Notes to Reader[edit | edit source]
This literature review has not been finished yet!
Background[edit | edit source]
Search Strategy & Terms[edit | edit source]
Key words terms (KWT)
- "QUV" OR "QUV accelerated weathering tester"
- "accelerated weather testing" OR "accelerated weathering tester"
- "ASTM G154" AND "ASTM G151"
- "QUV"
Strategies
- Searched Google Scholar using KWT1-2
- Searched for commercial options (like Q-lab) for additional specifications on implementations of the technology
- Searched for standardized testing protocol using KWT3
What is accelerated weathering testing?[edit | edit source]
Accelerated weathering testing is the science of degrading a material under intense conditions to simulate how it might respond over a longer period of time in standard weather conditions. The accelerated weathering tester is a weather chamber designed to degrade polymer samples quickly in accelerated weather testing. The ASTM G154-23 UV weathering exposure test has been used to degrade the samples, which includes the usage of high humidity, heat, UV rays, and the addition of salt spray to degrade the polymer. The open source version of this technology aims to mitigate the large costs of running these tests, while providing a free and accessible open source version to its commercial counterparts.
Theoretical Framework[edit | edit source]
Accelerated weather testing is reliant on polymer degradation. This process involves exposing the specimen to repetitive cycles of higher than normal amounts of light and moisture, while observing its new properties and estimating its performance in the real world by extrapolating data from the test. Moisture is usually produced from condensation of water vapor, or by spraying the material with deionized water. This process is specifically for polymers, as the testing of bare metals is not included in ASTM G154-23.
Significance and Importance[edit | edit source]
Accelerated weather testing has proven itself as a reliable way to predict the usability of a given material for a certain application. Open source accelerated testing significantly reduces the cost of using commercial testers, which can amount to thousands of dollars per test. Additionally, by being open source, it is easily accessible, and is designed to be easily constructible, even to a person with little technical experience.
Current State of the Art[edit | edit source]
Accelerated weather testing has been used for decades, and has been refined over time. The ASTM G154 standard practice for operating Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials was first released in 1997, and was last updated in January 2023. Technically similar tests include the ISO 4892-3 test and ISO 16474-3, according to [14]. While commercial options have existed since before the standardization of the ASTM G154 practice, they are often prohibitively expensive, and an open source version would provide an alternate way of measuring samples.
Relevant Stakeholders[edit | edit source]
Relevant stakeholders include research labs interested in materials, and companies in industries where the product is meant to be used in outdoor conditions. These groups have particular interest in this because the testing of materials and their properties directly affect the results of their work.
Applicability and Context[edit | edit source]
An open source accelerated weathering tester would be very applicable within the scientific and engineering communities, as it would grant ease of access to firms and research groups where a commercial option is too expensive.
Literature[edit | edit source]
TODO[edit | edit source]
- Other accelerated weather testers
Accelerated Weather Testing[edit | edit source]
Comparison of two instruments for accelerated weathering tests on plasticized PVC[edit | edit source]
Mathieu, E., & Laurent, J.-L. (1996). Comparison of two instruments for accelerated weathering tests on plasticized PVC. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 51(1), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)00198-0
- QUV and WOM
- thermo-degradation and photo-degradation
Accelerated and outdoor/natural exposure testing of coatings[edit | edit source]
Jacques, Lesley. (2000). Accelerated and outdoor/natural exposure testing of coatings. Progress in Polymer Science, 25(9), 1337–1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00030-7
- Service life prediction approach
- Weathering and procedural variables
- Testing aspects
A Review of Accelerated Test Models[edit | edit source]
Escobar, L. A., & Meeker, W. Q. (2006). A Review of Accelerated Test Models. Statistical Science, 21(4), 552–577. https://doi.org/10.1214/088342306000000321
- Quantitative and qualitative accelerated tests
- Methods of acceleration
- Types of responses
- Models
- Accelerated variables
Accelerated weathering testing principles to estimate the service life of organic PV modules[edit | edit source]
Haillant, O. (2011). Accelerated weathering testing principles to estimate the service life of organic PV modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95(5), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.033
- Accelerated weather testing
- photo-aging
- Photovoltaic cells
- Development of accelerated weather testing
- Impact of parameters on testing
Durability of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Pultruded Profiles: Comparison Between QUV Accelerated Exposure and Natural Weathering in a Mediterranean Climate[edit | edit source]
Sousa, J. M., Correia, J. R., & Cabral-Fonseca, S. (2016). Durability of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Pultruded Profiles: Comparison Between QUV Accelerated Exposure and Natural Weathering in a Mediterranean Climate. Experimental Techniques, 40(1), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-016-0024-x
- Compared natural aging of GFRPs to QUV accelerated aging
- natural aging took place over 2.5 years, and artificial aging over 3000 hours
- Assessments:
- Variation in color and gloss
- Viscoelastic response
- Mechanical response
- Some correlation was found
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
[1] M. Hu, D. Sun, B. Li, L. Xu, and Y. Sun, “A novel aging acceleration rate equation for accelerated weather aging test of high viscosity modified asphalt: Theoretical derivation and experimental correction,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 407, no. Complete, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133525.
[2] L. A. Escobar and W. Q. Meeker, “A Review of Accelerated Test Models,” Statistical Science, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 552–577, 2006.
[3] “Accelerated and outdoor/natural exposure testing of coatings,” Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1337–1362, 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00030-7.
[4] O. Haillant, “Accelerated weathering testing principles to estimate the service life of organic PV modules,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 1284–1292, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.033.
[5] K. Nasri and L. Toubal, “Artificial Neural Network Approach for Assessing Mechanical Properties and Impact Performance of Natural-Fiber Composites Exposed to UV Radiation: Polymers (20734360),” Polymers (20734360), vol. 16, no. 4, p. 538, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16040538.
[6] J. Quill, J. Gauntner, S. Fowler, and J. Regan, “Combined Corrosion and Weathering: Validating a Concept With Over a Decade of Research”.
[7] E. Mathieu and J.-L. Laurent, “Comparison of two instruments for accelerated weathering tests on plasticized PVC,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 77–81, 1996, doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00198-0.
[8] J. M. Sousa, J. R. Correia, and S. Cabral-Fonseca, “Durability of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Pultruded Profiles: Comparison Between QUV Accelerated Exposure and Natural Weathering in a Mediterranean Climate,” Experimental Techniques, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 207–219, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s40799-016-0024-x.
[9] T.-C. Yang, T. Noguchi, M. Isshiki, and J.-H. Wu, “Effect of titanium dioxide particles on the surface morphology and the mechanical properties of PVC composites during QUV accelerated weathering,” Polymer Composites, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 3391–3397, 2016, doi: 10.1002/pc.23537.
[10] A. Adibi, D. Jubinville, G. Chen, and T. H. Mekonnen, “In-situ surface grafting of lignin onto an epoxidized natural rubber matrix: A masterbatch filler for reinforcing rubber composites,” Reactive and Functional Polymers, vol. 197, p. 105856, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.105856.
[11] T. C. Yang, J. H. Wu, T. Noguchi, and M. Isshiki, “Methodology of accelerated weathering test through physicochemical analysis for polymeric materials in building construction,” Materials Research Innovations, vol. 18, no. sup3, pp. S3-91-S3-95, May 2014, doi: 10.1179/1432891714Z.000000000587.
[12] Y. Azuma, H. Takeda, S. Watanabe, and H. Nakatani, “Outdoor and accelerated weathering tests for polypropylene and polypropylene/talc composites: A comparative study of their weathering behavior,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 94, no. 12, pp. 2267–2274, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.008.
[13] W. Herrmann and N. Bogdanski, “Outdoor weathering of PV modules — Effects of various climates and comparison with accelerated laboratory testing,” in 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Jun. 2011, pp. 002305–002311. doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2011.6186415.
[14] G03 Committee, “Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.” ASTM International. doi: 10.1520/G0154-23.
[15] X. Yang and X. Ding, “Prediction of outdoor weathering performance of polypropylene filaments by accelerated weathering tests,” Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 103–109, Apr. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2005.11.002.
[16] J.M.Pearce, “Recycled Polycarbonate and Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Feedstocks for Circular Economy Product Applications with Fused Granular Fabrication-Based Additive Manufacturing,” Appropedia, the sustainability wiki. Accessed: Apr. 30, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.appropedia.org/Recycled_Polycarbonate_and_Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile_Butadiene_Styrene_Feedstocks_for_Circular_Economy_Product_Applications_with_Fused_Granular_Fabrication-Based_Additive_Manufacturing
[17] J. Qin et al., “Sunlight tracking and concentrating accelerated weathering test applied in weatherability evaluation and service life prediction of polymeric materials: A review,” Polymer Testing, vol. 93, no. Complete, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106940.
