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{{TOCright}}[[Image:path1.jpg|right|thumb|Figure 1 <small>''photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur''</small>]]
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===Potawot Paths===
Potawot Health Village is located on 40 acres of land in Arcata, CA. Approximately one and a half miles of paths have been constructed for community enjoyment of the conservation land that surrounds the main facility. Instead of applying conventional asphalt to create walkways, Potawot chose to implement pine resin pavement in order to ease potential impact on the land. Eric Johnson of Potawot said they chose the material because it "is semi-impervious and is not composed of... petroleum (fossil fuel) based contaminate[s] [that will] runoff into our wetlands harming invertebrates and other organisms and groundwater."


==='''Material Description: Pine Resin Pavement'''===
[[File:path1.jpg|thumb|Figure 1 <small>''photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur''</small>]]


*''The material''
=== Potawot Paths ===


The pine resin paths at Potowat, as shown in Figure. 1, are composed of a combination of regular aggregate, or crushed rock, sealed together with pine resin and pitch from pine trees <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999).</nowiki>
Potawot Health Village is located on 40 acres of land in Arcata, CA. Approximately one and a half miles of paths have been constructed for community enjoyment of the conservation land that surrounds the main facility. Instead of applying conventional asphalt to create walkways, Potawot chose to implement pine resin pavement in order to ease potential impact on the land. Eric Johnson of Potawot said they chose the material because it "is semi-impervious and is not composed of... petroleum (fossil fuel) based contaminate[s] [that will] runoff into our wetlands harming invertebrates and other organisms and groundwater."


*''How it is processed''
=== Material Description: Pine Resin Pavement ===


This natural alternative to asphalt isn’t mixed and poured hot as regular asphalt is, but instead mixed together through a cold process. Water and the pine emulsion are mixed and then laid where it is needed. The mixture is then compacted and set using conventional methods, such as steamrollers in larger areas. Installation in Potawot was done by hiring a local construction company, "Hooven and Co. who then subcontracted  with Mercer Frasier to lay the pavement"(Eric, 2008). Instead of the product setting by cooling, it sets through evaporation of water leaving the mixture <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999).</nowiki>
* ''The material''


*''The final product''
The pine resin paths at Potowat, as shown in Figure. 1, are composed of a combination of regular aggregate, or crushed rock, sealed together with pine resin and pitch from pine trees <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999).</nowiki>


Much of the energy required to lay normal asphalt is avoided because the mixture does not have to be heated up, saving fossil fuel resources. Also, because the adhesive material is made of tree resin rather than normal petroleum based asphalt, the pavement doesn’t contain any volitile pertroleum based chemicals <nowiki>(Product Review 1999)</nowiki>. The final product is similar in appearance to asphalt in texture and thickness but can vary in color. The pine resin is transparent and takes the color of the aggregate.
* ''How it is processed''


==='''Durability'''===
This natural alternative to asphalt isn't mixed and poured hot as regular asphalt is, but instead mixed together through a cold process. Water and the pine emulsion are mixed and then laid where it is needed. The mixture is then compacted and set using conventional methods, such as steamrollers in larger areas. Installation in Potawot was done by hiring a local construction company, "Hooven and Co. who then subcontracted with Mercer Frasier to lay the pavement"(Eric, 2008). Instead of the product setting by cooling, it sets through evaporation of water leaving the mixture <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999).</nowiki>
[[Image:pathd2.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2 <small>''photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur''</small>]]
The strength of pine resin pavement varies due to the quality of application, site location and actual pine resin product used. NaturalPave XL, a pine resin distributor uses the Marshall Stability Test to quantify product quality. This test heats up the pavement to 140 F and then observes how the pavement responds when a heavy weight is applied. NaturalPAVE XL withstanded "8,000 to 18,000 pounds" <nowiki>(NaturalPAVE XL, 2008).</nowiki> Typical Marshall Stability results for conventional asphalt are generally 4,000 to 6,000 pounds.


Other studies have claimed that resin pavement has three times the compressive strength <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999)</nowiki>. yet there are still issues with any pavement you place on unstable soil. The Potawot paths are constructed on unstable wetland soil which as you can see in Fig. 2 have produced slight cracks in the pavement that had to be fixed.
* ''The final product''


==='''Cost'''===
Much of the energy required to lay normal asphalt is avoided because the mixture does not have to be heated up, saving fossil fuel resources. Also, because the adhesive material is made of tree resin rather than normal petroleum based asphalt, the pavement doesn't contain any volitile pertroleum based chemicals <nowiki>(Product Review 1999)</nowiki>. The final product is similar in appearance to asphalt in texture and thickness but can vary in color. The pine resin is transparent and takes the color of the aggregate.


According to the EPA, Resin Pavements cost $3/sq. foot for the material and installation.
=== Durability ===
The project at Potawot total cost was $6/sq. foot. Eric Johnson reported the material itself costed $3/sq. foot and installation of the pavement by a local company resulted in another $3/sq. foot.


==='''Comparison to Conventional Asphalt'''===
[[File:pathd2.jpg|left|thumb|Figure 2 <small>''photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur''</small>]]


Asphalt is the most conventional pavement material in our current society and may be cheaper and easier in the short run. Asphalt paving costs $1-5/ sq. foot including installation (Costhelper.com). Many asphalt paving companies exist and it is convienant to schedule a project.  
The strength of pine resin pavement varies due to the quality of application, site location and actual pine resin product used. NaturalPave XL, a pine resin distributor uses the Marshall Stability Test to quantify product quality. This test heats up the pavement to 140 F and then observes how the pavement responds when a heavy weight is applied. NaturalPAVE XL withstanded "8,000 to 18,000 pounds" <nowiki>(NaturalPAVE XL, 2008).</nowiki> Typical Marshall Stability results for conventional asphalt are generally 4,000 to 6,000 pounds.


Asphalt may be cost effective in the short term but it also has negative externalities associated with it as well. Since it is a hot mix, it takes energy from fossil fuels to heat it up. Once it is heated it emits harmful air pollutants into the air, such as formaldehyde <nowiki>(EPA, 2003)</nowiki>. Asphalt is a impervious material, meaning it does not let water filter through. This diverts rainwater directly into storm drains which lead to runoff of petrochemicals from the pavement to bodies of water, polluting water as well.  
Other studies have claimed that resin pavement has three times the compressive strength <nowiki>(Product Review, 1999)</nowiki>. yet there are still issues with any pavement you place on unstable soil. The Potawot paths are constructed on unstable wetland soil which as you can see in Fig. 2 have produced slight cracks in the pavement that had to be fixed.


Pine resin pavement is an appropriate alternative for asphalt. Pine resin also has benifits and shortcomings and they are listed in the table below.  
=== Cost ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center"
 
! Advantages !! Disadvantages
According to the EPA, Resin Pavements cost $3/sq. foot for the material and installation.
The project at Potawot total cost was $6/sq. foot. Eric Johnson reported the material itself costed $3/sq. foot and installation of the pavement by a local company resulted in another $3/sq. foot.
 
=== Comparison to Conventional Asphalt ===
 
Asphalt is the most conventional pavement material in our current society and may be cheaper and easier in the short run. Asphalt paving costs $1-5/ sq. foot including installation (Costhelper.com). Many asphalt paving companies exist and it is convienant to schedule a project.
 
Asphalt may be cost effective in the short term but it also has negative externalities associated with it as well. Since it is a hot mix, it takes energy from fossil fuels to heat it up. Once it is heated it emits harmful air pollutants into the air, such as formaldehyde <nowiki>(EPA, 2003)</nowiki>. Asphalt is a impervious material, meaning it does not let water filter through. This diverts rainwater directly into storm drains which lead to runoff of petrochemicals from the pavement to bodies of water, polluting water as well.
 
Pine resin pavement is an appropriate alternative for asphalt. Pine resin also has benifits and shortcomings and they are listed in the table below.
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Advantages
! Disadvantages
|-
|-
| High solar reflectivity: it reflects more sunlight so the pavement absorbs less heat. || Product is difficult to find
| High solar reflectivity: it reflects more sunlight so the pavement absorbs less heat.
| Product is difficult to find
|-
|-
| Not composed of petroleum products || Higher cost
| Not composed of petroleum products
| Higher cost
|-
|-
| Materials are natural and renewable || Labor intensive
| Materials are natural and renewable
| Labor intensive
|-
|-
| Application is not as energy intensive as conventional asphalt|| Certain outdoor temperatures are needed for proper finishing
| Application is not as energy intensive as conventional asphalt
| Certain outdoor temperatures are needed for proper finishing
|-
|-
| Emits less air pollution || Limited amount of information is available
| Emits less air pollution
| Limited amount of information is available
|-
|-
|}
|}


==='''Links to pine resin producers'''===
=== Links to pine resin producers ===
*[http://sspco.com Soil Stabilization Product Company]
*[http://www.midwestind.com/resinpave.htm ResinPave]


==='''References'''===
* [http://sspco.com Soil Stabilization Product Company]
*Johnson, Eric. Email. Dec. 2, 2008.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20090713004937/http://www.midwestind.com:80/resinpave.htm ResinPave]
*Dooley, Erin E. “New Default for Asphalt?” Environmental Health Perspectives  vol.116, no 9, pg 379, 2008.
*“Paving Without Asphalt or Concrete”Product Review: Environmental Building News. Nov. 1, 1999.
*NaturalPAVE® XL “Technical Bulletin-Pavement Preformance Testing.” Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
*NaturalPAVE® XL “An aesthetic, environmentally friendly alternative to asphalt”. Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
*"Resin Pavement: Cool Pavement Product Information" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government.Oct. 2008. [http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/images/extra/level3_pavingproducts.html#9]
*"National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roof Manufacturing" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government Federal Register. May 17, 2003 [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-AIR/2003/May/Day-07/a5624.htm]
*"Pavement Pricing" www.costhelper.com [http://www.costhelper.com/cost/home-garden/driveway.html]


[[Category:Potawot]]
=== References ===
 
* Johnson, Eric. Email. Dec. 2, 2008.
* Dooley, Erin E. "New Default for Asphalt?" Environmental Health Perspectives vol.116, no 9, pg 379, 2008.
* "Paving Without Asphalt or Concrete"Product Review: Environmental Building News. Nov. 1, 1999.
* NaturalPAVE® XL "Technical Bulletin-Pavement Preformance Testing." Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
* NaturalPAVE® XL "An aesthetic, environmentally friendly alternative to asphalt". Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
* "Resin Pavement: Cool Pavement Product Information" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government.Oct. 2008. [http://web.archive.org/web/20090406022110/http://www.epa.gov:80/heatisland/images/extra/level3_pavingproducts.html]
* "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roof Manufacturing" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government Federal Register. May 17, 2003 [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-AIR/2003/May/Day-07/a5624.htm]
* "Pavement Pricing" www.costhelper.com [http://www.costhelper.com/cost/home-garden/driveway.html]
 
== Update October 2014 ==


==Update October 2014==
The pine resin pavement has held up well, it is very impressive and durable. There are some cracks and vegetation growing through the walkway, along with a few small sink holes and one big one. Overall, the pavement is like that of other materials, it does it's job well but can get rundown.
The pine resin pavement has held up well, it is very impressive and durable. There are some cracks and vegetation growing through the walkway, along with a few small sink holes and one big one. Overall, the pavement is like that of other materials, it does it's job well but can get rundown.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Pine resin pavement.JPG| Pine resin pavement  
File:Pine resin pavement.JPG| Pine resin pavement
Image:Pine resin pavement bridge.JPG| Wider view of pine resin pavement
File:Pine resin pavement bridge.JPG| Wider view of pine resin pavement
Image:Cracks in pavement.JPG| Cracks and vegetation in pavement  
File:Cracks in pavement.JPG| Cracks and vegetation in pavement
Image:Vegetation in pavement.JPG| Vegetation in pavement  
File:Vegetation in pavement.JPG| Vegetation in pavement
Image:Sinkhole.JPG| Part of the pine resin pavement is sinking
File:Sinkhole.JPG| Part of the pine resin pavement is sinking
</gallery>
</gallery>


[[Category:Potawot]]
== Update October 2017 ==


==Update October 2017==
Much of the remaining pine resin paths are still functional and easily accessible as a result of routine maintenance. Some previous cracks were repaired in the past and currently remain intact. Cement was used to replace one section of the trail. A couple new potholes were observed and large amounts of invasive grass vegetation was found breaching a stretch of the pathway adjacent to gardening area's fence line. To prepare damaged areas, a saltwater mixture is applied during Summer as a soil-friendly herbicide, along with manual weed removal. Holes and cracks are then refilled with an Eco-friendly glue similar to trail materials. During our brief interview, it was mentioned that the saltwater herbicide technique is not as successful as hoped for. One major issue mentioned by staff was that the trail becomes very slippery during Winter/ wet seasons. This hazard, along with routine upkeep, etc. has called for reassessment of the trail's materials. Possible future replacement is being planned with different Eco materials.
Much of the remaining pine resin paths are still functional and easily accessible as a result of routine maintenance. Some previous cracks were repaired in the past and currently remain intact. Cement was used to replace one section of the trail. Large amounts of invasive grass vegetation were found breaching a stretch of the pathway adjacent to gardening area’s fence line and a few new potholes were observed. To prepare damaged areas, a saltwater mixture is applied during Summer as a soil-friendly herbicide, along with manual weed removal. Holes and cracks are then refilled with an Eco-friendly glue similar to trail materials. During our brief interview, it was mentioned that the saltwater herbicide technique is not as successful as hoped for. One major issue mentioned by staff was that the trail becomes very slippery during Winter/ wet seasons. This hazard, along with routine upkeep, etc. has called for reassessment of the trail’s materials. Possible future replacement is being planned with different Eco materials.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Weeds.jpg| Trail damage  
File:Weeds.jpg| Trail damage
Image:Tallview.jpg| Pine resin trail entrance
File:Tallview.jpg| Pine resin trail entrance
Image:Pothole.jpg| Pothole  
File:Pothole.jpg| Pothole
</gallery>
</gallery>
== Update September 2018 ==
Since October 2017 other sections of the trail have been replaced by traditional pavement. In certain parts of the remaining trail, cracks, splits, grass, pot holes and dips that are a few inches deep have taken over. The outer edges of the old pavement are crumbling, jagged, fragile and falling apart. Despite some of the trail being in bad shape, other parts of the trail look to be doing great. The portions that seem to be doing great are free of grass sprouting from the middle of the pavement and seem to be the portions closest to where the old pavement meet the new pavement. While speaking to Alme from Potawot community center mentioned that the issues with the pine resin pavement are from the unstable soil.
<gallery heights="300" perrow="4" widths="200">
File:Pine Resin (Crack).jpeg
File:Pine Resin (Cracks, pot-holes, grass).jpeg
File:Pine Resin (New pavement pic 2).jpeg
File:Pine Resin (Pot-holes).jpeg
File:Pine Resin (Pine Resin Pavement).jpeg
File:ReplacedPavement.jpeg
</gallery>
{{Page data}}
[[Category:Potawot]]
[[Category:Potawot]]
[[Category:Potawot]]

Latest revision as of 14:52, 29 August 2022

Figure 1 photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur

Potawot Paths[edit | edit source]

Potawot Health Village is located on 40 acres of land in Arcata, CA. Approximately one and a half miles of paths have been constructed for community enjoyment of the conservation land that surrounds the main facility. Instead of applying conventional asphalt to create walkways, Potawot chose to implement pine resin pavement in order to ease potential impact on the land. Eric Johnson of Potawot said they chose the material because it "is semi-impervious and is not composed of... petroleum (fossil fuel) based contaminate[s] [that will] runoff into our wetlands harming invertebrates and other organisms and groundwater."

Material Description: Pine Resin Pavement[edit | edit source]

  • The material

The pine resin paths at Potowat, as shown in Figure. 1, are composed of a combination of regular aggregate, or crushed rock, sealed together with pine resin and pitch from pine trees (Product Review, 1999).

  • How it is processed

This natural alternative to asphalt isn't mixed and poured hot as regular asphalt is, but instead mixed together through a cold process. Water and the pine emulsion are mixed and then laid where it is needed. The mixture is then compacted and set using conventional methods, such as steamrollers in larger areas. Installation in Potawot was done by hiring a local construction company, "Hooven and Co. who then subcontracted with Mercer Frasier to lay the pavement"(Eric, 2008). Instead of the product setting by cooling, it sets through evaporation of water leaving the mixture (Product Review, 1999).

  • The final product

Much of the energy required to lay normal asphalt is avoided because the mixture does not have to be heated up, saving fossil fuel resources. Also, because the adhesive material is made of tree resin rather than normal petroleum based asphalt, the pavement doesn't contain any volitile pertroleum based chemicals (Product Review 1999). The final product is similar in appearance to asphalt in texture and thickness but can vary in color. The pine resin is transparent and takes the color of the aggregate.

Durability[edit | edit source]

Figure 2 photo taken by Jaquelyn Shur

The strength of pine resin pavement varies due to the quality of application, site location and actual pine resin product used. NaturalPave XL, a pine resin distributor uses the Marshall Stability Test to quantify product quality. This test heats up the pavement to 140 F and then observes how the pavement responds when a heavy weight is applied. NaturalPAVE XL withstanded "8,000 to 18,000 pounds" (NaturalPAVE XL, 2008). Typical Marshall Stability results for conventional asphalt are generally 4,000 to 6,000 pounds.

Other studies have claimed that resin pavement has three times the compressive strength (Product Review, 1999). yet there are still issues with any pavement you place on unstable soil. The Potawot paths are constructed on unstable wetland soil which as you can see in Fig. 2 have produced slight cracks in the pavement that had to be fixed.

Cost[edit | edit source]

According to the EPA, Resin Pavements cost $3/sq. foot for the material and installation. The project at Potawot total cost was $6/sq. foot. Eric Johnson reported the material itself costed $3/sq. foot and installation of the pavement by a local company resulted in another $3/sq. foot.

Comparison to Conventional Asphalt[edit | edit source]

Asphalt is the most conventional pavement material in our current society and may be cheaper and easier in the short run. Asphalt paving costs $1-5/ sq. foot including installation (Costhelper.com). Many asphalt paving companies exist and it is convienant to schedule a project.

Asphalt may be cost effective in the short term but it also has negative externalities associated with it as well. Since it is a hot mix, it takes energy from fossil fuels to heat it up. Once it is heated it emits harmful air pollutants into the air, such as formaldehyde (EPA, 2003). Asphalt is a impervious material, meaning it does not let water filter through. This diverts rainwater directly into storm drains which lead to runoff of petrochemicals from the pavement to bodies of water, polluting water as well.

Pine resin pavement is an appropriate alternative for asphalt. Pine resin also has benifits and shortcomings and they are listed in the table below.

Advantages Disadvantages
High solar reflectivity: it reflects more sunlight so the pavement absorbs less heat. Product is difficult to find
Not composed of petroleum products Higher cost
Materials are natural and renewable Labor intensive
Application is not as energy intensive as conventional asphalt Certain outdoor temperatures are needed for proper finishing
Emits less air pollution Limited amount of information is available

Links to pine resin producers[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  • Johnson, Eric. Email. Dec. 2, 2008.
  • Dooley, Erin E. "New Default for Asphalt?" Environmental Health Perspectives vol.116, no 9, pg 379, 2008.
  • "Paving Without Asphalt or Concrete"Product Review: Environmental Building News. Nov. 1, 1999.
  • NaturalPAVE® XL "Technical Bulletin-Pavement Preformance Testing." Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
  • NaturalPAVE® XL "An aesthetic, environmentally friendly alternative to asphalt". Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc.
  • "Resin Pavement: Cool Pavement Product Information" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government.Oct. 2008. [1]
  • "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roof Manufacturing" Environmental Protection Agency, US Government Federal Register. May 17, 2003 [2]
  • "Pavement Pricing" www.costhelper.com [3]

Update October 2014[edit | edit source]

The pine resin pavement has held up well, it is very impressive and durable. There are some cracks and vegetation growing through the walkway, along with a few small sink holes and one big one. Overall, the pavement is like that of other materials, it does it's job well but can get rundown.

Update October 2017[edit | edit source]

Much of the remaining pine resin paths are still functional and easily accessible as a result of routine maintenance. Some previous cracks were repaired in the past and currently remain intact. Cement was used to replace one section of the trail. A couple new potholes were observed and large amounts of invasive grass vegetation was found breaching a stretch of the pathway adjacent to gardening area's fence line. To prepare damaged areas, a saltwater mixture is applied during Summer as a soil-friendly herbicide, along with manual weed removal. Holes and cracks are then refilled with an Eco-friendly glue similar to trail materials. During our brief interview, it was mentioned that the saltwater herbicide technique is not as successful as hoped for. One major issue mentioned by staff was that the trail becomes very slippery during Winter/ wet seasons. This hazard, along with routine upkeep, etc. has called for reassessment of the trail's materials. Possible future replacement is being planned with different Eco materials.

Update September 2018[edit | edit source]

Since October 2017 other sections of the trail have been replaced by traditional pavement. In certain parts of the remaining trail, cracks, splits, grass, pot holes and dips that are a few inches deep have taken over. The outer edges of the old pavement are crumbling, jagged, fragile and falling apart. Despite some of the trail being in bad shape, other parts of the trail look to be doing great. The portions that seem to be doing great are free of grass sprouting from the middle of the pavement and seem to be the portions closest to where the old pavement meet the new pavement. While speaking to Alme from Potawot community center mentioned that the issues with the pine resin pavement are from the unstable soil.

FA info icon.svg Angle down icon.svg Page data
Authors Jaquelyn Shur, LL Joule J
License CC-BY-SA-3.0
Language English (en)
Related 0 subpages, 4 pages link here
Aliases Pine Resin Pavement
Impact 1,753 page views
Created October 28, 2008 by Jaquelyn Shur
Modified August 29, 2022 by Irene Delgado
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