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==Abstract==
==Abstract==
<center>''This page discusses the Las Malvinas hullkrete project from summer, 2015. This project includes: designing and testing eco blocks in Las Malvinas that successfully fit the criteria set; and using the best eco blocks to finish as much of the already-started destacamento in Las Malvinas. The project team is composed of a group of six students studying at Humboldt State University [http://humboldt.edu/ HSU], all of whom are members of Lonny Grafman's Practivistas program. ''</center>
<center>''This page discusses the Las Malvinas hullkrete project from summer, 2015. This project includes: designing and testing eco blocks in Las Malvinas that successfully fit the criteria set; and using the best eco blocks to finish as much of the already-started destacamento in Las Malvinas as possible. The project team is composed of a group of six students studying at Humboldt State University [http://humboldt.edu/ HSU], all of whom are members of Lonny Grafman's Practivistas program. ''</center>


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 00:36, 1 July 2015

Las Malvinas team in front of the town's sign

Abstract

This page discusses the Las Malvinas hullkrete project from summer, 2015. This project includes: designing and testing eco blocks in Las Malvinas that successfully fit the criteria set; and using the best eco blocks to finish as much of the already-started destacamento in Las Malvinas as possible. The project team is composed of a group of six students studying at Humboldt State University HSU, all of whom are members of Lonny Grafman's Practivistas program.

Background

This project was included in Lonny Grafman's Practivistas summer program through Humboldt State University. It took place from May 22-July 4, 2015 in the small community, Las Malvinas, located in the outskirts of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The Las Malvinas destacamento 2014 began in 2014 and is expected to be finished in 2015. The team of six dug trenches to allow a place for the foundation as well as laid several blocks and rebar to create what is now a 4 foot tall perimeter with an overgrown inner area. This team hopes to complete the wall construction of the destacamento using eco friendly blocks. The decision of which blocks to be used will be made by testing several different recipes researched with the help of the block making factory owned by Vasquez, located in Las Malvinas.

Objective

The objective of this project is to construct the destacamento in Las Malvinas in the least carbon intensive way that utilizes as many waste resources as possible while providing education about resources used and creating a perfected recipe for the hullcrete ecoblocks that can then be commercially manufactured to boost the Las Malvinas economy.

Criteria

English

Below, a table of the criteria the hullkrete group decided upon is shown, each weighted with a value of importance: 10 being highest. The criteria is based off of the general consensus that the quantity of recipes for the blocks tested upon was of lesser importance than testing few known recipes and perfecting them so that they could be 1. commercially sold and produced and 2. could be used to build Las Malvina's destacamento.

Criteria and Description
Criteria Weight Description
Safety 10 The structure must provide security for those using it as well as trust in the structure. It is also important that the materials used to create the structure cause no harm to the public, or less harm than the standard, given that necessary safety precautions are taken.
Durability 9 The lifespan is suitable for the consumer given that the money needed to fix or replace the structure can be saved by the time the structure is in need. The structure is also able to withstand the extremes of average weather conditions.
Environmental Impact 9 To have a less negative affect on the world than the standard that's commonly used.
Aesthetics 7 Build a finished looking, smooth and trustworthy structure.
Time 6 The importance of spending all of the constrained amount of time on a given project.
Cost 5 The importance of spending all of the constrained amount of money on a given project.
Accesibility of Materials 5 The time it takes to obtain a material must be within the constrained amount. As well the ability to transport the material should be taken into consideration for whether it can be carried or delivered in that set amount of time.
Educational Value

Español

Criterio y Descripción
Criterio Importancia Descripción
Seguridad 9 Este estructura debe a proveer seguridad para aquellos que usar y también para confiar en la estructura. También es importante que los materiales usado para crear la estructura no causa nada lastima al público, o menos lastima de la norma cuando se toman las precauciónes apropriadas.
Durabilidad 9 La vida de la estructura es apropriado para el cliente, dado que el necesario dinero para reparar o sustituir el estructura puede ser ahorrado al tiempo que es necesario. La estructura también puede resistir algunos de los corrientes extremos del tiempo.
Impacto Ambiental 6 salvar el mundo
Estética 7 Better than status quo, pleasing to the eye
Tiempo 6 Does not litter pathways, minimizes pest attraction
Costo 6 Total < $900, maximize plants per square yard
Accesibilidad de Materiales 6
Valor Educativo 10 Provide educational tools, that include plant names, various facts and class curriculum that connect the project to nutrition and students’ live

Literature Review

This literature review is to present facts and researched information relating to the 2015 Botica/Ecoblock/(and possibly)Destacamento project taking place in a community in the Dominican Republic called Las Malvinas. This information is to guide the decisions made upon different aspects of the designing and building of this assortment of projects and to further guide those wanting to pursue any future projects related to green building.

Climate and Location

Las Malvinas, the community of interest, is located in the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. On average, Santo Domingo gets about 200 hours of sunlight each month, with temperatures- on average- ranging from about 19 degrees Celsius to around 32 degrees Celsius. The average monthly rainfall can get up to about 190 mm in one month, and is greatest from May to October. The average humidity of the area ranges generally between 80% and 90% [1] Santo Domingo is located in the tropical area of the Caribbean Sea and, as shown previously, has some variation through the seasons in average reports for rainfall and temperatures [2].

Figure 1 Map of the Dominican Republic [2]

Hullkrete Ecoblocks

Past Practivistas projects [3] [4] created a variety of fiberkrete (aka Papercrete) bricks and Hullkrete bricks (made using rice hulls) that were used in the initial construction of the Botanica Popular and the Destacamento. This project aims to refine these recipes into one that is sturdy, uses as little cement as possible, as many waste resources as possible, and is commercially viable. In order to determine the best way to alter these ratios, we have researched each of the ingredients to determine their best uses and how to alter their ratios within the bricks. According to a Las Malvinas community member, the following recipe has been the most successful thus far:

EcoBlocks
Component Amount
Sand 1 bucket (5 gallon)
Fine gravel 1/2 bucket (5 gallon)
Cement 1 1/4 bag (95 pound)
Lime 1 bag (?size?)
AS 600 (Drying Agent) 4 1/4 fluid ounces
Water Add until the appropriate consistency is achieved

Note: the yield for this recipe is approximately 30 six inch blocks.

Pozzolans

Definition:Pozzolanic additives reduce porosity, increase density and as a consequence increase the chemical durability of concrete to sulphate ion containing solution. [5]

Fly Ash

Fly Ash is a byproduct of the of the combustion of pulverized coal in electric power generating plants. The fused material cools into spherical-glassy particles called "fly-ash". Fly ash is primarily silicate glass containing silica, alumina, iron, and calcium. Class F and Class C fly ashes are commonly used as pozzolanic admixtures for general purpose concrete. Many Class C ashes when exposed to water will hydrate and harden in less than 45 minutes. Class F fly ash is often used at dosages of 15% to 25% by mass of cementitious material and Class C fly ash is used at dosages of 15% to 40% by mass of cementitious material. Dosage varies with the reactivity of the ash and the desired effects on the concrete. [6]

Wood Ash

Results shown that micro/nanosilica and wood ashes are the potential additives for enhancing the properties of concrete. Due to their chemical composition, they contribute to reactions of pozzolans and development of the concrete durability. [7]

Aggregates

Fine and coarse aggregates constitute approximately 60-75% of the total volume of concrete. Fine aggregates are defined as particles smaller than 5 millimeters, and are typically natural sand and crushed stone. Coarse aggregates are usually between 9.5 and 37.5 mm, and predominantly consist of gravel and larger particles of crushed stone (Kosmatka and Wilson 2011). [8]

Sand

Sand is produced through the disintegration of rocks and minerals. It constitutes a large portion of most soil types, and is most commonly found in abundance as a surface deposit along rivers, on the shores of water bodies, and in arid regions (Anosike and Oyebade 2011). [9] Sand makes up the fine aggregate component of any typical concrete mix. The sand type most commonly used in the production of both load-bearing and non-load-bearing blocks is sharp sand, or builder's sand. Sharp sand has a gritty texture, and the typical size is between 0.5 to 1 millimeter (cement.org 2015). [10] According to a 2011 study in Nigeria, over 90% of their physical infrastructure is composed of "sandcrete" blocks, made from a mixture of only sand, cement, and minimal water. It was found that, when produced to local standards if a minimum of 1:8 ratio of cement to sharp sand, hardened sandcrete exhibits high compressive strength (Anosike and Oyebade 2011). [11] Additionally, the study found that up to 40% of the cement component could be replaced with rice husk ash, without any significant change in compressive strength.

Gravel

Gravel makes up the majority of the coarse aggregate component of concrete (cement.org 2015). [12] According to the Portland Cement Association manual, the required amount of cement can be decreased by increasing the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. However, aggregates much larger than 50 mm may compromise the compressive strength of the concrete (Kosmatka and Wilson 2011). [13]

Sawdust

Use: Utilizing waste material, creating lighter bricks, fuel source in concentrated amounts, insulating material, pore forming agent in clay technology [14] Sawdust is a waste material that can be readily available in many cultures. In Santo Domingo, a local coffin maker is willing to donate Sawdust, making it a readily available resource for use in construction materials.

A 2012 study of Saw Dust Ash (SDA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete found that a 5% SDA substitution is adequate to enjoy the maximum benefits of strength gain. "The results showed that SDA is a good pozzolan with combined SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 of 73.07%. The slump and compacting factor decreased as the SDA content increased indicating that concrete becomes less workable as the SDA content increased. The compressive strength decreased with increasing SDA replacement. The compressive strength of concrete with SDA was lower at early stages but improves significantly up to 90 days. An optimum value of 23.26N/mm2 at 90 days was obtained for concrete with 5% SDA replacement." The SDA used was burned in a metal container, then ground using a mortar and pestle after cooling. [15]

This study was conducted with a mixture of cement, SDA, a fine aggregate(sharp sand), a course aggregate (granite with a maximum 20 mm size), and water. This material appears to be of similar use to RHA, meaning that we likely will not want to combine the desirable 10% RHA in addition to 5% SDA, but one or the other, or a smaller combination of the two.

For best result, sawdust should be taken from hardwood which is low in tannin, gums, and oils. [16]

A study of the combination of Limestone Dust Waste (LDW) and Wood Sawdust Waste (WSW) in brick materials in a 10%-30% cement replacement amount did not exhibit a sudden brittle fracture and the combination produced a comparatively lighter composite (about 65% lighter) than conventional concrete bricks.[17]

Optimum sintering temperature has been shown to be around 1050 degrees C. At 950 degrees C, a resultant decrease in the compressive strength of the bricks occurred. [18]

Rice Hull

Rice hulls are a major by-product of rice milling and agro-based biomass industry. They consist of 60-65% volatile matter, 10-15% fixed carbon, and 17-23% ash. They contain 40% cellulose, 30% lignin group, and 20% silica in amorphous form. [19].

The high silica in combination with a large amount of lignin and a 12% moisture content give rice hulls some useful properties. After a number of ASTM standard tests, rice hulls passed all categories, including critical radiant flux, smoldering combustion, odor emission, moisture vapor sorption, corrosiveness, and resistance to fungal growth, making them a Class A (or Class I) insulation and construction material. [20]

Rice Hull Ash

Use: Utilizing waste materials, creating lighter bricks, flame retardant reducing cement needed. Rice hull ash is often an agriculture waste material. Rice hull ash is composed of 90-95% silicon dioxide and can improve the workability and stability of cement, in addition to reducing cracking and plastic shrinkage. [21] Test results obtained for 10% cement replacement level in lightweight concrete indicate that rice hull ash (RHA) led to the enhancement of mechanical properties, especially early strength and also fast aging related results, further contributing to sustainable construction with energy saver lightweight concrete. [22]

RHA is highly porous and lightweight, with a high specific surface area. It has been applied as an additive in many materials and applications such as refractory brick, manufacturing of insulation, and materials for flame retardants. [23]

When rice hulls are burned long term (12 hours or more), RHA is produced with high amounts of amorphous silica content (88.32%) and no significant amount of crystalline material. In these conditions, it is efficient as a pozzolanic material. "The compressive strength of the blended concrete with 10% RHA has been increased significantly and, for up to 20% replacement, could valuably replace cement without adversely affecting the strength. Increasing RHA fineness enhances the strength of blended concrete." [24]

  • At all the cement replacement levels of rice hull ash; there is gradual increase in compressive strength from 0 days to 7 days. However there is significant increase in compressive strength from 7 days to 14 days
  • At the initial ages, with the increase in the percentage replacement of rice hull ash,the compressive strength increases.
  • By using this rice hull ash in concrete as replacement, the emission of greenhouse gases can be decreased to a greater extent. As a result, there is greater possibility to gain a larger number of carbon credits.
  • Moreover, with the use of rice hull ash, the weight of concrete is reduced, thus enabling concrete to be used as a light weight construction material. [25]

Lime

Lime particles are exceptionally small, allowing them to inhabit even the tiniest of spaces within a material. In fact, the word "lime" comes from Old English, and literally means "sticky substance" (etymonline.com), so named for the capacity of lime to adhere to surfaces. [26] Structures containing lime are observed to undergo a process known as autogenous, or "self healing." Natural changes in the earth and environmental conditions induces slight shifting in buildings. In concrete structures, this movement can produce large, isolated cracks. However, lime-containing structures tend to produce many small, fine cracks. When water penetrates these openings, it can dissolve the "free" lime particles and cause them to migrate. As the water molecules evaporate, the lime is deposited, naturally sealing the cracks (Holmes 2002). [27]

Construction

Very complete description of how final project is made. This large section should have lots of pictures. Please consider making a timeline in addition or instead. Use the Help:Images#Galleries and probably Template:How_to (e.g. Barrel O' Fun Worm Bin Instructions).

Timeline

The following is a list of the tasks assigned and achieved as well as the dates.

28 May 2015

Literature Review

  • Finished 01 June 2015

11 June 2015

  • Distillery is no longer powered by rice hull, and now uses wood. Will be collecting wood ash tomorrow.

13 June 2015

  • Bought supplies to get ready for block making
  • Double-sifted wood ash
  • Unable to get rice hulls today, postponed to Monday the 15th

15 June 2015

  • Accompanied Antonio and Jose to a rice factory approximately an hour away to obtain rice hulls

17 June 2015

  • Returned to factory to get more rice hulls

18 June 2015

  • Began making blocks; executed 6 different recipes, making a total of 188 blocks

19 June 2015

  • Calculated recipe materials needed to finish the destacamento including the area and the amount of blocks
  • Created a timeline with potential future workdays at Vasquez's site to be able to make the blocks we need

20 June 2015

  • Beach day, required relaxation

21 June 2015

  • Began leveling the ground in the destacamento and cleaning general area within and outside of building

22 June 2015

  • Went to block factory to make another order in preparation for making blocks the next day
  • Went to local distillery, which had been supplying wood ash for the blocks; however, they said they are unable to give us the ash due to it being recently (and possibly temporarily) shut down.

23 June 2015

  • Organized blocks into piles of the same type
  • Did standing, jumping and kicking tests on each of the blocks and noted their responses
  • Designed the iterations on the two strongest recipes to try for this round of block making
  • Power went out and were unable to make blocks, planned to make more on Thursday

25 June 2015

  • Arrived at block factory at agreed upon time, machine or power left and wouldn't be back until the 26th
  • New plan decided for Saturday 27 June at 1pm and Sunday 28 June 9am to make blocks, shook hands to agree upon time and goal of 600 blocks

27 June 2015

  • Arrived at the block factory at 1pm, was told the man who runs the machine wont be back until 2pm, then at 2pm we were told to come back at 4pm, and by that time we knew we weren't able to make blocks.
  • At around 7pm as we are walking through the town working on other projects when a man we've never met before stopped us to let us know we'd be able to make blocks the next day, Sunday the 28 of June, at 9am

28 June 2015

  • Arrived at the block factory at 9:15am with the workers having said they looked for us and are ready to build
  • Made 492 blocks out of two different recipes with natural iterations
  • Obtained rebar from the president of the neighborhood watch who has said that if blocks were available to build up the destacamento, she would put pressure on to get it built
  • Made mortar and put up a little less than two rows of blocks on to the destacamento

30 June 2015

  • Although the blocks from Sunday, 28 of June are ready, the president of the neighborhood watch community said that it would be best to not have them delivered to the destacamento
  • Purchased more material for mortar
  • Added another xxxxxxxxxx rows of blocks to the destacamento

Costs

Below is a table of the costs associated with this hullkrete project.

Cost of materials
Material Source Quantity Costo (RD$) Cost ($)
Saco de Paja de Arroz Molino La Estrella 30 300 6.68
Transportación para Paja de Arroz Molino La Estrella 1 500 11.14
Spray Paint Ferreteria La Formula 1 100 2.23
Trabajadores para 4 horas Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 1 3000 67.13
Metero Cúbico de Arena*** Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 1 800 17.83
Carretilla de Caliche Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 3 270 6.02
Carretilla de Gravilla Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 3 270 6.02
Carretilla de Arena Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 3 270 6.02
Fundas de Cemento Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 12 2760 61.76
Trabajadores para 600 bloques Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 1 6500 144.75
Fundas de Cemento Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 17 3740 83.29
Carretilla de Arena Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 8 1000 22.27
Carretilla de Caliche Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 15 1200 26.72
Carretilla de Gravilla Ferreteria Vasquez Martes 8 720 16.03
Spray de Pintura Ferreteria Suazo 1 75 1.67
10lb Funda de Cal Ferreteria Suazo 2 120 2.67
Funda de Cal Ferreteria y Fab. de Block el Progreso 10 550 12.25
Total 22175 494.48

Recreation Cost Recipe 6

The following table describes the cost to make 11 batches of recipe number 6 which yielded 340 blocks.

Costo de Receta Bloque 6 (11 lotes)
Material Costo Total(RD$) Costo por Bloque(RD$)
Cáscara de Arroz 0 0
Caliche 880 2.59
Arena y Tabo 688 2.02
Gravilla 995 2.93
Cal 605 1.78
Cemento Portland 2420 7.12
Ceniza de Madera 0 0
Total 5588 16.44

Recreation Cost Recipe 9

The following table describes the cost to make 11 batches of recipe number 9 which yielded 152 blocks.

Costo de Receta Bloque 9 (4 lotes)
Material Costo Total(RD$) Costo por Bloque(RD$)
Cáscara de Arroz 0 0
Caliche 320 2.10
Arena y Tabo 500 3.29
Gravilla 360 2.38
Cal 220 1.45
Cemento Portland 440 2.89
Total 1840 12.11

Tests

Recipe 6

Using the following recipe for 11 batches, 340 blocks were made

Block Recipe 6
Quantity Type Description Material Prep time Cost($)
1 Wheelbarrow Filled to brim Ricehull 3hr total drive time to obtain 0
1 Wheelbarrow Overly full Caliche 0 1.78
1/2 Wheelbarrow Overly full Sand 0 1.39
1/2 Wheelbarrow Overly full Gravel 0 1.00
1 5kg Bag Oxidized Lime 40 minute maximum car ride 1.22
1 94lb Bag Portland Cement 0 4.90
1 5gal Bucket Most poured initially, less than 25% saved for the end of the batch Wood Ash 5hr total time to walk with wheelbarrow and double sift (enough for 11 batches) 0
Receta Bloque 6
Cantidad Tipo Descripción Material Tiempo para Peparar Cost($RD)
1 Carretilla Llena a Borde Cáscara de Arroz 3hr total maneja para obtener 0
1 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Caliche 0 80
1/2 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Arena y Tabo 0 62.5
1/2 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Gravilla 0 45
1 5kg Funda Oxidado Cal 40 minuto máximo total tiempo en carro 55
1 94lb Funda Cemento Portland 0 220
1 5galón Cubete Ponga mucho para empezar y guardar 25% para poner durante el fin del lote Ceniza de Madera 5hr total tiempo para caminar con la carretilla y tamizar 2 veces (bastante para hacer 11 lotes) 0

Recipe 9

Using the following recipe for 4 batches, 152 blocks were made

Block Recipe 9
Quantity Type Description Material Prep time Cost($)
1 Wheelbarrow Filled to brim Ricehull 3hr total drive time to obtain 0
1 Wheelbarrow Overly full Caliche 0 1.78
1 Wheelbarrow Overly full Sand 0 1.39
1 Wheelbarrow Overly full Gravel 0 1.00
1 5kg Bag Oxidized Lime 40 minute maximum car ride 1.22
1/2 94lb Bag Portland Cement 0 4.90
Receta Bloque 9
Cantidad Tipo Descripción Material Tiempo para Peparar Cost($RD)
1 Carretilla Llena a Borde Cáscara de Arroz 3hr total maneja para obtener 0
1 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Caliche 0 80
1 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Arena y Tabo 0 62.5
1 Carretilla Hacia a Desbordar Gravilla 0 45
1 5kg Funda Oxidado Cal 40 minuto máximo total tiempo en carro 55
1/2 94lb Funda Cemento Portland 0 220

Testing results

Below, are the recipes used for the eco Blocks and their results from the Compression test performed on them.

How to Plaster a Wall
Material Type of Measurement Plaster 1 Qty Plaster 2 Qty Plaster 3 Qty Plaster 4 Qty
Ricehull Wheelbarrow qty qty qty qty
Caliche Wheelbarrow qty qty qty qty
Sand Wheelbarrow qty qty qty qty
Gravel Wheelbarrow qty qty qty qty
Lime 5kg Bag qty qty qty qty
Cement 94lb Bag qty qty qty qty
Wood Ash 5gal Bucket qty qty qty qty
Weight (xxxxx) xx xx xx xx
Volume (xxxx) xx xx xx xx
Compression Test (psi withstood) Psi Psi Psi Psi

Operation

This is how to operate. It should have a brief introduction and very useful images with labels. Also it may work best for your project to use the step by step how to template {{How to}}. See #Troubleshooting for an example.

Maintenance

Introduce this maintenance section.

Schedule

This is when to maintain what.

Daily
  • A daily task
  • A daily task
Weekly
  • a weekly task
  • a weekly task
Monthly
  • a monthly task
  • a monthly task
Yearly
  • a yearly task
  • a yearly task
Every __ years
  • task
  • task

Instructions

This is how to use and maintain it. The step by step how to template {{How to}} is most likely best for this part.

How To
Image Steps for completion
Backpack frame bike trailer |1 |Do something. Aleiha's parabolic solar cooker |2 |Do something really complicated but made simple, etc.

Conclusion

Testing results

Describe the testing results.

Discussion

Discuss the testing results.

Lessons learned

Discuss lessons were learned during this project and what you would do different next time.

Next steps

Discuss any next steps for the project as it goes on into the future.

Troubleshooting

This is only how to troubleshoot basic operation. For complex issues, the solution might just say contact ________. It should be a table in this format:

Troubleshooting
Problem Suggestion
Example issue Example solution or suggestion
Does not turn on Make sure it is plugged in
Another issue Et cetera

Team

Introduce team and semester in the following format:

Grading criteria for the remaining sections:

  • Grammar and spelling +1
  • Formatting +1
  • Depth, breadth and accuracy of content +7
  • Project documentation's potential for impact (e.g. reproduction) +1

References

Template:Reflist

Make sure to include other relevant categories at the bottom, e.g. [[Category:Rainater]], [[Category:Upcycling]], etc.

  1. ↑ http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Santo-Domingo,Dominican-Republic
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcdominican.htm
  3. ↑ http://www.appropedia.org/Las_Malvinas_botica_popular_hullkrete_2013
  4. ↑ http://www.appropedia.org/Hullkrete_and_fiber-crete
  5. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813008606
  6. ↑ http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/PCA_manual/Chap03.pdf
  7. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813008606,
  8. ↑ Kosmatka, S. H. and Wilson, M. L. (2011). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland Cement Association.
  9. ↑ Anosike, M.N., and Oyebade, A.A. (2011), "Sandcrete Blocks and Quality Management in Nigeria Building Industry." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2012, 2(1), 37-46.
  10. ↑ Aggregates. (2015) [Online] Available http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/concrete-materials/aggregates, June 3, 2015.
  11. ↑ Anosike, M.N., and Oyebade, A.A. (2011), "Sandcrete Blocks and Quality Management in Nigeria Building Industry." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 2012, 2(1), 37-46.
  12. ↑ Aggregates. (2015) [Online] Available http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/concrete-materials/aggregates, June 3, 2015.
  13. ↑ Kosmatka, S. H. and Wilson, M. L. (2011). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland Cement Association.
  14. ↑ https://books.google.com.do/books?id=KdU6BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=eco+blocks+:book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HW1sVebILc2lyASomoH4DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=eco%20blocks%20%3Abook&f=false
  15. ↑ http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F138758&ei=PGJsVfzGCseWygTMlYAQ&usg=AFQjCNGBoTrMGyJj9nbxo_32oMN2hD_-TA&sig2=Ez8ojipfFlzsw-CjqqJCpQ&bvm=bv.94455598,d.aWw
  16. ↑ http://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/good_wood/sawment.htm
  17. ↑ http://eng.harran.edu.tr/~pturgut/8.pdf
  18. ↑ https://books.google.com.do/books?id=KdU6BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=eco+blocks+:book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HW1sVebILc2lyASomoH4DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=eco%20blocks%20%3Abook&f=false
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com.do/books?id=KdU6BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=eco+blocks+:book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HW1sVebILc2lyASomoH4DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=eco%20blocks%20%3Abook&f=false
  20. ↑ https://www.google.com/url?q=http://esrla.com/pdf/ricehullhouse.pdf&sa=U&ei=YlBrVe3PDcKeNq7VgOgJ&ved=0CAsQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNEfrmijna1zcGhiaNuG8v9c2iSa6A
  21. ↑ http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/concrete/18708-effect-of-rice-husk-ash-on-cement-mortar-and-concrete.html
  22. ↑ http://prpg.usp.br/dcms/uploads/arquivos/biosmat/Artigo7.PDF
  23. ↑ https://books.google.com.do/books?id=KdU6BAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=eco+blocks+:book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HW1sVebILc2lyASomoH4DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=eco%20blocks%20%3Abook&f=false
  24. ↑ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-14392010000200011&script=sci_arttext
  25. ↑ http://ijirae.com/images/downloads/vol1issue6/JYCE10086%2832%29.pdf
  26. ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary. (2015) [Online] Available http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lime, June 3, 2015.
  27. ↑ Holmes, S. (2002), "An Introduction to Building Limes." Why Use Lime, <http://www.buildinglimesforum.org.uk/why-use-lime>, May 31, 2015.
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