level{{w|level}}''' (scale, context or framework) – a context, frame of reference or degree of organisation within an integrated system. A level may or may not be spatially delimited.
*'''life cycle{{w|Product lifecycle (engineering)}}''' (of a product) - All stages of a product's development, from raw materials, manufacturing through to consumption and ultimate disposal.
*'''[[Life Cycle Analysis]]''' (LCA) - an objective process to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with a product, process, or activity. A means of identifying resource use and waste released to the environment, and to assess management options.
*'''life support systems{{w|life support systems}}''' - according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN), the biophysical processes "that sustain the productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal of lands, waters, and / or the biosphere as a whole."
*'''lilacwater{{w|lilacwater}}''' – recycled water that is unsuitable for drinking.
*'''linear low density polyethylene{{w|linear low density polyethylene}}''' - a member of the polyolefin family of plastics. It is a strong and flexible plastic and usually used in film for packaging, bags and for industrial products such as pressure pipe.
*'''linear metabolism{{w|linear metabolism}}''' - direct conversion of resources into wastes that are often sent directly to landfill
*'''loam{{w|loam}}''' - a soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively)
*'''locally existing capacity{{w|locally existing capacity}}''' - the total ecological production that is found within a country’s territories. It is usually expressed in hectares based on world average productivity.
*'''low density polyethylene{{w|low density polyethylene}}''' - A member of the polyolefin family of plastics. It is a flexible material and usually used as film for packaging or as bags.
*'''low entropy energy{{w|low entropy energy}}''' - to high-quality energy, or energy that is concentrated and available. Electricity is considered the energy carrier with the lowest entropy (i.e. highest quality) as it can be transformed into mechanical energy at efficiency rates well above 90%. In contrast, fossil fuel chemical energy can only be converted into mechanical energy at a typical efficiency rate of 25% (cars) to 50 percent (modern power plants). The chemical energy of biomass is of lower quality.

==M==
*'''magma{{w|magma}}''' - molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other terrestrial planet) that often collects in a magma chamber and is ejected by volcano's.
*'''[[manure]]''' - organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture.

*'''marine reserves'''{{w|marine reserves}} - area of the sea which has legal protection against fishing or development.<ref>
[http://www.youtube.com/user/tedtalksdirector#p/u/14/6ul2TSvUDog Enric Sala: Glimpses of a pristine ocean]
</ref>
*'''market benefits{{w|market benefits}}''' - benefits of a climate policy that can be measured in terms of avoided market impacts such as changes in resource productivity (e.g., lower agricultural yields, scarcer water resources) and damages to human-built environment (e.g., coastal flooding due to sea-level rise).
*'''material flow{{w|material flow}}''' – the cycling of materials, which is driven by the flow of energy.
*'''material identification{{w|material identification}}''' - words, numbers or symbols used to designate composition of components of a product or packaging. Note: a material identification symbol does not indicate whether an item can be recycled.
*'''materials recovery facility{{w|materials recovery facility}}''' (MRF) - a centre for the reception and transfer of materials recovered from the waste stream. At a MRF, materials are also sorted by type and treated (e.g. cleaned, compressed)
*'''Mauna Loa record{{w|Mauna Loa record}}''' - the record of measurement of atmospheric {{CO2}} concentrations taken at Mauna Loa Observatory, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, since March 1958. This record shows the continuing increase in average annual atmospheric {{CO2}} concentrations.
*'''maximum soil water deficit{{w|maximum soil water deficit}}''' – amount of water stored in the soil that is readily available to plants
*'''megadiverse countries{{w|megadiverse countries}}''' – The 17 countries that are home to the largest fraction of wild species (Australia is one such)
*'''microorganism{{w|microorganism}}''' – an organism visible only through a microscope.
*'''Middle East{{w|middle East}}'''– 15 countries - Bahrain, Islamic Rep. Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
*'''mobile garbage bin{{w|mobile garbage bin}}''' - A wheeled kerbside container for the collection of garbage or other materials.
*'''[[monoculture]]''' - the practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area.
*'''mortality rate{{w|mortality rate}}''' – generally understood as the total number of deaths per 1000 people of a given age group
*'''[[mulch]]''' - any composted or non-composted organic material, excluding plastic, that is suitable for placing on soil surfaces to restrict moisture loss from the soil and to provide a source of nutrients to the soil.
*'''municipal waste{{w|municipal waste}}''' - solid waste generated from domestic premises (garbage and hard waste) and council activities such as street sweeping, litter and street tree lopping. Also includes waste dropped at transfer stations and construction waste from owner/occupier renovations.

==N==
*'''National Packaging Covenant{{w|National Packaging Covenant}}''' - a self-regulatory agreement between packaging industries and government.
*'''natural{{w|natural}}'''- the existing air, water, land and energy resources from which all resources derive. Main functions include resource production (such as fish, timber or cereals), waste assimilation (such as {{CO2}} absorption, sewage decomposition), and life support services (UV protection, biodiversity, water cleansing, climate stability). The environmental services that must be maintained so that human development can be sustainable.
*'''natural capital{{w|natural capital}}''' - natural resources and ecological processes that are equivalent to financial capital{{w|financial capital}}.
*'''natural resources{{w|natural resources}}''' - naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form.
*'''natural selection{{w|natural selection}}''' - the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common.
*'''neighbourhood environment improvement plan{{w|neighbourhood environment improvement plan}}''' - plans developed by a local community including residents, special interest groups, local government, local industry and government agencies.
*'''nematocide{{w|nematocide}}''' – a chemical that kills [[nematode]]s.
*'''net primary production{{w|net primary production}}''' - the energy or biomass content of plant material that has accumulated in an ecosystem over a period of time through photosynthesis. It is the amount of energy left after subtracting the respiration of primary producers (mostly plants) from the total amount of solar energy that is fixed biologically; gross primary productivity minus respiratory losses (this is the carbon gain).
*'''nickel cadmium{{w|nickel cadmium}}''' batteries - batteries typically used in appliances such as power tools and mobile phones. Cadmium is a heavy metal that poses risk to human and ecosystem health.
*'''[[noise pollution]]''' (environmental noise) - displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or happiness of human or animal life.
*'''nonpoint source pollution{{w|nonpoint source pollution}}''' - water pollution affecting a water body from diffuse sources, rather than a point source which discharges to a water body at a single location.
*'''[[no-till farming]]''' - considered a kind of conservation tillage system and is sometimes called zero tillage.
*'''non-ferrous metals{{w|non-ferrous metals}}''' - those metals that contain little or no iron, e.g. copper, brass and bronze.
*'''Non Government Organisation{{w|Non Government Organisation}}''' (NGO) - A not-for-profit or community based organization.
*'''[[nutrients]]''' – chemicals required for the growth of organisms. Phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium are major plant nutrients but there are also many trace elements, elements that are needed in small quantities for the growing and developing of animal and plant life.

==O==
*'''Ocean acidification{{w|Ocean acidification}} - reduction in pH. Caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
*'''Oceania{{w|Oceania}}''' - the islands of the southern, western, and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Sometimes extended to encompass Australia, New Zealand, and Maritime Southeast Asia{{w|Maritime Southeast Asia}}.
*'''old growth forest{{w|old growth forest}}''' - an area of forest that has attained great age and so exhibits unique biological features.
*'''omnivore{{w|omnivore}}''' - a species of animal that eats both plants and animals as its primary food source.
*'''open-pit mining{{w|open-pit mining}}''' (opencast mining, open-cut mining) - a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.
*'''old growth forests{{w|old growth forests}}''' - forests dominated by mature trees and with little or no evidence of any disturbance such as logging, ground clearing and building.
*'''[[organic agriculture]]''' - a holistic production management system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilisers, pesticides and GM organisms, minimises pollution of air, soil and water, and optimises the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals and people.
*'''[[organic gardening]]''' – gardening that follows, in general principle, the philosophy of organic agriculture
*'''organic{{w|organic matter}}''' – derived from a living organism.
*'''organics{{w|organic matter}}''' - plant or animal matter originating from domestic or industrial sources, e.g. grass clippings, tree prunings, food waste.
*'''overshoot{{w|overshoot (ecology)}}'''- growth beyond an area’s carrying capacity; ecological deficit occurs when human consumption and waste production exceed the capacity of the Earth to create new resources and absorb waste. During overshoot, natural capital is being liquidated to support current use so the Earth's ability to support future life declines.

==P==
*'''pay-by-weight systems{{w|pay-by-weight systems}}''' - financial approaches to managing waste that charge prices according to the quantity of waste collected, rather than a price per pick-up or fixed annual charge, as typically applied to households for kerbside services. Pay-by-weight systems may provide an incentive to reduce waste generation.
*'''per capita consumption{{w|per capita consumption}}''' - the average amount of commodity used per person.
*'''pervious surface{{w|pervious surface}}''' – one which can be penetrated by air and water.
*'''[[pesticide]]''' - means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest. This includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit, and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2003).
*'''photosynthesis{{w|photosynthesis}}''' – the transformation of radiant energy to chemical energy by plants; the manufacture by plants of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The reaction is driven by energy from sunlight, catalysed by chlorophyll and releases oxygen as a byproduct. The capture of the Sun’s energy (primary production) to power all life on Earth (consumption).
*'''[[photovoltaic]]''' - the direct conversion of light into electricity
*'''phytoplankton{{w|phytoplankton}}'''– plant plankton cf. Plankton.
*'''plankton{{w|plankton}}''' – mostly microscopic animal and plant life suspended in water and a valuable food source for animals cf. Phytoplankton.
*'''plant quality{{w|plant quality}}''' - a standard of plant appearance or yield.
*'''[[plastic]]''' - One of many high-polymeric substances, including both natural and synthetic products, but excluding rubbers. At some stage in its manufacture every plastic is capable of flowing, under heat and pressure, if necessary, into the desired final shape.
*'''Polluter Pays Principle{{w|Polluter pays principle}}''' (PPP) - the principle that producers of pollution should in some way compensate others for the effects of their pollution.
*'''polyethylene terephthalate{{w|polyethylene terephthalate}}''' (PET) – a clear, tough, light and shatterproof type of plastic, used to make products such as soft drink bottles, film packaging and fabrics.
*'''polypropylene{{w|polypropylene}}''' (PP) - a member of the polyelofin family of plastics. PP is light, rigid and glossy and is used to make products such as washing machine agitators, clear film packaging, carpet fibres and housewares.
*'''polystyrene{{w|polystyrene}}''' (PS) - a member of the styrene family of plastics. PS is easy to mould and is used to make refrigerator and washing machine components. It can be foamed to make single use packaging, such as cups, meat and produce trays.
*'''polyvinyl chloride{{w|polyvinyl chloride}}''' (PVC) - a member of the vinyl family of plastics. PVC can be clear, flexible or rigid and is used to make products such as fruit juice bottles, credit cards, pipes and hoses.
*'''postconsumer material or waste{{w|postconsumer material or waste}}''' - material or product that has served its intended purpose and has been discarded for disposal or recovery. This includes returns of material from the distribution chain; waste that is collected and sorted after use; kerbside waste cf. pre-consumer waste.
*'''potable{{w|potable}}''' – safe to drink.
*'''power{{w|Power (physics)}}'''- the rate at which work is done; electrically, power = current x voltage (P = I V)
*'''Precautionary Principle{{w|Precautionary Principle}}''' – where there are threats of serious irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for introducing measures to prevent that degradation (Rio Declaration).
*'''precipitation{{w|Precipitation (meteorology)}}''' – (weather) any liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface; includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, ice crystals, ice pellets and ha
*'''preconsumer material or waste{{w|preconsumer material or waste}}''' - material diverted to the waste stream during a manufacturing process; waste from manufacture and production.
*'''pre-industrial{{w|pre-industrial}}''' - for the purposes of the IPCC this is defined as 1750.
*'''prescribed waste and prescribed industrial waste{{w|prescribed waste and prescribed industrial waste}}''' - Those wastes listed in the Environment Protection (Prescribed Waste) Regulations 1998 and subject to requirements under the industrial waste management policy 2000.Prescribed wastes carry special handling, storage, transport and often licensing requirements, and attract substantially higher disposal levies than non-prescribed solid wastes.
*'''primary productivity{{w|primary productivity}}''' - the fixation rate at which energy is fixed by plants.
*'''producer responsibility{{w|producer responsibility}}''' – the legal responsibilities of producers/manufacturers for the full life of their products.
*'''producer{{w|producer (ecology)}}''' – (ecology) a plant, that is able to produce its own food from inorganic substance; (energetics) an organism or process that generates concentrated energy from sunlight beyond its own needs.
*'''product stewardship{{w|product stewardship}}''' – the principle of shared responsibility by all sectors involved in the manufacture, distribution, use and disposal of products for the consequences of these activities; manufacturing responsibility extending to the entire life of the product.
*'''Product{{w|Product (business)}}''' – a thing produced by labour; mostly the material items we buy in shops; (ecology) the results of photosynthesis.
*'''productivity{{w|productivity}}''' (ecology) - the rate at which radiant energy is used by producers to form organic substances as food for consumers.
*'''provisioning services{{w|provisioning services}}''' – one of the major ecosystem services: the products obtained from ecosystems e.g. genetic resources, food, fibre and fresh water.
*'''pyrolysis{{w|pyrolysis}}''' - advanced thermal technology involving the thermal decomposition of organic compounds in the complete absence of oxygen under pressure and at elevated temperature.

==R==
*'''radiative forcing{{w|radiative forcing}}''' - changes in the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system in response to a change in factors such as greenhouse gases, land-use change, or solar radiation. Positive radiative forcing increases the temperature of the lower atmosphere, which in turn increases temperatures at the Earth's surface. Negative radiative forcing cools the lower atmosphere. Radiative forcing is most commonly measured in units of watts per square meter (W/m2).
*'''rain garden{{w|rain garden}}''' – an engineered area for the collection, infiltration and evapotranspiration of rainwater runoff, mostly from impervious surfaces; it reduces rain runoff by allowing stormwater to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm drains and surface waters which can cause erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater). They can also absorb water contaminants that would otherwise end up in water bodies. The terminology arose in Maryland, USA in 1990s as a more marketable expression for bioremediation.
*'''rainwater harvesting''' – collecting rainwater either in storages or the soil mostly close to where it falls; the attempt to increase rainwater productivity by storing it in pondages{{w|pondage}}, wetlands etc., and helping to avoid the need for infrastructure to bring water from elsewhere. Practiced on a large scale upstream this reduces available water downstream.
*'''rangeland{{w|rangeland}}''' – a region where grasing or browsing livestock is the main land use.
*'''raw materials{{w|raw materials}}''' - materials that are extracted from the ground and processed e.g. bauxite is processed into aluminium.
*'''reclaimed water{{w|reclaimed water}}''' - water taken from a waste (effluent) stream and purified to a level suitable for further use.
*'''recovered material{{w|recovered material}}''' – (waste) material that would have otherwise been disposed of as waste or used for energy recovery, but has instead been collected and recovered (reclaimed) as a material input thus avoiding the use of new primary materials.
*'''recovery rate{{w|recovery rate}}''' – (waste) the recovery rate is the percentage of materials consumed that is recovered for recycling.
*'''recyclables{{w|recyclables}}''' – strictly, all materials that may be recycled, but this may include the recyclable containers and paper/cardboard component of kerbside waste (excluding garden organics).
*'''recycled content{{w|recycled content}}''' - proportion, by mass, of recycled material in a product or packaging. Only pre-consumer and post-consumer materials are considered as recycled content.
*'''recycled material{{w|recycled material}}''' – see recovered material.
*'''[[recycled water]]''' – treated stormwater, greywater or blackwater suitable for uses like toilet flushing, irrigation, industry etc. It is non-drinking water and is indicated using a lilac non-drinking label.
*'''[[recycling]]''' - a wide range of activities, including collection, sorting, reprocessing and manufacture of products into new goods.
*'''[[recycling]]''' – (waste) changing the physical structure and properties of a waste material that would otherwise have been sent to landfill, in order to add financial value to the processed material, this may involve a range of technologies including composting, anaerobic digestion and energy from waste technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification and incineration.
*'''reforestation{{w|reforestation}}''' – the direct human conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding or promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was once forested but no longer so. According to the language of the Kyoto Protocol, for the first commitment period (2008–2012), reforestation activities are limited to reforestation occurring on lands that did not contain forest at the start of 1990; replanting of forests on lands that have recently been harvested.
*'''regulating services{{w|regulating services}}''' – (sustainability) the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes including, for example, the regulation of climate, water or disease.
*'''[[renewable energy]]''' - any source of energy that can be used without depleting its reserves. These sources include sunlight (solar energy) and other sources such as, wind, wave, biomass, geothermal and hydro energy.
*'''renewable energy certificates{{w|Renewable Energy Certificates}}''' - Market trading mechanisms created through the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 in connection with the commonwealth government's mandatory renewable energy target. The certificates provide a 'premium' revenue stream for electricity generated from renewable sources.
*'''residual waste{{w|residual waste}}''' – (waste) waste that remains after the separation of recyclable materials (including green waste).
*'''resource flow{{w|resource flow}}''' - the totality of changes in multiple resource stocks, or at least any pair of them, over a specified period of time
*'''resource intensity{{w|resource intensity}}''' – ratio of resource consumption relative to its economic or physical output; for example, litres of water used per dollar spent, or litres of water used per tonne of aluminium produced. At the national level, energy intensity is the ratio of total primary energy consumption of the country to either the gross domestic product, or the physical output (total goods produced).
*'''resource productivity{{w|resource productivity}}''' – the output obtained for a given resource input.
*'''resource recovery{{w|resource recovery}}''' – (waste) the process of obtaining matter or energy from discarded materials.
*'''resource stock{{w|resource stock}}''' - the total amount of a resource often related to resource flow (the amount of resources harvested or used per unit of time). To harvest a resource stock sustainably, the harvest must not exceed the net production of the stock. Stocks are measured in mass, volume, or energy and flows in mass, volume, or energy per unit of time.
*'''respiration{{w|respiration (physiology)}}''' – (biology) uptake by a living organism of oxygen from the air (or water) which is then used to oxidise organic matter or food. The outputs of this oxidation are usually {{CO2}} and H2O; the metabolic process by which organisms meet their internal energy needs and release {{CO2}}.
*'''retail therapy{{w|retail therapy}}''' – using shopping to obtain a ‘lift’ to make up for other things lacking in our lives.
*'''[[retrofit]]''' - to replace existing items with updated items.
*'''reuse{{w|reuse}}''' - the second pillar of the waste hierarchy - recovering value from a discarded resource without reprocessing or remanufacture e.g.clothes sold though opportunity shops strictly represent a form of re-use, rather than recycling
*'''risk{{w|risk}}''' – the probability of a (negative) occurrence.

==S==
*'''salinisation{{w|salinisation}}''' – (ecology) the process by which land becomes salt-affected.
*'''salinity{{w|salinity}}''' – (ecology) salt in water and soils, generally in the context of human activity such as clearing and planting for annual crops rather than perennial trees and shrubs. Can make soils infertile.
*'''scale{{w|Scale factor}}''' – the physical dimensions, in either space or time, of phenomena or events; cf. a level which may or may not have a scale.
*'''sectors{{w|sector (economics)}}''' – (economics) economic groupings used to generalise patterns of expenditure and use.
*'''sediment{{w|sediment}}''' – (ecology) soil or other particles that settle to the bottom of water bodies.
*'''self-organisation{{w|self-organisation}}''' – the process by which systems use energy to develop structure and organisation.
*'''sentinel indicator{{w|sentinel indicator}}''' – (ecology) an indicator that captures the essence of the process of change affecting a broad area of interest and which is also easily communicated.
*'''septic sewage{{w|septic sewage}}''' – sewage in which anaerobic respiration is taking place characterised by a blackish colour and smell of hydrogen sulphide.
*'''[[septic tank]]''' - a type of sedimentation tank in which the sludge is retained long enough for the organic content to undergo anaerobic digestion. Typically used for receiving the sewage from houses and other premises that are too isolated for connection to a sewer.
*'''sequestration{{w|CO2 sequestration}}''' – (global warming) the removal of carbon dioxide from the Earth's atmosphere and storage in a sink as when trees absorb {{CO2}} in photosynthesis and store it in their tissues.
*'''sewage'''- water and raw effluent disposed through toilets, kitchens and bathrooms. Includes water-borne wastes from domestic uses of water from households, or similar uses in trade or industry.
*'''sewer{{w|sanitary sewer}}''' - a pipe conveying sewage.
*'''sewerage{{w|sanitary sewer}}''' - a system of pipes and mechanical appliances for the collection and transportation of domestic and industrial sewages.
*'''sewerage system{{w|sewerage system}}''' – sewage system infrastructure: the network of pipes, pumping stations and treatment plants used to collect, transport, treat and discharge sewage.
*'''sewer-mining{{w|sewer-mining}}''' - tapping directly into a sewer (either before or after a sewage treatment plant) and extracting wastewater for treatment and use.
*'''shredder flock{{w|shredder flock}}''' - the residue from shredded car bodies, whitegoods and the like.
*'''[[simple living]]''' - a lifestyle individuals may pursue for a variety of motivations, such as spirituality, health, or ecology. Others may choose simple living for reasons of social justice or a rejection of consumerism. Some may emphasise an explicit rejection of "westernised values", while others choose to live more simply for reasons of personal taste, a sense of fairness or for personal economy. Simple living as a concept is distinguished from the simple lifestyles of those living in conditions of poverty in that its proponents are consciously choosing to not focus on wealth directly tied to money or cash-based economics.
*'''[[sinks]]''' - processes or places that remove or store gases, solutes or solids; any process, activity or mechanism that results in the net removal of greenhouse gases, aerosols, or precursors of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
*'''Slow Food{{w|slow Food}}''' – the slow food movement was founded in Italy in 1986 by Carlo Petrini as a response to the negative impact of multinational food industries. Slow Food is a counteracting force to Fast Food as it encourages using local seasonal produce, restoring time-honoured methods of production and preparation, and sharing food at communal tables. Slow Food encourages environmentally sustainable production, ethical treatment of animals and social justice. Gatherings of Slow Food supporters are called convivia and in September Victoria has 11 of these. Slow Food members seek to defend biodiversity in our food supply, to better appreciate how our lives can be improved by understanding the sensation of taste, and to celebrate the connection between plate and planet.
*'''sludge{{w|sludge}}''' - waste in a state between liquid and solid.
*'''sodicity{{w|sodicity}}''' – (ecology) a measure of the sodium content of soil. Sodic soils are dispersible and are thus vulnerable to erosion.
*'''sodification{{w|sodification}}''' - the build-up in soils of sodium relative to potassium and magnesium in the composition of the exchangeable cations of the clay fraction.
*'''soil acidification{{w|soil acidification}}''' - reduction in pH, usually in soil. Acidification can result in poorly structured or hard-setting topsoils that cannot support sufficient vegetation to prevent erosion.
*'''soil bulk density{{w|soil bulk density}}''' – the relative density of a soil measured by dividing the dry weight of a soil by its volume.
*''soil compaction{{w|soil compaction}}''' – the degree of compression of soil. Heavy compaction can impede plant growth.
*'''soil conditioner{{w|soil conditioner}}''' - any composted or non-composted material of organic origin that is produced or distributed for adding to soils, it includes 'soil amendment', 'soil additive', 'soil improver' and similar materials, but excludes polymers that do not biodegrade, such as plastics, rubbers, and coatings.
*'''soil moisture deficit{{w|soil moisture deficit}}''' – the volume of water needed to raise the soil water content of the root zone to field capacity.
*'''soil organic carbon{{w|soil organic carbon}}''' (SOC) – the total organic carbon of a soil exclusive of carbon from undecayed plant and animal residue.
*'''soil organic matter{{w|soil organic matter}}''' (SOM) – the organic fraction of the soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal residues.
*'''[[soil structure]]''' – the way soil particles are aggregated into aggregates or “crumbs”, important for the passage of air and water
*'''soil water storage{{w|soil water storage}}''' – total amount of water stored in the soil in the plant root zone.
*'''[[solar energy]]''' - the radiant energy of the Sun, which can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.
*'''[[solar power]]''' - electricity generated from solar radiation.
*'''solid industrial waste{{w|solid industrial waste}}''' - solid waste generated from commercial, industrial or trade activities, including waste from factories, offices, schools, universities, State and Federal government operations and commercial construction and demolition work. Excludes wastes that are prescribed under the Environment Protection Act 1970 and quarantine wastes.
*'''solid inert waste{{w|solid inert waste}}''' - hard waste and dry vegetative material and which as a negligible activity or effect on the environment, such as demolition material, concrete, bricks, plastic, glass, metals and shredded tyres.
*'''solid waste{{w|solid waste}}''' - non-hazardous, non-prescribed solid waste materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial waste, generally: domestic and municipal; commercial and industrial; construction and demolition; other.
*'''source separation{{w|source separation}}''' – (waste) separation of recyclable material from other waste at the point and time the waste is generated, i.e. at its source. This includes separation of recyclable material into its component categories, e.t. paper, glass, aluminium, and may include further separation within each category, e.g. paper into computer paper, office whites and newsprint; The practice of segregating materials into discrete materials streams prior to collection by or delivery to reprocessing facilities.
*'''specialist species{{w|Generalist and specialist species}}''' – those that can only thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and/or have a limited diet.
*'''specific heat capacity{{w|specific heat capacity}}''' – the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1oC. It can be considered a measure of resistance to an increase in temperature and important for energy saving.
*'''stakeholders{{w|Project stakeholder}}''' - parties having an interest in a particular project or outcome.
*'''State Environment Protection Policies{{w|State Environment Protection Policies}}''' - statutory instruments under the Environment Protection Act 1970 that identify beneficial uses of the environment that are to be protected, establish environmental indicators and objectives and define attainment programs to implement the policies.
*'''State of the Environment reporting{{w|State of the Environment reporting}}''' - a scientific assessment of environmental conditions, focusing on the impacts of human activities, their significance for the environment and social responses to the identified trends.
*'''steady state{{w|steady state}}''' – a constant pattern e.g. a balance of inflows and outflows.
*'''[[stormwater]]''' – rainfall that accumulates in natural or artificial systems after heavy rain; surface run-off or water sent to (stormwater) drains during heavy rain.
*'''strategic Environmental Assessment{{w|strategic Environmental Assessment}}''' (SEA) - a system of incorporating environmental considerations into policies, plans and programs esp in the EU.
*'''sullage{{w|sullage}}''' – domestic waste water from baths, basins, showers, laundries, kitchens and floor waste (but not from toilets).
*'''supporting services{{w|supporting services}}''' – (sustainability) ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services e.g. biomass production, production of atmospheric oxygen, soil formation, nutrient and water cycling.
*'''surface runoff{{w|surface runoff}}''' – that part of rainfall passing out of an area into the drainage system.
*'''suspended solids{{w|suspended solids}}''' (SS) – solid particles suspended in water; used as an indicator of water quality.
*'''[[sustainability]]''' - the Brundtland definition is ‘Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’.
*'''sustainability covenant{{w|sustainability covenant}}''' - Under Section 49 of the Environment Protection Act 1970, a Sustainability Covenant is an agreement which a person or body undertakes to increase the resource use efficiency and/or reduce ecological impacts of activities, products, services and production processes. Parties can voluntarily enter into such agreements with EPA, or could be required to if they are declared by Governor in Council, on the recommendation of EPA, to have potential for significant impact on the environment.
*'''[[sustainability science]]''' - the multidisciplinary scientific study of sustainability, focusing especially on the quantitative dynamic interactions between nature and society. Its objective is a deeper and more fundamental understanding of the rapidly growing inter-dependence of the nature-society system and the intention to make this sustainable. It critically examines the tools used by sustainability accounting{{w|sustainability accounting}} and the methods of sustainability governance{{w|sustainability governance}}.
*'''sustainability Triangle{{w|sustainability Triangle}}''' – a graphic indication of the action needed to stabilize {{CO2}} levels below about 500 ppm. It shows stabilization ‘wedges’ indicating savings made per year by the use of a particular strategy.
*'''sustainable consumption{{w|sustainable consumption}}''' - sustainable resource use - a change to society's historical patterns of consumption and behaviour that enables consumers to satisfy their needs with better performing products or services that use fewer resources, cause less pollution and contribute to social progress worldwide.
*'''[[sustainable development]]''' – see Sustainability.
*'''[[swale]]''' – an open channel transporting surface run-off to a drainage system, usually grassed; a swale promotes infiltration, the filtration of sediment by plants and ornamental interest.
*'''system{{w|system}}''' – a set of parts organised into a whole, usually processing a flow of energy.

==T==
*'''take-back{{w|take-back}}''' - a concept commonly associated with product stewardship, placing responsibility on brand-owners, retailers, manufacturers or other supply chain partners to accept products returned by consumers once they have reached the end of their useful life. Products may then be recycled, treated or sent to landfill.
*'''technosphere{{w|Novel ecosystem}}''' – synthetic and composite components and materials for med by human activity. True technosphere materials, like plastics, are not biodegradable.
*'''temperate{{w|temperate}}''' – with moderate temperatures, weather, or climate; neither hot nor cold; mean annual temperature between 0 – 20 deg C.
*'''[[thermal mass]]''' – (architecture) any mass that can absorb and store heat and can therefore be used to buffer temperature change. Concrete, bricks and tiles need a lot of heat energy to change their temperature and therefore have high thermal mass, timber has low thermal mass.
*'''third pipe system{{w|third pipe system}}''' – a third pipe, in addition to the standard water supply pipe and sewer disposal pipe, which carries recycled water for irrigation purposes.
*'''threshold{{w|Ecological threshold}}''' – (ecology) a point that, when crossed, can bring rapid and sometimes unpredictable change in a trend. An example would be the sudden altering of ocean currents due to the melting of ice at the poles.
*'''topsoil{{w|topsoil}}''' – mostly fertile surface soil moved or introduced to topdress gardens, roadbanks, lawns etc.
*'''total energy use{{w|total energy use}}''' – as applied in this book is the total of combined direct and indirect energy use
*'''total fertility rate{{w|total fertility rate}}''' – the number of children that, on average, a woman would have in her lifetime at present age-specific fertility rates. Calculated as the average number of children born per woman of every given age in a particular year and totalled for all ages.
*'''total water use{{w|total water use}}''' - in water accounting{{w|water accounting}}: distributed water use + self-extracted water use + reuse water use cf. water consumption; here used to mean total direct and indirect water use.
*'''town water{{w|town water}}''' – water supplied by government or private enterprise and known as the mains or reticulated water supply.
*'''transfer station{{w|transfer station (waste management)}}''' – (waste) a facility allowing drop-off and consolidation of garbage and a wide range of recyclable materials. Transfer stations have become an integral part of municipal waste management, playing an important role in materials recovery and improving transportation economics associated with municipal waste disposal.
*'''transgenic plant{{w|transgenic plant}}''' – a plant into which genetic material has been transferred by genetic engineering.
*'''Triple Bottom Line{{w|Triple Bottom Line}}''' – a form of sustainability accounting going beyond the financial ‘bottom line’ to consider the social and environmental as well as economic consequences of an organisation’s activity; generally included with economic accounts. Term coined by John Elkington in 1994<ref>[http://www.sustainability.com] Trile Bottom Line Accounting</ref>
*'''tropical{{w|tropical}}''' – occurring in the tropics (the region on either side of the equator); hot and humid with a mean annual temperature greater than 20oC.
*'''[[turbine]]''' - A machine for converting the heat energy in steam or high temperature gas into mechanical energy. In a turbine, a high velocity flow of steam or gas passes through successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

==U==
*'''[[United Nations]]''' - an international organisation based in New York and formed to promote international peace, security, and cooperation under a charter signed by 51 founding countries in San Francisco in 1945
*'''United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change{{w|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}''' (UNFCCC) – The UNFCCC and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) were established at the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Kyoto Protocol was then formulated by the UNFCCC and sets specific timelines and timetables for reducing industrialized nations’ GHG emissions and allows some international trading in carbon credits. For more information visit:<ref>[http://unfccc.int] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</ref>
*'''upstream{{w|Upstream (petroleum industry)}}''' – those processes necessary before a particular activity is completed e.g. for a manufactured product this would be the extraction, transport of materials etc. needed prior to the process of manufacture cf. downstream.
*'''urban Heat Island{{w|urban Heat Island}}''' - the tendency for urban areas to have warmer air temperatures than the surrounding rural landscape, due to the low albedo of streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and buildings. These surfaces absorb solar radiation during the day and release it at night, resulting in higher night temperatures.
*'''urban metabolism{{w|urban metabolism}}''' – the functional flow of materials and energy required by cities.

==V==
*'''veloway{{w|veloway}}''' - cycle track; cycleway; contrasts with freeway.
*'''vinyl{{w|vinyl}}''' - a type of plastic (usually PVC) used to make products such as fruit juice bottles, credit cards, pipes and hoses.
*'''virtual water{{w|virtual water}}''' - the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. First coined by Professor J.A. Allan of the University of London in the early 1990s, though this is now more widely known as cf. embedded (embodied) water.
*'''visual waste audit{{w|visual waste audit}}''' - observing, estimating and recording data on waste streams and practices without physical weighing.
*'''volatile organic compound{{w|volatile organic compound}}''' (VOC) – molecules containing carbon and differing proportions of other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine. With sunlight and heat they form ground-level ozone.
*'''[[volt]]''' - The unit of potential difference between two points is the volt (V) (commonly called voltage). One thousand volts equals 1 kilovolt (kV).

==W==
*'''[[waste]]''' - any material (liquid, solid or gaseous) that is produced by domestic households and commercial, institutional, municipal or industrial organisations, and which cannot be collected and recycled in any way for further use. For solid wastes, this involves materials that currently go to landfills, even though some of the material is potentially recyclable.
*'''waste analysis{{w|waste analysis}}''' -the quantifying of different waste streams, recording and detailing of it as a proportion of the total waste stream, determining its destination and recording details of waste practices.
*'''waste assessment{{w|waste assessment}}''' - observing, measuring, and recording data and collecting and analysing waste samples. Some practitioners consider an assessment to be one where observations are carried out visually, without sorting and measuring individual streams (see visual waste audit).
*'''waste audit{{w|waste audit}}''' -see waste assessment.
*'''waste avoidance{{w|waste avoidance}}''' – primary pillar of the waste hierarchy; avoidance works on the principle that the greatest gains result from efficiency-centred actions that remove or reduce the need to consume materials in the first place, but deliver the same outcome.
*'''waste factors{{w|waste factors}}''' - (used in round-wood calculations) give the ratio of one cubic metre of round wood used per cubic metre (or tonne) of product.
*'''waste generation{{w|waste generation}}''' - generation of unwanted materials including recyclables as well as garbage. Waste generation = materials recycled + waste to landfill.
*'''waste hierarchy{{w|waste hierarchy}}''' (waste management hierarchy)– a concept promoting waste avoidance ahead of recycling and disposal, often referred to in community education campaigns as 'reduce, reuse, recycle.' The waste hierarchy is recognised in the Environment Protection Act 1970, promoting management of wastes in the order of preference: avoidance, reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, treatment, containment, disposal.
*'''[[waste management]]''' - practices and procedures that relate to how the waste is dealt with.
*'''waste minimisation{{w|waste minimisation}}''' - techniques to keep waste generation at a minimum level in order to divert materials from landfill and thereby reduce the requirement for waste collection, handling and disposal to landfill; recycling and other efforts made to reduce the amount of waste going into the waste stream.
*'''waste reduction{{w|waste reduction}}''' - Measures to reduce the amount of waste generated by an individual, household or organisation.
*'''waste stream{{w|waste stream}}''' - Waste materials that are either of a particular type (e.g. 'timber waste stream') or produced a particular source (e.g. 'C&I waste stream').
*'''waste treatment{{w|waste treatment}}''' - where some additional processing is undertaken of a particular waste. This may be done to reduce its toxicity, or increase its degradability or compostability.
*'''[[wastewater]]''' - used water; generally not suitable for drinking.
*'''water consumption{{w|water consumption}}''' - in water accounting: distributed water use + self-extracted water use + reuse water use - distributed water supplied to other users - in-stream use (where applicable).
*'''water cycle{{w|water cycle}}''' (hydrological cycle) passage of the water between the oceans and waterbodies, land and atmosphere.
*'''water entitlement{{w|water entitlement}}''' - the entitlement, as defined in a statutory water plan, to a share of water from a water source.
*'''Water Footprint{{w|Water Footprint}}''' - the total volume of freshwater that is required in a given period to perform a particular task or to produce the goods and services consumed at any level of the action hierarchy. Country water footprint is a concept introduced by Hoekstra in 2002 as a consumption-based indicator of water use in a country – the volume of water needed to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of a country.
*'''water harvesting{{w|water harvesting}}''' – see rainwater harvesting.
*'''water intensity{{w|water intensity}}''' - volume of water used per unit of production or service delivery; this is generally further reduced to monetary unit return per given volume of water used. Essentially equivalent to water productivity.
*'''water neutral{{w|water neutral}}''' – a scientifically based calculator for individuals <www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/Concept> to be extended to cover the construction industry, the food and beverage sector and other corporations or organisations. The water offset calculators aimed at business and other organisations are being developed and will be launched with the Individual Water Offset Calculator.<ref>[http://www.waterneutral.org Acc. 26 Nov 2007] Hoekstra & Chapagain's Water Offset Calculator for the construction industry, the food and beverage sector and other corporations or organisations.</ref>
*'''water productivity{{w|water productivity}}''' – the efficiency of outcomes for the amount of water used; the quantity of water required to produce a given outcome. WP-field relates to crop output e.g. kg of wheat produced per m3 of water. WP-basin relates to water productivity in the widest possible sense as including crop, fishery yield, environmental services etc. Increasing WP means obtaining increasing value from the available water.
*'''[[water quality]]''' - the microbiological, biological, physical and chemical characteristics of water.
*'''water resources{{w|water resources}}''' - water in various forms, such as groundwater, surface water, snow and ice, at present in the land phase of the hydrological cycle—some parts may be renewable seasonally, but others may be effectively mined.
*'''water restrictions{{w|water restrictions}}''' - mandatory staged restrictions on the use of water, which are relative to water storage levels.
*'''water trading{{w|water trading}}''' - transactions involving water access entitlements or water allocations assigned to water access entitlements.
*'''[[water treatment]]''' - the process of converting raw untreated water to a public water supply safe for human consumption; can involve, variously, screening, initial disinfection, clarification, filtration, pH correction and final disinfection.
*'''water table{{w|water table}}''' – upper level of water in saturated ground.
*'''watershed''' – a water catchment area{{w|drainage basin}} (North America) or drainage divide{{w|drainage divide}} (non-American usage).
*'''weather{{w|weather}}''' - the hourly/daily change in atmospheric conditions which over a longer period constitute the climate of a region cf. climate.
*'''well-being{{w|well-being}}''' – a context-dependent physical and mental condition determined by the presence of basic material for a good life, freedom and choice, health, good social relations, and security.
*'''[[wetlands]]''' - areas of permanent or intermittent inundation, whether natural or artificial, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water not exceeding 6 m at low tide. (Adapted from definition of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance). Engineeredd wetlands are becoming more frequent and are sometimes called constructed wetlands. In urban areas wetlands are sometimes referred to as the kidney of a city.
*'''whitegoods{{w|whitegoods}}''' - household electrical appliances like refrigerators, washing machines, clothes dryers, and dishwashers.
*'''[[wind energy]]''' - the kinetic energy present in the motion of the wind. Wind energy can be converted to mechanical or electrical energy. A traditional mechanical windmill can be used for pumping water or grinding grain. A modern electrical wind turbine converts the force of the wind to electrical energy for consumption on-site and/or export to the electricity grid.
*'''[[wind turbines]]''' – see wind energy.
*'''work{{w|work (physics)}}''' – physical or mental effort; a force exerted for a distance; an energy transformation process which results in a change of concentration or form of energy.

==Z==
*'''[[zero waste]]''' – turning waste into resource; the redesign of resource-use so that waste can ultimately be reduced to zero; ensuring that by-products are used elsewhere and goods are recycled, in emulation of the cycling of wastes in nature.

==See also==
* [[Index of sustainability articles]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/ Environmental Terminology Discovery Service — EEA]
:(multilingual environmental glossary in 28 languages: ar, bg, cs, da, de, el, en, es, et, eu, fi, fr, hu, is, it, lt, lv, mt, nl, no, pl, pt, ro, ru, sk, sl, sv, tr)
*[http://www.encyclo.co.uk/cat/Earth%20and%20Environment Encyclo - English Earth and Environment glossaries]

{{attrib wikipedia|Glossary of environmental science}}

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[[Category:Sustainability| ]]
[[Category:Glossaries]]