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!align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante]] | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante]] | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante]] | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand withhair watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand nohair.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, no hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand nohair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, no hair, with secante. Showed very little damage after scratch test.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Darksand nohair watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Black sand, no hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair.JPG|center|thumb|Yellow sand, with hair, with secante]] | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair.JPG|center|thumb|Yellow sand, with hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb| | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Fine sand, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair watertest.JPG|center|thumb| | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand withhair watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Fine sand, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand nohair.JPG|center|thumb|Fine sand, no hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand nohair brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Fine sand, no hair, with secante. Showed very little damage after scratch test.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Finesand nohair watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Fine sand, no hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="center"| [[Image: | !align="center"| [[Image:Both secante.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, with hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image: | !align="center"| [[Image:Both secante brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[Image: | !align="center"| [[Image:Both secante watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, with hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Both nosecante.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, no hair, with secante.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Both nosecante brushtest.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, no hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
!align="center"| [[ | !align="center"| [[Image:Both nosecante watertest.JPG|center|thumb|Both sands, no hair, with secante. Did not perform well.]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
Both types of sand performed well when the recipe included secante and excluded a fiber. However, none of the recipes passed the water test adequately for outdoor use. It was decided that the fine sand recipe would be used for the indoor plastering, and a cement recipe would be used for the outside work. | |||
===Lessons learned=== | ===Lessons learned=== |
Revision as of 00:42, 2 July 2015
Abstract
Background
This project was included in Lonny Grafman's Practivistas summer program through Humboldt State University HSU. It took place from May 22-July 4, 2015 in the small community, Las Malvinas, located in the outskirts of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The task at hand was to finish the botica popular, which was built in summer, 2013, by other Practivista students Las Malvinas botica popular hullkrete 2013. Working with the community, seven Practivistas students designed and implemented this project based on the current criteria at hand. The project team was composed of a group of six students studying at Humboldt State University, all members of Lonny Grafman's Practivistas program. The project entailed making and applying plaster to the botica, laying out a floor for it, and providing materials needed for the electric plan of the building.
Objective
The objective of this project is to complete the botica popular in Las Malvinas in a way that best fits the criteria discussed, while hopefully providing the community with a finished product of what will become a reliable source of much needed medicine.
Criteria
English
The criteria below represents key aspects of this project in weighted form, which is a list of the key elements providing support and foundation to the design and building decisions made throughout. It stands as a guide to all decision-making for this project.
Criteria and Description | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criteria | Weight | Description | |||
Safety | 10 | The structure must provide security for those using it as well as trust in the structure. It is also important that the materials used to create the structure cause no harm to the public, or less harm than the standard, given that necessary safety precautions are taken. | |||
Durability | 9 | The lifespan is suitable for the consumer given that the money needed to fix or replace the structure can be saved by the time the structure is in need. The structure is also able to withstand the extremes of average weather conditions. | |||
Environmental Impact | 9 | To have a less negative affect on the world than the standard that's commonly used. | |||
Aesthetics | 7 | Build a finished looking, smooth and trustworthy structure. | |||
Time | 6 | The importance of spending all of the constrained amount of time on a given project. | |||
Educational Value | 6 | The ability for the building to be easily understood and more deeply learned about and replicated if there was a desire to do so. | |||
Cost | 5 | The importance of spending all of the constrained amount of money on a given project. | |||
Accesibility of Materials | 5 | The time it takes to obtain a material must be within the constrained amount. As well the ability to transport the material should be taken into consideration for whether it can be carried or delivered in that set amount of time. |
Español
Criterio y Descripción | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Criterio | Importancia | Descripción | |||
Seguridad | 10 | Este estructura debe a proveer seguridad para aquellos que usar y también para confiar en la estructura. También es importante que los materiales usado para crear la estructura no causa nada lastima al público, o menos lastima de la norma cuando se toman las precauciónes apropriadas. | |||
Durabilidad | 9 | La vida de la estructura es apropriado para el cliente, dado que el necesario dinero para reparar o sustituir el estructura puede ser ahorrado al tiempo que es necesario. La estructura también puede resistir algunos de los corrientes extremos del tiempo. | |||
Impacto Ambiental | 9 | Para hacer efectos menos mál en el mundo y ambiento de la norma. | |||
Estética | 7 | Construir una estructura que ve terminada, suave y que puede confiar en. | |||
Tiempo | 6 | La importancia para usar todo del tiempo asignado para un proyecto. | |||
Valor Educativo | 6 | La abilidad para entender el edificio y aprender más y para replicar si la comunidad quiere. | |||
Costo | 5 | La importancia para usar todo del dinero asignado para un proyecto. | |||
Accesibilidad de Materiales | 5 | El tiempo necesario para obtener un material debe estar adentro de nos tiempo asignado. También, la poder para transportar un material debe estar pensando para saber si se llevar un material o debe estar poner en un carro para llevar adentro del tiempo asignado. |
Literature Review
The purpose of this literature review is to present facts and researched information relating to the 2015 Botica/Ecoblock/Destacamento project taking place in a community in the Dominican Republic called Las Malvinas. This information is to guide the decisions made upon different aspects of the designing and building of this assortment of projects, and to further guide those wanting to pursue any future projects related to green building.
Climate and Location
Las Malvinas, the community of interest, is located in the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. On average, Santo Domingo gets about 200 hours of sunlight each month, with temperatures - on average - ranging from about 19 degrees Celsius to around 32 degrees Celsius. The average monthly rainfall can get up to about 190 millimeters in one month, and is greatest from May to October. The average humidity of the area ranges generally between 80% and 90% [1] Santo Domingo is located in the tropical area of the Caribbean Sea and, as shown previously, has some variation through the seasons in average reports for rainfall and temperatures [2].
Flooring
How to Tutorials for application technique:
Best Concrete Flooring: Free Tutorial over tile
DIY Network: Installing a Concrete Floor
DIY Network: How to Install a Skim Coat for a Concrete Floor
DIY Network: How to Repair Holes in Concrete Floors
Images of Concrete Floors with staining designs
Installation
For installing a concrete floor, some considerations must be taken into consideration such as protecting the inner walls of the room(s) and also laying out the floor in a leveled fashion. Some research shows the steps for installation in the following manner:
- step 1: level the floor in which the cement will be poured upon with gravel and sand.
- step 2: forms should be made to keep the cement contained in the desired area (the walls of a room may be sufficient)
- step 3: pour the concrete mixture into the form and smooth/level with shovels
- step 4: leveling- a piece of ply wood can be dragged across surface to level, or hand towels can be used as well.
These are the recommendations to installing the floor in the botica popular [3]
Level Technique
Thomas from Ghetto2Garden's suggests after the concrete mixture is set, use a towel to even the layer. This technique is cost and labor efficient.
Limestone Cement Mix
Limestone has been used as a filler when mixing cement. Adding limestone to cement mixes reduces the carbon footprint, saves energy by reducing clinker production in plants and is cost effective.[4] Students from la Universidad Politechnica Bucuresti have conducted experiments pertaining to the strength of cement as well as the resistance to water and the energy needed to mix the blends. The figure below shows an experiment in which students mixed different ratios of lime into the cement and then took a before and after picture of the mounds once they were tilted. The results show that with a 20% and 40% ratio of lime to cement that there was an evident increase in cohesion. However, the mixture requires more water with higher portions of lime and also becomes a bit harder to work with, depending on the cement. Therefore, pre-trial tests are highly recommended before deciding to use a certain ratio.[5]
Pozzolan
Pozzolans strengthen and seal concrete mixtures, and are efficient in reducing the cement content. A pozzolan is defined as "a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementing property, but will in a finely divided form--and in the presence of moisture-- chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties." [6] Types of Pozzolan's available:
- Rice Hull Ash
- Fly Ash (from coal)
Gypsum
Gypsum; “is a soft grey mineral consisting of hydrated calcium sulphate, occurring chiefly in sedimentary deposits. It can be used to make plaster and fertilizers, and is used vastly in the construction industry for its strength, malleability and accessibility as a common mineral." [7] Gypsum can sometimes be found at a low cost because it is a byproduct of flue gas desulfurization (FGD), a process used by coal-fired electrical power plants to limit emissions of sulfur dioxide. [7] "This artisan method of manufacturing results in a finished product with exceptional binding capacity, making it suitable for use in outdoor environments." [8] As a soft material, Gypsum should be mixed in order to have cement properties. The ratio of water to gypsum in flooring is 0.8:1 in order to achieve a compressive strength of 6 MPa. [9] This ratio is not valuable in flooring until it is strengthened with a fiber.
Fiber
Potential
- Natural cork from cork Oak--lightens mixture. [9]
- Wool--provides considerable improvement to compression layers in terms of mechanical behaviour. "Wool provides significant improvement, particularly in terms of compression and elasticity. Furthermore, this material is 100% ecological and the cost is significantly lower than that of many artificial fibers." [9]
Flooring Recipe | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Amount | Description | |||
Concrete | Six Bags of Concrete. | ||||
Sand | Aggregate in mixture. | ||||
Pozzolan | Ash | ||||
AS 600 | Quick Dry |
Floor Staining
Stains for concrete come in two general categories: acid-based chemical stains and water-based acrylics. Most acid stains are a mixture of water, hydrochloric acid and acid-soluble metallic salts. They work by penetrating the surface and reacting chemically with the hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) in the concrete. The acid in the stain lightly etches the surface, allowing the metallic salts to penetrate more easily. Once the stain reacts, it becomes a permanent part of the concrete and won't fade, chip off or peel away. The palette for acid-etch staining is generally limited to earthy tones, such as tans, browns, terra cottas and soft blue-greens.
Both types of stain can be applied to new or old concrete, both plain or integrally colored. They are especially effective for revitalizing dull, lackluster surfaces. Because stains must be able to soak into the concrete to achieve full color saturation, they shouldn't be applied to surfaces covered by anything that can inhibit stain penetration, such as dirt, grease, glues, coatings, curing membranes and sealers. [10]
Iron Sulfate
Iron sulfate, also known as ferrous sulfate, is a chemical compound the can be found in different plant fertilizers. It is most commonly used for “greening plants, specifically azaleas and citrus plants.”[11] Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete and plaster an amber color. The resulting color depends on the amount of layers applied; it begins as an orange color and darkens with the application of more layers. It is a natural stain and creates no waste. Ferrous sulfate can be reapplied after years of wear and tear. One must make sure not to apply too many coats because the concrete or plaster will no longer have room to absorb the chemical. One must also wear gloves as the chemical has been known to burn hands. Ventilation is also important as it will need help drying. Before being stained, the concrete must be properly cleaned and cleared of dust and other unwanted sediments. Once clean, the stainer can be applied using a clean mop or a paint roller.[12] A Humboldt state student used the following ratios to stain concrete floors at their school's appropriate technology center. The step-by-step description of their process can be found here
- 1 lb (16 oz) iron sulfate to 1 gallon (4 quarts) water ratio gives an orange stain.
- 2 lb iron sulfate to 1 gallon water + 1~2 cups coffee grounds gives a more saturated, darker look.
Plaster
About
Before delving into the specifics of plaster, it is beneficial to first know what plaster actually is. Plaster is “a material used to cover walls-- often both interior and exterior. It provides protection as well as texture and color”. There are many types of plasters, which will function better with different building materials, and some kinds of plasters are more environmentally sound and beneficial than others. For instance, earthen plasters- which include lime, gypsum, and clay are said to be "water resistant". [13]Below, different types of plaster will be presented and discussed.
Types
Lime and clay plaster types were mainly researched below as viable options; however, gypsum and cement mixtures were added to provide information about alternative plaster types that could be an option in building projects in general.
Clay
There are a variety of different clay-based plasters. Generally, they share similar components: about 20% clay, combined with sand, fiber, and any additional/optional ingredients. The clay is sticky- one of its sole purposes is to act as the binding agent which holds all of the ingredients together in a mixture. The sand not only provides strength, but it also prevents the plaster from cracking. The fiber ingredient, which could be "hair, straw, hemp, cattail fluff, [or] manure, adds reinforcement and strength to the structure as well. Additional ingredients could include flour paste (flour and water), prickly pear juice, lime, mica, or fine fiber." [14]
As mentioned previously, earthen plasters like clay are considered water resistant. The specific reason behind why clay plaster contains this property is because of its molecular make up. "According to soil scientists, clay consists of tiny flat plates. When moisture comes into contact with an earthen plaster, it binds to clay molecules and forms a bridge between them, causing the clay to expand. The binding of water molecules to clay also prevents water from migrating into the deeper layers: the plaster self seals."[13]
Although erosion may occur on the surface layers of an earthen plaster due to rain and change of temperature/weather, the deeper layers will still protect the wall through it all. [13]
Lime
Lime plaster is typically composed of lime and sand, and can be utilized for exterior or interior walls. Oftentimes, however, lime plaster is "usually applied on exterior walls where it provides excellent protection against the elements." [13] Lime differs from other earthen plasters in the fact that it takes a somewhat energy-intensive process to get the lime from its naturally occurring source, such as limestone. To create lime, a type of powder called quicklime (heated and crushed limestone) must be hydrated in a process called 'slaking'. This is basically the calcium oxide and magnesium oxide reacting with water to create the lime paste that is used in lime-based plasters. This process works best over a large time frame. If lime plaster dries too quickly, it can destroy it completely as an efficient plaster. While lime is caustic and can cause extreme damage upon contact with skin or inhalation, there are many advantages to using lime. Lime plasters are not only aesthetically pleasing, but they are also "vapor permeable." [13] This allows for the movement of water molecules through the material, protecting against moisture-related issues such as rot and mold.
It is also important to note that lime plaster requires a lime wash every 4-5 years. [15] The wash is needed to allow the building to breath. Though it is expensive, it improves the condition of the underlying plaster. Lime plaster is best composed of high calcium and low amounts of magnesium. When stored, it is vital to have one or two inches of water on top to prevent carbonation from exposure to the air - just like in the process of making the plaster - and must be fully slaked before the application may begin. A desirable technique is to apply lime plaster in one to three coats of varying composition, and using a mortar mixer rather than a cement mixer, to avoid the material sticking to the walls of the drum. The first two coats use one part lime putty and two to three parts sand, while the last coat has a higher ratio of one and a half to three parts sand. Sand within the plaster adds tensile strength, but it is important to be aware of the type of sand being used. Small grains can cause the plaster to crack or rub off because of the lack of strength. Additionally, uniformly sized particles cause cracking due to the ability of the material to shear along many edges. The best sand to use is one that has non-uniformly sized particles, as well as particles without smooth edges that may shear easily. It is important to note that beach sand must be cleaned prior to use because of the salt content. Salt has a tendency to move out from the plaster, which creates white patches on the surface. [13]
Gypsum
In addition to requiring heat to create the Gypsum plaster, it is also unsuitable for outdoors in humid environments. [15] Gypsum plaster is "a more delicate wall plaster. It is rather soft and water soluble, and is therefore typically reserved for interior work." [13]
Cement Stucco
In cement stucco, which is actually different from plaster, cement is the binding agent. This type of mixture is generally containing "cement, sand, and (frequently) lime." Cement stucco "wicks moisture into the walls and tends to crack," which can ultimately allow moisture into the building. [13] Concrete made of portland cement is usually composed of 15-20% portland cement- and for each pound of cement produced, one pound of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, originating from the machines needed to produce it as well as the chemical reaction.[16]
Past Projects
Las Malvinas Schoolroom
With a coffin manufacturer in the area, obtaining sawdust is easy and should be considered as a viable option to make plaster. In 2012, the Ecoladrillo school room was constructed using “3 layers of sawdust plaster,” where the layers were composed of different ratios of cement and sawdust, as previously discussed. The final layer does not contain sawdust for possible aesthetic reasons, but a tint was added to eliminate a need to paint [17]. To make the plaster, 16 parts water were added to 1 part lime to dissolve the lime. Then, 16 parts sawdust were added and left to soak for one hour. According to the past project reviews, this mixture was then added to 12 parts sifted sand and mixed on a tarp on the ground. Then, 8 parts cement were added, and water as needed for the desired consistency [17]. The final layer of plaster should be applied after the second layer is mostly dry. Then, using a “long thin piece of wood to plane the wall, scrape off bulges and fill in holes with more plaster.” Apply the final layer and water as needed to create a smooth surface [17].
2013 Las Malvinas Botica Popular
To test the initial plasters, it was decided to add a layer of paper outside of the chicken wire to allow the plaster to adhere to something other than the chicken wire and water bottles. The first layer of plaster was composed of “18 shovels-full of sand and 1/3 of a bag of cement.” The second layer was made to be thinner and again, less sand with the last layer [18].
Construction
How To
Apply Plaster
Below is a table describing a common method for plastering a wall. This table is built on the assumption that one has already gathered materials/supplies and have already made the plaster being used. Also note that there are many different methods of applying plaster to a wall; the following table describes one of these ways.
How to Plaster a Wall | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steps | Instructions | Instrucciones | |||
Step 1 | Level Wall. This is done often in doorways and the tops of walls so that the applied plaster will be evenly distributed along the wall of interest's perimeter. | Ponga Nivel. Esto se hace en las puertas y arriba de las paredes para que el yeso aplicado será distribuido nivelado en el perímetro de la pared. | |||
Step 2 | Use the trowel to mix the water in with the plaster to ensure the correct consistency; Use the trowel to lift some of the plaster and drop it. Do this three times until you have a smooth consistency. | Usa la plana para mezclar el yeso para saber la consistencia correcta. Usa la plana para levantar unos del yeso y deja caer. Hágalo tres veces hasta que tienes una consistencia suave. | |||
Step 3 | Water down wall. This can be done easily by poking a hole through the cap of a water bottle and then spraying the wall. | Ponga agua en la pared. Esto puede hacerse pinchándola un aguajero a través del tapón de una botella de agua y luego rociar la pared. | |||
Step 4 | Use the trowel to lift some of the plaster and drop it. Do this three times until you have a smooth consistency, now scoop some plaster onto the backside of a trowel and place against wall at an upward, acute angle so that the plaster is in between the wall and the trowel. Apply pressure while pressing upward (sometimes at a diagonal direction) along the wall. Plaster should stick well to the wall. | Usa la plana para levantar alguno del yeso y después, bajalo. Hace este tres veces hasta tiene una consistencia suave, ahora ponga algunos del yeso en la parte posterior de la plana y póngalo en la pared en una ascendente ángulo agudo para que el yeso está entre de la pared y la plana. Aplica presión mientras se presiona hacia arriba (a veces en una dirección diagonal) a lo largo de la pared. Yeso debe pegarse a la pared. | |||
Step 5 | Smooth out small areas of plaster on the wall with a flat/rectangular trowel to give the plastered part a smoother/cleaner look and then repeat this and Step 4 until the entire wall is covered in a layer of plaster. | Suavizar las áreas pequeñas del yeso en la pared con la llana para dar a la parte enyesada una mirada más lisa y luego repita esto y el paso 4 hasta que la pared entera sea cubierta en una capa de yeso. | |||
Step 6 | When the wall is covered in plaster, let it dry a little bit for approximately 20 minutes. Less, the wall might be a little too wet for the next step; but more time, the wall will be too dry, making the next step difficult to tackle. | Cuando la pared está recubierta de yeso, déjele secar un poquito durante aproximadamente 20 minutos. La pared ppuede ser un poco demasiado mojada para el siguiente paso; con más tiempo, la pared será demasiado seca que hace el siguiente paso difícil para hacer. | |||
Step 7 | Smoothing time for the wall. When smoothing, the wall must be wet to use the wood float, but it's much easier to use a sponge to both wet, and smooth the wall. Using this method, push a wet sponge against the wall in circular motion. Little pressure is needed, but it depends upon how wet the sponge is (more pressure if less wet). The plaster should look blended together and well-distributed, giving the entire wall a smoother/leveled look. During this step, the plasterer must look out for uneven indents or spots on the wall and fill them using Step 4 and 5, if needed. The entire wall needs to be evened and mixed using this sponge method. | Tiempo del allanamiento para la pared. Cuando alisa, la pared debe ser mojada para usar la flota, pero es mucho más fácil usar una esponja para mojar y alisar. Usando este método, empuje una esponja mojada o húmedo contra la pared en el movimiento circular. Poca presión es necesaria, pero depende de qué mojado la esponja es (más presión si menos mojada). El yeso debería parecer mezclado juntos y bien distribuido, dando a la pared entera una mirada más lisa/nivelada. Durante este paso, el yesero debe buscar para marcas y llenarlos con el paso 4 y 5, si es necesario. Toda la pared debe ser nivelado y se mezclado con este método de esponja. | |||
Step 8 | When the plaster is dry, the wood levels can be taken down, and the wall can then be admired for eternity. | Cuando el yeso es seco, la estructura de madera pueden ser bajados, y la pared puede ser admirada entonces por la eternidad. |
How To
Plaster Test
The following table describes the two main tests performed on a dry, plastered wall. These tests will determine whether the plaster will be sufficient in providing enough strength and resilience to use on the wall.
How to Perform a Plaster Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steps | Instructions | Instrucciones | |||
Step 1 | The first of two tests performed for checking if the plaster used is sufficient, is called the "water test". Using a water bottle with a hole in it's cap or side is most useful. Stand in front of the wall and apply pressure to the water bottle so that it is hitting the same place on the plastered wall for about 60 seconds. The duration and distance from the wall are dependent upon the pressure of the water source. The most important thing is to keep these parameters consistent between tests, in order to make meaningful comparisons. If there is no significant indent made in the plaster, the plaster passed the water test. If the water burrows a hole in the plaster, the size of the indentations can be compared. | La primera de dos pruebas funcionó para comprobar si el yeso usado es suficiente, es llamado la "prueba de agua". Usando una botella de agua o refresca con un agujero en la tapa o en el lado es el más útil. De pie frente de la pared aplica la presión en la botella (de agua o refresca) de modo que golpee el mismo lugar en la pared enyesada durante aproximadamente 60 segundos. La duración y la distancia de la pared son dependientes de la presión del agua. Lo más importante es mantener estos parámetros consistentes entre las pruebas, con el fin de hacer comparaciones significativas. Si no hay marca significativa hecho en el yeso, el yeso pasó la prueba de agua. Si el agua penetra un agujero en el yeso, se puede comparar el tamaño de los agujeros. | |||
Step 2 | For the scratch test, the second test performed, one must use a metal brush to apply a consistent pressure on the wall while pressing up and down 100 times. If this creates an indent or hole in the plaster, then the plaster used will not pass this test. As with the water test, the degree of failure can be compared to determine the most promising recipes to iterate upon. | Para la prueba de raya, la segunda prueba funcionó se debe utilizar un cepillo metálico para aplicar una presión constante en la pared mientras presiona hacia arriba y hacia abajo 100 veces. Si esto crea una marca o agujero en el yeso, entonces el yeso usado no pasará esta prueba. Como con la prueba del agua, el grado de insuficiencia puede compararse para determinar las recetas más prometedores para iterar sobre. | |||
Step 2 | Scratched the wall 100 times with the wire brush. Almost all of the plaster came off. | Rayado la pared 100 veces con el cepillo de alambre. Casi todo del yeso se cayó. |
Timeline
The following is a timeline composed of the tasks assigned and achieved as well as the dates.
Timeline | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Tasks | ||||
28 May 2015 | Literature review
Community meeting at Las Malvinas II | ||||
29 May 2015 | Meeting with Eddie at Las Malvinas II
| ||||
03 June 2015 | Meeting with Gregorio and Enrique
| ||||
05 June 2015 | Made first iteration of caliche plaster recipe and applied to an inner wall of the Botica | ||||
06 June 2015 | UNIBE Architecture camping day | ||||
07 June 2015 | Research on plaster to decide on materials needed to purchase | ||||
08 June 2015 | Tested dried plaster on inner wall of Botica and gathered supplies | ||||
09 June 2015 | Made 6 different plasters to test that all include different materials such as two types of sand, flour, human hair collected from a local barber
| ||||
10 June 2015 | Research on flooring to decide on materials needed to purchase | ||||
11 June 2015 | Tested 6 plaster tests, gathered supplies for floors and plaster
| ||||
12 June 2015 |
| ||||
13 June 2015 |
| ||||
14 June 2015 | Plastered three interior walls, window frame, one outside wall and began plastering on two other outside walls | ||||
16 June 2015 |
| ||||
18 June 2015 | Continued plastering and smoothing in the botica | ||||
19 June 2015 | Ordered materials to use for the floor in the Botica since the previously purchased cement was used in plastering | ||||
20 June 2015 | Beach day, required relaxation | ||||
21 June 2015 |
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23 June 2015 |
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Costs
The following table includes all purchases made to contribute to the Botica Popular. Items are listed multiple times according to how many times they were purchased. Some items were purchased at the same location and some were not.
Cost of materials | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Source | Quantity | Costo (RD$) | Cost ($) | |
25 lb Harina | Colmado Genesis | 1 | 500 | 11.14 | |
Caja Plastica 2" | Ferreteria Cuesta | 4 | 60 | 1.34 | |
Pala Cuadrada | Ferreteria Cuesta | 2 | 760 | 16.93 | |
Nicholson Hoja Segueta | Ferreteria Cuesta | 2 | 74 | 1.65 | |
Bellota Llana P/AL | Ferreteria Cuesta | 2 | 440 | 9.80 | |
Flota de Madera | Ferreteria Cuesta | 4 | 164 | 3.65 | |
Flota de Goma | Ferreteria Cuesta | 4 | 140 | 3.12 | |
1/2 lb Clavos Acero | Ferreteria Cuesta | 1 | 28 | 0.62 | |
Martillo | Ferreteria Cuesta | 1 | 235 | 5.24 | |
Plywood 1/2" (4'x8') Okume o Brazil | Ferremix | 1 | 980 | 21.83 | |
Madera 1"x4" de 14' Bruta PinoAmer | Ferremix | 7 | 1505 | 33.53 | |
Cepillo de Acerco | Farmacia Carnina | 1 | 35 | 0.78 | |
Plana Albañil | Farmacia Carnina | 2 | 100 | 2.23 | |
Cubeta Plastica 4x5 | Farmacia Carnina | 2 | 300 | 6.68 | |
Cal de 10lb | Ferreteria Suazo | 1 | 60 | 1.34 | |
Cedazo para Albail de Madera | Ferreteria Suazo | 1 | 225 | 5.01 | |
Guantes Damas | Ferreteria Suazo | 3 | 135 | 3.01 | |
Plana China #7 | Ferreteria Suazo | 2 | 120 | 2.67 | |
Mascarilla Especial | Ferreteria Suazo | 7 | 420 | 9.36 | |
Cal Hidratada | Innova Centro | 2 | 576 | 12.83 | |
Funda de Cemento | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 6 | 1380 | 30.74 | |
Metero Cúbico de Arena | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 1 | 800 | 17.82 | |
1 Libra de Harina | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 4 | 80 | 1.78 | |
Guantes Industrial de Latex | Super Potente el Defensor del Bolsillo | 2 | 132 | 2.94 | |
Pítcher Plastico | Super Potente el Defensor del Bolsillo | 1 | 145 | 3.23 | |
Martillo | Ferremix | 1 | 315 | 7.02 | |
Martillo | Ferremix | 1 | 187 | 4.16 | |
Guantes | Ferremix | 2 | 290 | 6.46 | |
Lona de 3x4 | Ferremix | 1 | 490 | 10.91 | |
Cinta Metrica 8mts. | Ferremix | 2 | 400 | 8.91 | |
Mini-Pala P/Jardin | Ferremix | 3 | 240 | 5.35 | |
Galon de Gasolina (cocina la harina) | Propa Gas | 12.2 | 1000 | 22.27 | |
Scoba | Tienda Local | 1 | 125 | 2.78 | |
Guantes Damas | Ferreteria La Formula | 2 | 100 | 2.23 | |
Llana | Ferreteria La Formula | 1 | 225 | 5.01 | |
Libra Empañete | Ferreteria Local | 1/4 | 225 | 5.01 | |
Libra de Harina | Colmado Genesis | 4 | 80 | 1.78 | |
Libra de Harina | Colmado Genesis | 3.5 | 60 | 1.34 | |
Fundas de Cemento | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 7 | 1610 | 35.87 | |
Fundas de Cemento | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 7 | 1610 | 35.87 | |
Metero Cúbico de Arena | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 1 | 800 | 17.82 | |
Fundas de Cemento | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 9 | 1980 | 44.09 | |
Metero Cúbico de Arena | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 1 | 800 | 17.82 | |
Mascarilla Desechable | Ferrecentro Peque | 70 | 70 | 1.56 | |
Guante Motorista Trupper | Ferreteria Suazo | 2 | 120 | 2.67 | |
Alambre Picodo | Ferreteria Vasquez Martes | 2 | 80 | 1.78 | |
Disco Corte | Ferreteria "Santa Ana" | 3 | 615 | 13.70 | |
Barra Cuadrada 1/2x20 | Forjados del Caribe | 8 | 2407 | 53.60 | |
Perfil Negro 1x1 | Forjados del Caribe | 8 | 742 | 53.60 | |
Tola Negra Lisa 1/20 4x8 57lb | Forjados del Caribe | 1 | 1132 | 25.21 | |
Tola Negra Lisa 1/20x48x48 (Mitad) | Forjados del Caribe | 1 | 597 | 1329 | |
Cerr. Yale Italy 610-40 | Forjados del Caribe | 1 | 1097 | 24.43 | |
Pestillo -PL-5/8 M/Largo | Forjados del Caribe | 1 | 110 | 2.45 | |
Domastur, Mant. Gris Claro | Forjados del Caribe | 2 | 494 | 11.00 | |
Thinner 1/2 Boltella | Forjados del Caribe | 2 | 102 | 2.27 | |
Brocha Zeus 2" | Forjados del Caribe | 2 | 68 | 1.51 | |
Total | 28781 | 640.93 |
Cost of materials (Electric Supplies for Solar Team) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Source | Quantity | Costo (RD$) | Cost ($) | |
Tomacoriente Blanco | Ferreteria Cuesta | 8 | 544 | 12.12 | |
Alambre Electrica (200 pies) | Ferreteria Cuesta | 2 | 2080 | 46.34 | |
Bticino Caja Plastica | Ferreteria Cuesta | 5 | 135 | 3.01 | |
Caja T/GE Breaker | Ferreteria Cuesta | 1 | 420 | 9.36 | |
Tijera Forjada Corte | Ferremix | 1 | 210 | 4.68 | |
Tape Electrico | Ferreteria Cuesta | 1 | 47 | 1.05 | |
Caja Electrica 2x4 | Ferremix | 3 | 102 | 2.27 | |
Tubos 1/2x19 | Ferremix | 5 | 294 | 6.55 | |
Total | 3832 | 85.75 |
Tests
Plastering Day 1:Recipe
All measurements have been taken using a 5 gallon bucket with a 12 inch diameter. Some measurements are in inches some in centimeters for greatest degree of accuracy.
Todas las medidads estan echas usando un cubete de 5 galones con un diámetro de 12 pulgadas. Unas de las medidas estan en centímetros mientras otras estan en pulgadas para mayor grado de precisión.
Plastering Day 1 Recipe | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Componente | Amount | Español | Source = Fuente | ||
Flour = Harina de Trigo | 6 lb 4 oz | 6 lb 4 oz | Colmado en Las Mavinas | ||
Water = Agua | 3 gallons | 3 galones | Enrique y Marta | ||
Lime = Cal | 1/4 bucket = 2.75 inches from bottom | 1/4 de un cubete = 2.75 pulgadas del base | Ferreteria | ||
Caliche | 9.25 cm from the bottom | 9.25 cm del base | Donated by Vasquez | ||
Sand = Arena | Donated by Vasquez |
Plastering Day 1
Steps
See Botica Plastering Day down page for more accurate wheat paste plaster instructions
Plastering Day 2: Instructions
Caliche Plaster One | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steps | Instructions | ||||
Step 1 | Boil water and mix in flour Hervir agua y sumar harina
|
Operation
This is how to operate. It should have a brief introduction and very useful images with labels. Also it may work best for your project to use the step by step how to template {{How to}}. See #Troubleshooting for an example.
Maintenance
Maintenance for the botica is fairly straight-forward. Since this building is so significant in the community, giving them access to cheap medicine locally, the utmost care must be given to the building. The building should be monitored for leaks on a consistent and normal basis... especially since the inner wall is covered in natural plaster, which didn't pass both plaster tests, so if exposed to weather, it can be degraded. Taking care of locking up the door at night and not letting children come play inside of the building can extend the life of its features as well.
Instructions
This is how to use and maintain it. The step by step how to template {{How to}} is most likely best for this part.
How To | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image | Steps for completion | ||||
Backpack frame bike trailer |1 |Do something. | Aleiha's parabolic solar cooker |2 |Do something really complicated but made simple, etc. |
Conclusion
Testing results
Below, are the recipes used and results gathered from the different wall plasters applied and tested.
Ingredient | Type of measurement | Plaster 1 Qty | Plaster 2 Qty | Plaster 3 Qty | Plaster 4 Qty |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow Sand | qty | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Black Sand | qty | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Human Hair | qty | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Secante (AS 600 Dryant) | qty | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Flour Paste | qty | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Cement | Bag (90 lbs) | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Lime | Bag (approx. 1 5-gallon bucket) | qty | qty | qty | qty |
Scratch Test | Passed? | Passed? | Passed? | Passed? | |
Water Test | Passed? | Passed? | Passed? | Passed? |
Plaster Tests: Before and After | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After Scratch Test | After Water Test | |||
Discussion
Both types of sand performed well when the recipe included secante and excluded a fiber. However, none of the recipes passed the water test adequately for outdoor use. It was decided that the fine sand recipe would be used for the indoor plastering, and a cement recipe would be used for the outside work.
Lessons learned
Discuss lessons were learned during this project and what you would do different next time.
Next steps
Discuss any next steps for the project as it goes on into the future.
Troubleshooting
This is only how to troubleshoot basic operation. For complex issues, the solution might just say contact ________. It should be a table in this format:
Troubleshooting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Problem | Suggestion | ||||
Example issue | Example solution or suggestion | ||||
Does not turn on | Make sure it is plugged in | ||||
Another issue | Et cetera |
Team
Introduce team and semester in the following format:
- Lonny Grafman
- for each team member.
Grading criteria for the remaining sections:
- Grammar and spelling +1
- Formatting +1
- Depth, breadth and accuracy of content +7
- Project documentation's potential for impact (e.g. reproduction) +1
References
Make sure to include other relevant categories at the bottom, e.g. [[Category:Rainater]], [[Category:Upcycling]], etc.
- ↑ http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Santo-Domingo,Dominican-Republic
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcdominican.htm
- ↑ http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-lay-a-concrete-basement-floor-part-2
- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.udel.edu%2Fdct%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F06%2FPortland-Limestone-PCA-Show-2014-2-1e9k2wx.pptx&ei=FW9sVaGFKJf_yQTcjoOIDg&usg=AFQjCNFLP3jtu9a4pi9A65eswkc1wOFR6w&sig2=WzkPZg91z7h3QhnLgOft2w&bvm=bv.94455598,d.aWw&cad=rja
- ↑ http://www.imo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/db64e9634c94de4_ek.pdf?dergi=474
- ↑ http://ferrocement.net/ferro/files/pozzolans-uwe.html
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1994/9510094.pdf
- ↑ http://valentinacristini.blogs.upv.es/files/2014/02/10.11648.j.am_.20130204.11.pdf
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 http://valentinacristini.blogs.upv.es/files/2014/02/10.11648.j.am_.20130204.11.pdf
- ↑ http://www.concretenetwork.com/stained-concrete/
- ↑ http://www.appropedia.org/CCAT_natural_concrete_stain
- ↑ http://www.solarhaven.org/FerrousSulfateStaining.htm
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Guelberth, Cedar, Chiras, Dan (2002). The Natural Plaster Book: Earth, Lime, and Gypsum Plasters for Natural Homes. New Society Publishers.
- ↑ Earthen Plaster. [Online] Available http://sustainablenations.org/Resources/NATURALPLASTERS.pdf
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 One Community [Online] Available http://www.onecommunityglobal.org/plaster/#types
- ↑ Gadja, John W., VanGeem, Martha G.(2001). A comparison of Six Environmental Impacts of Portland Cement Concrete and Asphalt Cement Concrete Pavements. Portland Cement Association.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Appropedia: Las Malvinas ecoladrillo schoolroom. (2013) [Online] Available http://www.appropedia.org/Las_Malvinas_ecoladrillo_schoolroom_2012/Literature_Review , June 24, 2013
- ↑ Appropedia: Las Malvinas botica popular ecoladrillo. (2013) [Online] Available http://www.appropedia.org/Las_Malvinas_botica_popular_ecoladrillo_2013#Plaster, August 28, 2013